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Uses of the concept of “class” in the Chinese communist revolution: a study of the land reform undertaken in the Chinese Soviet area led by Mao Zedong
IF 0.3 4区 历史学 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2021.1934301
Q. Meng
ABSTRACT The period between 1927 and 1934 witnessed a waxing and waning of the Chinese Soviet revolution; one aspect of it was the social engineering campaigns, such as the Land Reform carried out in the Chinese Soviet Area. In it, the concept of class, originally an imported ideological and theoretical concept from pure Marxism, was applied to China’s local society. Correspondingly, the Chinese Soviet regime changed its approach to the Land Revolution (tudi geming), i.e. from “targeting local landlords and appropriating their wealth” to a set of procedures and routines centered on “holding mass meetings and designating class labels.” Established literature on the Land Revolution generally treats “class” as a certain criterion or a kind of objective social reality, based on which researchers tend to judge certain land reform policies as having been on a spectrum from “too radical” to “too conservative.” However, they largely ignore the details of the process through which a “class” concept was grafted onto China’s local society – both rural and urban. By taking stock of and analyzing historical records regarding the land revolution and class categorization in the Central Soviet Area, this article examines how “the class” evolved from such a purely theoretical concept to specific policies. By so doing, it drives home the importance of structural factors that are critical to our understanding of the internal logic of the Chinese Communist revolution.
1927年至1934年是中国苏维埃革命兴衰起伏的时期;一方面是社会工程运动,如在中国苏区进行的土地改革。其中,阶级这一原本从纯粹马克思主义舶来的思想理论概念,被运用到中国本土社会。相应地,中国苏维埃政权改变了土地革命的方式,即从“针对地方地主并占有他们的财富”转变为一套以“举行群众大会并指定阶级标签”为中心的程序和惯例。关于土地革命的既有文献一般将“阶级”视为某种标准或一种客观的社会现实,研究人员往往以此判断某些土地改革政策处于“过于激进”到“过于保守”的范围内。然而,他们在很大程度上忽略了“阶级”概念被嫁接到中国当地社会(包括农村和城市)的过程细节。本文通过对中央苏区土地革命和阶级划分的历史记录的梳理和分析,考察了“阶级”是如何从纯粹的理论概念演变为具体政策的。通过这样做,它让我们明白了结构性因素的重要性,这些因素对我们理解中国共产主义革命的内在逻辑至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
An investigation of living standards and social structure of university faculty and staff during the Republic of China based on Tsinghua University 民国时期大学教职员工生活水平与社会结构调查——以清华大学为例
IF 0.3 4区 历史学 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2021.1934294
Bamboo Yunzhu Ren
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引用次数: 0
Balance and innovation: approaches to logic and the teaching of logic in the philosophy department of Peking University, 1916-1927 平衡与创新:1916-1927年北京大学哲学系的逻辑方法与逻辑教学
IF 0.3 4区 历史学 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2021.1965777
Jan Vrhovski
ABSTRACT This study lays out an overview of the main developments related to the teaching and expounding of logic at the Philosophy Department of Peking University, between the early years of the Republic and the year 1927, when the university was temporarily dissolved and reorganized into the Provisional Unified University of Peking. The objective here is to interconnect various (some not directly related) developments in the curricula that covered the teaching of logic. It describes not only the ebb and flow of general intellectual trends at Peking University but also the curricula’s place in the context of a broader discourse on logic, science, and philosophy that was rising in importance at the time. By providing a tentative picture of new intellectual trends, worldviews, and personal impacts, this study will try to show how curricular changes and views about logic were connected to changes in the engulfing intellectual climate. In particular, the focus will be on the interrelatedness of these changes with main events in contemporary new approaches worldwide to philosophy, culminating particularly in the visits of John Dewey and Bertrand Russell to the University (1919–1922), as well as a controversy over science and metaphysics, which flourished after those visits (1923).
