Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.5.1_57
T. Miwatani, T. Honda
Colonization, the first important step to elicit pathogenicity of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), was reviewed. Colonization of ETEC is related to the production of specific surface antigens (CFAs) or adhesive factors. CFA/I, CFA/II, E8775 and HP/III were reported to be possible CFAs of human ETEC. Bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity and/or mannose-resistant hemagglutination are closely associated with the presence of CFAs. Glycolipids and/or glycoproteins are supposed to be receptors for CFAs. Importance of future studies on CFAs is also discussed.
{"title":"Colonization Factors of Human Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","authors":"T. Miwatani, T. Honda","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.5.1_57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.5.1_57","url":null,"abstract":"Colonization, the first important step to elicit pathogenicity of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), was reviewed. Colonization of ETEC is related to the production of specific surface antigens (CFAs) or adhesive factors. CFA/I, CFA/II, E8775 and HP/III were reported to be possible CFAs of human ETEC. Bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity and/or mannose-resistant hemagglutination are closely associated with the presence of CFAs. Glycolipids and/or glycoproteins are supposed to be receptors for CFAs. Importance of future studies on CFAs is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124729241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.9.1_5
S. Sasaki
No organism stands alone : it is a universal truth that none can exist as a singular entity. In the field of microbiology, we deal with units of groups called "clones ," but there is no world in which the offspring of any clone exists alone. In other words, the natural world is a continuous turnover of a melting pot of the various clones or species. However, as long as microbiology is to remain a science, it is only natural that we should keep attempting to analyze the phenomena we
{"title":"Symbiosis and Antagonism","authors":"S. Sasaki","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.9.1_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.9.1_5","url":null,"abstract":"No organism stands alone : it is a universal truth that none can exist as a singular entity. In the field of microbiology, we deal with units of groups called \"clones ,\" but there is no world in which the offspring of any clone exists alone. In other words, the natural world is a continuous turnover of a melting pot of the various clones or species. However, as long as microbiology is to remain a science, it is only natural that we should keep attempting to analyze the phenomena we","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125480992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.6.1_7
T. Yajima, T. Sakata
Acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acids, called short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), are the major end-products of the hindgut fermentation. SCFA are rapidly absorbed across the colonic mucosa and used as the nutrient. Luminal SCFA enhance the absorption of sodium and water. Bicarbonate accumulates in the hindgut lumen in proportion to the amount of SCFA absorbed in various animals. The buffering system of the bicarbonate accumulated into the lumen in response to SCFA absorption may stabilize the luminal pH. Propionic and n-butyric acids stimulate the colonic motility with an increased peristaltic propulsion of perfusate in the rat in vivo. Propionic, n-butyric, and n-valeric acids stimulate contractile response of the isolated segments of the rat colon in a dose-dependent manner. The contractile effect of SCFA on the rat colon does not act directly on the smooth muscle. The enteric nervous system may mediate the effect of SCFA, since the contractile responses were abolished by tetrodotoxin and atropine. The acute and chronic administration of SCFA (acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acid) into the hindgut of the rat enhanced the proliferation of the epithelium of the digestive tract in vivo. The stimulatory effect of SCFA is dose-dependent and is strong in order of n-butyric > propionic > acetic acids. Thus, SCFA are important not only as the nutrient but also as the modulator of electrolyte transport, motility, and epithelial proliferation of the digestive tract.
