Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2020.1845529
Meng Zhang
ABSTRACT This article traces the development of personal protective equipment in response to the Manchurian plague of 1910. It does so by means of the language and practice of tropical medicine. The respirators (huxiqi) made of gauze and cotton that appeared at that time were first designed collectively by Chinese physicians in Harbin. However, such huxiqi were renamed “Mukden Masks” by the predominant English-speaking physicians at the International Plague Conference at Mukden in 1911 and presented as a Western innovation without acknowledging Chinese contributions. As Wu Liande gained more and more authority starting in the 1920s, he not only justified the application of masks in epidemics through a localized strategy of tropical medicine, but also reclaimed authorship of the Mukden mask. This allowed later generations of medical historians to acknowledge the making of “Wu’s mask” (Wushi kouzhao). The personal protective equipment born in the Manchurian plague thus became a physical portrayal of the asymmetric and yet dynamic knowledge-production and -circulation between China and the West.
{"title":"From respirator to Wu’s mask: the transition of personal protective equipment in the Manchurian plague","authors":"Meng Zhang","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2020.1845529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2020.1845529","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article traces the development of personal protective equipment in response to the Manchurian plague of 1910. It does so by means of the language and practice of tropical medicine. The respirators (huxiqi) made of gauze and cotton that appeared at that time were first designed collectively by Chinese physicians in Harbin. However, such huxiqi were renamed “Mukden Masks” by the predominant English-speaking physicians at the International Plague Conference at Mukden in 1911 and presented as a Western innovation without acknowledging Chinese contributions. As Wu Liande gained more and more authority starting in the 1920s, he not only justified the application of masks in epidemics through a localized strategy of tropical medicine, but also reclaimed authorship of the Mukden mask. This allowed later generations of medical historians to acknowledge the making of “Wu’s mask” (Wushi kouzhao). The personal protective equipment born in the Manchurian plague thus became a physical portrayal of the asymmetric and yet dynamic knowledge-production and -circulation between China and the West.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"105 1","pages":"221 - 239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91202716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2020.1853415
Minchao Wu
{"title":"A history of the Chinese War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression","authors":"Minchao Wu","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2020.1853415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2020.1853415","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"30 1","pages":"329 - 330"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88845841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2020.1845519
Yuxin Ma
ABSTRACT At the Manchurian Film Association (or, Manying), Chinese technicians developed technological expertise under the instruction of Japanese specialists and demonstrated solid achievements. Yet they endured socio-economic inequality at Manying, which led them to react in different ways to Japanese rule. They used Manying’s own inconsistencies in order to get better professional options and compensations, and they used flexible strategies to defend their freedom and personal interests. Most Chinese technicians did not share Japan’s imperialist ideology but nonetheless leveraged their positions to advance personal interests. After Japan’s defeat, they formed a union to protect Manying equipment and undertook technological leadership at the Chinese-owned Northeast Film Company. Their hope to resume their professions mobilized them to help Chinese communist workers transport Manying equipment to Northern Manchuria before the civil war started. At the communist-led Northeast Film Production Studio, Manying-trained Chinese technicians lost leadership positions, yet their overall contribution to communist aims earned them recognition and membership in the Chinese Communist Party.