摘要本研究概述了民国初年至1927年北京大学临时解散并改组为北京临时统一大学期间,北京大学哲学系逻辑教学和论述的主要发展。这里的目标是将涵盖逻辑教学的课程中的各种发展(有些不是直接相关的)联系起来。它不仅描述了北京大学一般知识潮流的起起落落,而且还描述了该课程在当时日益重要的逻辑学、科学和哲学等更广泛论述中的地位。通过提供一幅新的知识分子趋势、世界观和个人影响的初步图景,本研究将试图展示课程的变化和对逻辑的看法是如何与席卷整个知识分子气候的变化联系在一起的。特别是,重点将放在这些变化与当代世界哲学新方法的主要事件之间的相互关系上,特别是在约翰·杜威和伯特兰·罗素访问该大学(1919-1922)时达到高潮,以及在这些访问(1923)之后蓬勃发展的科学和形而上学的争议。
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引用次数: 0
Coming home to China: Margaret Woo’s story 回到中国:吴曼玉的故事
IF 0.3 4区 历史学 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2021.1965779
S. Brazill, P. Munday
ABSTRACT This study uses a historical approach that gives context to transnational and gender issues. It investigates how a second-generation Chinese-American woman negotiated her identity as she moved to China and then back to the United States. Margaret Woo (1912–1982) was born in China and emigrated to the U.S. with her mother in 1914. Her father, Woo Du Sing, had done so around 1882 and settled in Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he owned a restaurant. Du Sing was a classic sojourner: he had a house built in his Chinese home village and intended to retire there. He died in Minneapolis in 1935, however, and his family returned to China to bury his body there and to live in that house. As a young woman raised in America, Margaret disliked village life and left for nearby Canton to become a student at Lingnan University. She returned to the U.S. in late 1937 to escape the Japanese. This study is based on primary sources including interviews with Woo family members in China and the U.S., Margaret’s diary from her time in China, artifacts such as the Woo family house in Kaiping, and a collection of cheongsam (qipao) dresses owned by Margaret Woo, and Lingnan University records. Historiographic issues addressed include the so-called sojourner hypothesis, which does much to explain the transnational nature of early 20th century overseas Chinese, who built houses in their home villages; also taken up is the role of fashion in exemplifying Chinese feminism and modernity, and the assimilation of second-generation Chinese-American female immigrants into American life.
本研究采用历史方法,为跨国和性别问题提供背景。它调查了一名第二代华裔美国女性在搬到中国然后回到美国的过程中如何协商自己的身份。吴宇森(1912-1982)出生于中国,1914年随母亲移民美国。她的父亲吴杜成(Woo Du Sing,音)在1882年左右移居美国,在明尼苏达州的明尼阿波利斯定居下来,在那里开了一家餐馆。杜兴是一个典型的旅居者:他在中国老家建了一所房子,打算在那里退休。然而,他于1935年在明尼阿波利斯去世,他的家人回到中国,将他的遗体埋在那里,并住在那所房子里。作为一个在美国长大的年轻女子,玛格丽特不喜欢乡村生活,于是前往附近的广州,就读岭南大学。1937年底,她为了躲避日本人回到美国。本研究的主要资料来源包括对吴氏家族在中国和美国成员的访谈、吴氏在中国期间的日记、吴氏在开平的住宅、吴氏的旗袍收藏以及岭南大学的记录等。讨论的史学问题包括所谓的“旅居假说”(sojourner hypothesis),该假说在很大程度上解释了20世纪早期海外华人在家乡建房的跨国性质;她还讨论了时尚在体现中国女权主义和现代性方面的作用,以及第二代美籍华裔女性移民融入美国生活的问题。
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引用次数: 0
The falling of a leaf tells the coming of autumn: historical events and figures in late Qing and early Republican China, by ZHANG Zhongmin, Shanghai, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 2020, 331 pp., ISBN 978-7-208-16380-5 《一片落叶告诉秋天的到来:清末民初的历史事件与人物》,张忠民著,上海,上海人民出版社,2020年,331页,ISBN 978-7-208-16380-5
IF 0.3 4区 历史学 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2021.2100140
Yi Liu
Zhang Hairong’s book offers just such an account. In the end, what has to be pointed out is that this book, which is both a general characterization and in-depth exploration, is relatively short, namely 410 pages. This is attributed to the author’s excellent writing skills. But needless to say, there are some defects. For example, after the Wuxu Coup, the conservative forces fiercely counterattacked, and the Qing court’s ruling strategy shifted greatly from that of 1895, when the Reform had been launched. The officials evaded any new matters related to reform. However, in terms of this watershed, the book does not give much sustained discussion. Thus, in sum this work reveals the continuity between the Wuxu Reform and the New Policies Reform (1901–1910), but it cannot uncover how the Boxer Uprising, an anti-reform movement, emerged in the time between these.