{"title":"Influences of Short-Chain Fatty Acids on the Digestive Organs","authors":"T. Yajima, T. Sakata","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.6.1_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.6.1_7","url":null,"abstract":"Acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acids, called short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), are the major end-products of the hindgut fermentation. SCFA are rapidly absorbed across the colonic mucosa and used as the nutrient. Luminal SCFA enhance the absorption of sodium and water. Bicarbonate accumulates in the hindgut lumen in proportion to the amount of SCFA absorbed in various animals. The buffering system of the bicarbonate accumulated into the lumen in response to SCFA absorption may stabilize the luminal pH. Propionic and n-butyric acids stimulate the colonic motility with an increased peristaltic propulsion of perfusate in the rat in vivo. Propionic, n-butyric, and n-valeric acids stimulate contractile response of the isolated segments of the rat colon in a dose-dependent manner. The contractile effect of SCFA on the rat colon does not act directly on the smooth muscle. The enteric nervous system may mediate the effect of SCFA, since the contractile responses were abolished by tetrodotoxin and atropine. The acute and chronic administration of SCFA (acetic, propionic, and n-butyric acid) into the hindgut of the rat enhanced the proliferation of the epithelium of the digestive tract in vivo. The stimulatory effect of SCFA is dose-dependent and is strong in order of n-butyric > propionic > acetic acids. Thus, SCFA are important not only as the nutrient but also as the modulator of electrolyte transport, motility, and epithelial proliferation of the digestive tract.","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129951364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.13.2_91
K. Murai, Kenichi Hisamitsu, L. Imamura, K. Kobashi
We investigated the effects of oral administration of undigestible oligoand polysaccharides to rats on microbial fermentation products and fecal enzyme activities. The fecal pH values were decreased by feeding diet containing arabinogalactan (AG), kestose (Kes) and nystose (Nys). The fecal moisture was significantly increased by feeding polydextrose (PD), xylooligosaccharide (XO), glucuronosyl xylooligosaccharide (GXO), citrus pectin (CP) and apple pectin (AP) diet. Oligoand polysaccharides in the diet resulted in a decrease in fecal ƒÀ-glucosidase, ƒÀ-glucuronidase and urease activities measured at a constant pH (7.2). PD-containing diet, exceptionally, increased fecal ƒÀ-glucosidase activity threeto fourfold. Furthermore, fecal enzyme activities were assayed at the fecal pH to assume their actual activities in the colon. These activities were distinctly altered; particularly, ƒÀ-glucosidase activity in rats fed PD increased and all of the enzyme activities assayed in rats fed Kes and Nys were significantly decreased. These results suggest that the actual enzyme activities of intestinal bacteria should be assayed not at their optimal pHs, but at intestinal pHs. The effects of ten oligoand polysaccharides on the intestinal environment are discussed in connection with the reduction in the incidence of colon cancer by daily intake
{"title":"Effect of Oral Administration to Rats of Various Undigestible Saccharides on Fecal pH, Water Contents and Enzyme Activities","authors":"K. Murai, Kenichi Hisamitsu, L. Imamura, K. Kobashi","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.13.2_91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.13.2_91","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the effects of oral administration of undigestible oligoand polysaccharides to rats on microbial fermentation products and fecal enzyme activities. The fecal pH values were decreased by feeding diet containing arabinogalactan (AG), kestose (Kes) and nystose (Nys). The fecal moisture was significantly increased by feeding polydextrose (PD), xylooligosaccharide (XO), glucuronosyl xylooligosaccharide (GXO), citrus pectin (CP) and apple pectin (AP) diet. Oligoand polysaccharides in the diet resulted in a decrease in fecal ƒÀ-glucosidase, ƒÀ-glucuronidase and urease activities measured at a constant pH (7.2). PD-containing diet, exceptionally, increased fecal ƒÀ-glucosidase activity threeto fourfold. Furthermore, fecal enzyme activities were assayed at the fecal pH to assume their actual activities in the colon. These activities were distinctly altered; particularly, ƒÀ-glucosidase activity in rats fed PD increased and all of the enzyme activities assayed in rats fed Kes and Nys were significantly decreased. These results suggest that the actual enzyme activities of intestinal bacteria should be assayed not at their optimal pHs, but at intestinal pHs. The effects of ten oligoand polysaccharides on the intestinal environment are discussed in connection with the reduction in the incidence of colon cancer by daily intake","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117205849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.7.1_45
O. Kohashi, N. Ohnishi, T. Kataoka, Tokutaro Takahashi, A. Ozawa, N. Shigematsu
We established and maintained germfree (GF) athymic nude rats (rnu/rnu) raised from specific pathogen free (SPF) nude rats, since 1981 in the Animal Center of Tokai University. None of the GF nude rats developed polyarthritis until they were reconstituted with spleen cells from normal adult euthymic GF rnu/ + rats. All of the spleen cell reconstituted-GF nude rats developed severe polyarthritis comparable to that seen in the SPF and GF euthymic rnu/ + rats, in terms of the day of onset, severity and incidence and histopathology. Epithelioid granuloma in the regional lymph nodes of the GF nude rats was immature and smaller than that of SPF nude rats. The spleen cell-reconstituted GF nude rats had a large and mature epithelioid granuloma with large central necrosis infiltrated by numerous polymorphonuclear leukocytes and comparable to findings in the SPF and GF rnu/ + rats but larger than in the spleen cell-reconstituted SPF nude rats. We conclude that (1) thymus or T cell functions play a primary role in the development of the disease and the mature epithelioid granuloma formation with a large central necrosis and (2) microbial flora plays a secondary role as an environmental factor in modulating the disease and in the epithelioid granuloma formation, through undetermined mechanisms.