{"title":"Technology transcending ideologies: Chinese cinema technicians at Manying","authors":"Yuxin Ma","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2020.1845519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2020.1845519","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT At the Manchurian Film Association (or, Manying), Chinese technicians developed technological expertise under the instruction of Japanese specialists and demonstrated solid achievements. Yet they endured socio-economic inequality at Manying, which led them to react in different ways to Japanese rule. They used Manying’s own inconsistencies in order to get better professional options and compensations, and they used flexible strategies to defend their freedom and personal interests. Most Chinese technicians did not share Japan’s imperialist ideology but nonetheless leveraged their positions to advance personal interests. After Japan’s defeat, they formed a union to protect Manying equipment and undertook technological leadership at the Chinese-owned Northeast Film Company. Their hope to resume their professions mobilized them to help Chinese communist workers transport Manying equipment to Northern Manchuria before the civil war started. At the communist-led Northeast Film Production Studio, Manying-trained Chinese technicians lost leadership positions, yet their overall contribution to communist aims earned them recognition and membership in the Chinese Communist Party.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"15 1","pages":"300 - 328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75874818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2020.1847470
Lihong Du
ABSTRACT The establishment of a modern health system in China can be divided into three stages. Stage One covers the periods between late nineteenth century and 1927, during which the Qing government and the Beiyang government established a rudimentary health system in a couple of Chinese cities. Stage Two, covering the period from 1928 to 1949, witnessed the efforts of the Nationalist government in managing nationwide public health by relying on medical professionals with modern Western training. In Stage Three, which spans the period between 1949 and 1966, a modern heath system was established in China. Not only was a national network of health institutions put into place, but also the state-imposed direct management of the newly-established healthcare system. Health institutions at different levels were reorganized as public institutions and pharmaceutical companies were nationalized. Overall, the evolution of China’s modern healthcare system experienced a shift from administration of public health and private medical care providers to a set of nationwide public institutions to serve the people.
{"title":"State-building and the establishment of the modern healthcare system in China","authors":"Lihong Du","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2020.1847470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2020.1847470","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The establishment of a modern health system in China can be divided into three stages. Stage One covers the periods between late nineteenth century and 1927, during which the Qing government and the Beiyang government established a rudimentary health system in a couple of Chinese cities. Stage Two, covering the period from 1928 to 1949, witnessed the efforts of the Nationalist government in managing nationwide public health by relying on medical professionals with modern Western training. In Stage Three, which spans the period between 1949 and 1966, a modern heath system was established in China. Not only was a national network of health institutions put into place, but also the state-imposed direct management of the newly-established healthcare system. Health institutions at different levels were reorganized as public institutions and pharmaceutical companies were nationalized. Overall, the evolution of China’s modern healthcare system experienced a shift from administration of public health and private medical care providers to a set of nationwide public institutions to serve the people.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"36 1","pages":"187 - 204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87012673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2020.1847469
Michael Shiyung Liu
ABSTRACT China’s earliest modern nutritional studies were undertaken in Republican era during the second decade of the twentieth century. They aimed to improve workers’ health, reaching their peak in the 1930s. In the 1940s the demand to apply nutritional knowledge to aid military personnel arose during the Second Sino-Japanese War, when American medical aid poured into the remote southwest Chinese border. Later, the Civil War (1946–1949) prolonged the demand for proper military nutrition. This article discusses how biomedical nutritional studies were promoted in Republican China for military demands both as a tool to improve soldiers’ bodies and as a symbol of the American alliance. Actions concerning military nutrition in the Republican era were built on a certain complexity due to convoluted military and diplomatic reasons. Moreover, both reasons were intertwined with a controversy about the appropriateness of the Western nutritional diet for the Chinese body.
{"title":"Diet for war: military nutrition in Republican China","authors":"Michael Shiyung Liu","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2020.1847469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2020.1847469","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT China’s earliest modern nutritional studies were undertaken in Republican era during the second decade of the twentieth century. They aimed to improve workers’ health, reaching their peak in the 1930s. In the 1940s the demand to apply nutritional knowledge to aid military personnel arose during the Second Sino-Japanese War, when American medical aid poured into the remote southwest Chinese border. Later, the Civil War (1946–1949) prolonged the demand for proper military nutrition. This article discusses how biomedical nutritional studies were promoted in Republican China for military demands both as a tool to improve soldiers’ bodies and as a symbol of the American alliance. Actions concerning military nutrition in the Republican era were built on a certain complexity due to convoluted military and diplomatic reasons. Moreover, both reasons were intertwined with a controversy about the appropriateness of the Western nutritional diet for the Chinese body.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"1 1","pages":"240 - 254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79565656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2020.1855851
Xinzhong Yu, Wang Xu
ABSTRACT The great plague that broke out in the early nineteenth century was the first time China had experienced a cholera epidemic. China was about to experience a great social and economic change that was unprecedented in history. Through a discussion of the great plague from both global and Chinese historical perspectives, the authors point out certain relevant features of Chinese society at the time, particularly in the context of profound and complex social and cultural implications that the plague carried with it.