张海荣的书提供了这样一种描述。最后,必须指出的是,这本书,既是一个一般的人物塑造,又是一个深入的探索,篇幅相对较短,只有410页。这要归功于作者出色的写作技巧。但不用说,也有一些缺陷。例如,戊戌政变后,保守势力猛烈反击,清廷的统治策略与戊戌变法开始的1895年相比发生了很大的变化。官员们回避了任何与改革有关的新问题。然而,就这一分水岭而言,这本书并没有给出太多持续的讨论。综上所述,本文揭示了戊戌变法与戊戌变法(1901-1910)之间的连续性,但未能揭示义和团运动这一反戊戌变法运动是如何在戊戌变法与戊戌变法之间产生的。
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引用次数: 0
The mainstay of government finance: land tax and state revenue in the Qing (1730–1911) 政府财政的支柱:清朝的地税和国家收入(1730-1911)
IF 0.3 4区 历史学 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-12-22 DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2020.1829079
Zhao Siyuan
In traditional China, land tax was always a large proportion of state revenue. During the Qing dynasty before 1850, land tax had accounted for more than 70 percent of the annual income of the gover...
在传统的中国,土地税一直是国家财政收入的很大一部分。在1850年以前的清朝,土地税占政府年收入的70%以上。
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引用次数: 0
“Soldiers with stiff bodies”: rumors, stereotypes and the Chinese image of the British army during the First Opium War (1839-1842) “身体僵硬的士兵”:谣言、刻板印象与第一次鸦片战争(1839-1842)中英国军队的中国形象
IF 0.3 4区 历史学 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-08-18 DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2020.1759307
Searle Alaric, Z. Yi
A curious aspect of the First Opium War was the circulation among Chinese officials of two claims made about British soldiers, instigated by Commissioner Lin Zexu: their uniforms were so tight that...
第一次鸦片战争的一个奇怪的方面是,在中国官员中流传着两种关于英国士兵的说法,这是由林泽徐专员煽动的:他们的制服太紧了,以至于……
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引用次数: 0
The quest for family revolution in late Qing and early Republican China 1895–1923 清末民初(1895-1923)对家庭革命的追求
IF 0.3 4区 历史学 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2020.1853421
Nagatomi Hirayama
and the war to suppress it. As Jiangnan became the battlefield for the Taiping Army and the Qing Army, and the International Settlement in Shanghai became the only “safety island” in Jiangnan, gentry and merchants of the whole Jiangnan region flocked into Shanghai, bringing huge capital, abundant cheap labor, and an enormous buyer’s market. The International Settlement and French Concession thus underwent an almost magical change, quickly replacing the old county seat of Shanghai as the city center. The author therefore believes that there were two major “historical reasons” for the rise of Shanghai: one was the opening of Shanghai as a Treaty Port to the world, and the other was the civil war brought by the Taiping Rebellion. Chapter Six focuses on the two irreversible historical changes in the Jiangnan region caused by the Taiping Rebellion. First, the significant flows of the region’s local populations into Shanghai in the form of large-scale immigration. In line with this were the serious economic and social problems caused by the immigrants. Second, the traditional central cities in Jiangnan – Suzhou and Hangzhou – declined because of the war damage, while Shanghai quickly became prosperous and replaced them as the central city. Chapter Seven zooms out to study the modernization of major cities along the whole Yangtze River from a perspective of urban gangs from the late nineteenth to early twentieth century. The author examines the gangs in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the river, centered in Chongqing, Wuhan and Shanghai, respectively, so as to point out that the rise and expansion of urban gangs was related to both the increase of the marginalized population and the disorder affecting urban social controls that went along with the modernization of major cities in the Yangtze River Valley. The appendix of this book includes three lectures and three interviews, which supplement and extend the main text. In one of the interviews, the author proposes that the study of Shanghai must take three views: a regional view, a national view, and a global one. This book is his attempt to examine Shanghai with a regional view. It mainly adopts a macroscopic approach, makes a convincing interpretation of the historic changes in Shanghai and Jiangnan in the modern age, and challenges the existing boundary between the history of Shanghai and the history of Jiangnan. Zhou Wu’s book has outlined a framework for us. Subsequently, further in-depth and detailed research will come through the joint efforts of the academic community.