{"title":"Establishment of Germfree Athymic Nude Rats and T Cell Requirement for BCG-Induced Polyarthritis and Granuloma Formation","authors":"O. Kohashi, N. Ohnishi, T. Kataoka, Tokutaro Takahashi, A. Ozawa, N. Shigematsu","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.7.1_45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.7.1_45","url":null,"abstract":"We established and maintained germfree (GF) athymic nude rats (rnu/rnu) raised from specific pathogen free (SPF) nude rats, since 1981 in the Animal Center of Tokai University. None of the GF nude rats developed polyarthritis until they were reconstituted with spleen cells from normal adult euthymic GF rnu/ + rats. All of the spleen cell reconstituted-GF nude rats developed severe polyarthritis comparable to that seen in the SPF and GF euthymic rnu/ + rats, in terms of the day of onset, severity and incidence and histopathology. Epithelioid granuloma in the regional lymph nodes of the GF nude rats was immature and smaller than that of SPF nude rats. The spleen cell-reconstituted GF nude rats had a large and mature epithelioid granuloma with large central necrosis infiltrated by numerous polymorphonuclear leukocytes and comparable to findings in the SPF and GF rnu/ + rats but larger than in the spleen cell-reconstituted SPF nude rats. We conclude that (1) thymus or T cell functions play a primary role in the development of the disease and the mature epithelioid granuloma formation with a large central necrosis and (2) microbial flora plays a secondary role as an environmental factor in modulating the disease and in the epithelioid granuloma formation, through undetermined mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121381751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.5.1_37
H. Hidaka, T. Eida, T. Takizawa, T. Tokunaga, Y. Tashiro
A study was made of the effects of fructooligosaccharides , which exist widely in plants such as onion, edible burdock, wheat etc., on the human and animal intestinal flora . Fructooligosaccharides are produced from sucrose with the aid of ƒÀ-fructofuranosidase from Aspergillus niger on a commercial scale by Meiji Seika Kaisha , Ltd. (Neosugar, Meioligo(R) . It has been found that they are not hydrolyzed by any digestive enzymes of humans and animals. Moreover utilization by various kinds of intestinal bacteria indicated that Bifidobacterium spp., the Bacteroides fragilis group , Peptostreptococcus spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae can utilize these saccharides, but Clostridium perfringens , Escherichia coli and others cannot. The fructooligosaccharides are selectively utilized , particularly by bifidobacteria. The clinical studies showed that fructooligosaccharides administration improved the intestinal flora , with subsequent relief of constipation, improved blood lipids in hyperlipidemia , and suppressed the production of intestinal putrefactive substances.
{"title":"Effects of Fructooligosaccharides on Intestinal Flora and Human Health","authors":"H. Hidaka, T. Eida, T. Takizawa, T. Tokunaga, Y. Tashiro","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.5.1_37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.5.1_37","url":null,"abstract":"A study was made of the effects of fructooligosaccharides , which exist widely in plants such as onion, edible burdock, wheat etc., on the human and animal intestinal flora . Fructooligosaccharides are produced from sucrose with the aid of ƒÀ-fructofuranosidase from Aspergillus niger on a commercial scale by Meiji Seika Kaisha , Ltd. (Neosugar, Meioligo(R) . It has been found that they are not hydrolyzed by any digestive enzymes of humans and animals. Moreover utilization by various kinds of intestinal bacteria indicated that Bifidobacterium spp., the Bacteroides fragilis group , Peptostreptococcus spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae can utilize these saccharides, but Clostridium perfringens , Escherichia coli and others cannot. The fructooligosaccharides are selectively utilized , particularly by bifidobacteria. The clinical studies showed that fructooligosaccharides administration improved the intestinal flora , with subsequent relief of constipation, improved blood lipids in hyperlipidemia , and suppressed the production of intestinal putrefactive substances.","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124099954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.9.1_17
H. Nagura
globulin in external body fluids of mammals. The mucosal surface is exposed to a myriad of antigenic substances, such as microbes and food ; the sIgA provides an immunological barrier to foreign matter by preventing both absorption of these antigens by the mucosal epithelium and penetration into the body, and interferes in the attachment of microbes and their toxins to the epithelium (29, 30) . On the other hand, intestine and respiratory tracts are richly populated lymphoid tissues, and contact between antigens on the mucosal surface and the mucosal lymphoid tissues initiates a diverse series of immunologic events. These include the production of immunoglobulins of IgA class that are secreted into extracellular body fluids and, in striking contrast, induce hyporesponsiveness of certain nonmucosal immunologic reactions (25, 27), whereas the humoral immune responses in the nonmucosal sites are largely of the IgG class. The cell-mediated immune mechanism is also distinctive in mucosal and nonmucosal lymphoid tissues. It is of interest to notice that the study of germfree mice and rats, which lack indigenous microbial flora, reveals the scarcity of secondary lymphoid follicles of the lymphoid tissue and of plasma cells and lymphocytes in the lamina propria of villi (6, 21). It has recently been recognized that the immune system at the mucosal sites plays an important role in the host-environment interaction (2, 21). In this review I summarized the recent information about immune responses in the intestinal mucosa, with emphasis on the role of microbial environments.