{"title":"The new plague on the eve of a great change: China’s cholera epidemic in the early nineteenth century","authors":"Xinzhong Yu, Wang Xu","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2020.1855851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2020.1855851","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The great plague that broke out in the early nineteenth century was the first time China had experienced a cholera epidemic. China was about to experience a great social and economic change that was unprecedented in history. Through a discussion of the great plague from both global and Chinese historical perspectives, the authors point out certain relevant features of Chinese society at the time, particularly in the context of profound and complex social and cultural implications that the plague carried with it.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"31 1","pages":"205 - 220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81800330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2020.1829052
Yi Wang
pursued an imagined and ideal world in which neither nation nor family existed. In this new social and political order, family was put aside, and its responsibilities would instead be fulfilled through communal property, public discourse, and government. Thus, the family revolution not only reconstructed the old images of family but configured a future without family as well. This path was seen by many as against both Chinese tradition and Westernization. Intellectuals were dissatisfied with existing family patterns in China and the West; they considered it necessary to reconstruct the forms of social organization. Letting go of family helped socialize its functions, but the importance of familial love and trust for life and society was neglected. Discussion about abandoning marriage and pursuing free love helped to reconstruct the relationships that linked together sex, reproduction, and marriage. This not only denied the stability of sexual relations but also subverted people’s moral concepts. Here, by discussing the transition from Chinese to Western social patterns, and from the old to the new, the author has carefully examined different groups’ observations and approaches toward the family revolution. The book deepens our understanding of the family revolution’s essential importance for modern China. Is family an obstacle to individual development, social progress, and national prosperity? The question put forward by the author is worth considering.
{"title":"News under fire: China’s propaganda against Japan in the English-language press, 1928–1941","authors":"Yi Wang","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2020.1829052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2020.1829052","url":null,"abstract":"pursued an imagined and ideal world in which neither nation nor family existed. In this new social and political order, family was put aside, and its responsibilities would instead be fulfilled through communal property, public discourse, and government. Thus, the family revolution not only reconstructed the old images of family but configured a future without family as well. This path was seen by many as against both Chinese tradition and Westernization. Intellectuals were dissatisfied with existing family patterns in China and the West; they considered it necessary to reconstruct the forms of social organization. Letting go of family helped socialize its functions, but the importance of familial love and trust for life and society was neglected. Discussion about abandoning marriage and pursuing free love helped to reconstruct the relationships that linked together sex, reproduction, and marriage. This not only denied the stability of sexual relations but also subverted people’s moral concepts. Here, by discussing the transition from Chinese to Western social patterns, and from the old to the new, the author has carefully examined different groups’ observations and approaches toward the family revolution. The book deepens our understanding of the family revolution’s essential importance for modern China. Is family an obstacle to individual development, social progress, and national prosperity? The question put forward by the author is worth considering.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"6 1","pages":"336 - 338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74455397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2020.1853420
Chao-Ching Lin
language press and Western journalists in the Sino-Japanese conflicts and confrontations of the 1930s. It also presents the rationality and necessity of propaganda, and indicates that its functions and effects are worth a careful examination based on specific historical contexts. The view given of the press, particularly Western journalists and media in China that to a certain degree represented Western interests, suggests the complexity of the Nationalist government in its relations with Western powers, the Japanese, and the Communists in the 1930s and 1940s. Thus, we may anticipate that the publication of the Chinese edition of the book by the Social Sciences Academic Press in 2020 will provide more trans-national insights for Chinese academia in understanding the intricate networks among journalists, politicians, military leaders, and diplomats during the War of Resistance.