以及镇压它的战争。随着江南成为太平军和清军的战场,上海国际租界成为江南唯一的“安全之岛”,整个江南地区的士绅和商人纷纷涌入上海,带来了巨大的资本、丰富的廉价劳动力和巨大的买方市场。因此,国际租界和法租界经历了一场近乎神奇的变化,迅速取代了上海的旧县城,成为城市中心。因此笔者认为,上海的崛起有两大“历史原因”:一是上海作为通商口岸对外开放,二是太平天国运动带来的内战。第六章主要论述太平天国运动给江南地区带来的两次不可逆转的历史变化。首先,该地区的本地人口以大规模移民的形式大量流入上海。与此相适应的是移民带来的严重的经济和社会问题。其次,传统的江南中心城市苏州和杭州因战争的破坏而衰落,而上海迅速繁荣起来并取代它们成为中心城市。第七章从19世纪末到20世纪初的城市帮派视角,进一步研究了沿江主要城市的现代化进程。本文分别以重庆、武汉和上海为中心,考察了长江上游、中游和下游的帮派,指出城市帮派的兴起和扩张与长江流域主要城市现代化进程中边缘化人口的增加和影响城市社会控制的无序有关。本书的附录包括三篇演讲和三篇访谈,是对正文的补充和扩展。在其中一次访谈中,笔者提出,研究上海必须有三个视角:区域视角、国家视角和全球视角。这本书是他试图从地域的角度来考察上海。它主要采用宏观的方法,对近代以来上海与江南的历史变迁进行了令人信服的解读,挑战了上海史与江南史的既有边界。周武的书为我们勾勒了一个框架。随后,通过学术界的共同努力,将会有进一步深入细致的研究。
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引用次数: 1
Surviving Manchukuo: the economic struggles of ordinary people in urban Manchukuo from 1937–1945 幸存的满洲国:1937-1945年满洲国城市普通民众的经济斗争
IF 0.3 4区 历史学 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2020.1845528
Qiuna Li
ABSTRACT This article explores the colonial experiences of Chinese people in urban Manchukuo from 1937–1945. Previous studies on Manchukuo have been framed primarily from the top-down, with emphasis on the role of government elites and Japan’s military expansionism, rather than on the ordinary experiences within the puppet state. Drawing on Chinese-language sources, the present research considers the impact of material shortages in ordinary people’s lives. It highlights how obtaining access to goods under the constant pressure of scarcities heavily depended on the establishment of interpersonal relations. This study examines how survival strategies and behaviours were shaped under economic pressure. It argues that ordinary people who were not in a position of power were able to negotiate their own terms for survival under the framework of superficial compliance.
摘要本文探讨1937-1945年满洲国城市华人的殖民经历。以前对满洲国的研究主要是自上而下的,强调政府精英的作用和日本的军事扩张主义,而不是傀儡国家内部的普通经历。本研究利用中文资料,考虑了物质短缺对普通人生活的影响。它强调了在持续的稀缺压力下获得商品在很大程度上依赖于人际关系的建立。这项研究考察了生存策略和行为是如何在经济压力下形成的。它认为,没有权力地位的普通人能够在表面服从的框架下谈判自己的生存条件。
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引用次数: 0
Creating the center by the periphery: Shanghai and Jiangnan in history 以周边创造中心:历史上的上海与江南
IF 0.3 4区 历史学 Q4 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2020.1829044
Zhiyang Feng
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Modern Chinese History
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