{"title":"Re-creation and self-formation: young workers in Shanghai, 1949–1965","authors":"Chao-Ching Lin","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2020.1853420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2020.1853420","url":null,"abstract":"language press and Western journalists in the Sino-Japanese conflicts and confrontations of the 1930s. It also presents the rationality and necessity of propaganda, and indicates that its functions and effects are worth a careful examination based on specific historical contexts. The view given of the press, particularly Western journalists and media in China that to a certain degree represented Western interests, suggests the complexity of the Nationalist government in its relations with Western powers, the Japanese, and the Communists in the 1930s and 1940s. Thus, we may anticipate that the publication of the Chinese edition of the book by the Social Sciences Academic Press in 2020 will provide more trans-national insights for Chinese academia in understanding the intricate networks among journalists, politicians, military leaders, and diplomats during the War of Resistance.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"82 1","pages":"338 - 339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76780778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2020.1845527
Christopher M. Hess
ABSTRACT Personalised guanxi are often seen as the backbone of Chinese social and commercial life. Historical evidence, however, suggests that a number of impersonal economic and social mechanisms existed that limited, altered or extended guanxi-type personal relations. At the heart of these mechanisms were contracts, governed by principles of law and putative custom. This paper examines the status of customs in Republican-era contracts, showing how “customs” were manufactured by commercial interest groups to create secular and effective contracts. The empirical basis for these findings is a case study of the Shanghai Native Bankers’ Guild (Shanghai qianye gonghui) between 1917 and 1928. Native banks (qianzhuang) carefully crafted their “customs” to fit into the rapidly evolving institutional context and the secular discourse on legal reform in early Republican China. While the Guild had to cede power to commercial arbitrators and courts, it created a shared set of norms that facilitated impersonal contracting. Despite being a relatively limited case study in scope, this paper also suggests that the trend towards secular contracting went well beyond the city limits of Republican-era Shanghai.
{"title":"Contract and secular custom in early Republican China: the Shanghai Native Bankers’ Guild, 1917–1928","authors":"Christopher M. Hess","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2020.1845527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2020.1845527","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Personalised guanxi are often seen as the backbone of Chinese social and commercial life. Historical evidence, however, suggests that a number of impersonal economic and social mechanisms existed that limited, altered or extended guanxi-type personal relations. At the heart of these mechanisms were contracts, governed by principles of law and putative custom. This paper examines the status of customs in Republican-era contracts, showing how “customs” were manufactured by commercial interest groups to create secular and effective contracts. The empirical basis for these findings is a case study of the Shanghai Native Bankers’ Guild (Shanghai qianye gonghui) between 1917 and 1928. Native banks (qianzhuang) carefully crafted their “customs” to fit into the rapidly evolving institutional context and the secular discourse on legal reform in early Republican China. While the Guild had to cede power to commercial arbitrators and courts, it created a shared set of norms that facilitated impersonal contracting. Despite being a relatively limited case study in scope, this paper also suggests that the trend towards secular contracting went well beyond the city limits of Republican-era Shanghai.","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"24 1","pages":"255 - 279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84348573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-29DOI: 10.1080/17535654.2020.1757933
Li Gongzhong
Li Lifeng’s new book is an important work on the twentieth-century land reform movement and the history of the revolutionary actions of the Communist Party of China (CPC). It is also an achievement...
李立峰的新书是一部研究20世纪土地改革运动和中国共产党革命行动史的重要著作。这也是一项成就……
{"title":"Land reform and changes in rural political power in North China: an investigation from the perspective of political history","authors":"Li Gongzhong","doi":"10.1080/17535654.2020.1757933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17535654.2020.1757933","url":null,"abstract":"Li Lifeng’s new book is an important work on the twentieth-century land reform movement and the history of the revolutionary actions of the Communist Party of China (CPC). It is also an achievement...","PeriodicalId":41223,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Chinese History","volume":"19 1","pages":"183-184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78872249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：