{"title":"Mucosal defense mechanism and secretory IgA system.","authors":"H. Nagura","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.9.1_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.9.1_17","url":null,"abstract":"globulin in external body fluids of mammals. The mucosal surface is exposed to a myriad of antigenic substances, such as microbes and food ; the sIgA provides an immunological barrier to foreign matter by preventing both absorption of these antigens by the mucosal epithelium and penetration into the body, and interferes in the attachment of microbes and their toxins to the epithelium (29, 30) . On the other hand, intestine and respiratory tracts are richly populated lymphoid tissues, and contact between antigens on the mucosal surface and the mucosal lymphoid tissues initiates a diverse series of immunologic events. These include the production of immunoglobulins of IgA class that are secreted into extracellular body fluids and, in striking contrast, induce hyporesponsiveness of certain nonmucosal immunologic reactions (25, 27), whereas the humoral immune responses in the nonmucosal sites are largely of the IgG class. The cell-mediated immune mechanism is also distinctive in mucosal and nonmucosal lymphoid tissues. It is of interest to notice that the study of germfree mice and rats, which lack indigenous microbial flora, reveals the scarcity of secondary lymphoid follicles of the lymphoid tissue and of plasma cells and lymphocytes in the lamina propria of villi (6, 21). It has recently been recognized that the immune system at the mucosal sites plays an important role in the host-environment interaction (2, 21). In this review I summarized the recent information about immune responses in the intestinal mucosa, with emphasis on the role of microbial environments.","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124111060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.9.2_107
G. Reuter
Bifidobacteria species or subspecies in cultured or culturecontaining milks is a presently approved way to offer beneficial effects for human health. The microorganisms should be still in a living stage at the time of consumption. Multiplication and viability of the anaerobic Bifidobacteria in milk require special efforts in production, handling and storage of this kind of products. It is possible to maintain the viability of Bifidobacteria in culture-containing milks, as there is no remarkable lowering of pH during shelf life. In cultured milks, however, (yoghurt-like products) the viability of Bifidobacteria is reduced to a higher degree, depending on the extent of acidification and the strains used. The range of decrease of colony-forming units (cfu) of 3-4 log10 cycles may occur within 20 or even 5 days. There may still be some unknown facts concerning the irregular curve of counts. The survival of Bifidobacteria means living cells from ingestion should reach the adequate area of the intestinal tract of humans. That is still not verified sufficiently. Results from animals cannot be transferred to humans without limitations. Knowledge on humans is based mostly on well-founded suppositions and may be confirmed experimentally in more detail in the future. The identification of Bifidobacteria in milks is not too difficult in principle. Species which are used can be identified in a quite simple way, such as Bifidobacterium longum, breve, infantis, or even bifidum. Some difficulties may result with separation of Bifidob longum from Bifidob. animalis. Problems with isolating Bifidobacteria from milks may arise if a dominating lactic acid bacteria flora is present. No full selective media seems to have been explored up to now. Bifidobacteria counts lower than 104/g may not be determined if total count comprises more than 108/g.
{"title":"Bifidobacteria cultures as components of yoghurt-like products.","authors":"G. Reuter","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.9.2_107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.9.2_107","url":null,"abstract":"Bifidobacteria species or subspecies in cultured or culturecontaining milks is a presently approved way to offer beneficial effects for human health. The microorganisms should be still in a living stage at the time of consumption. Multiplication and viability of the anaerobic Bifidobacteria in milk require special efforts in production, handling and storage of this kind of products. It is possible to maintain the viability of Bifidobacteria in culture-containing milks, as there is no remarkable lowering of pH during shelf life. In cultured milks, however, (yoghurt-like products) the viability of Bifidobacteria is reduced to a higher degree, depending on the extent of acidification and the strains used. The range of decrease of colony-forming units (cfu) of 3-4 log10 cycles may occur within 20 or even 5 days. There may still be some unknown facts concerning the irregular curve of counts. The survival of Bifidobacteria means living cells from ingestion should reach the adequate area of the intestinal tract of humans. That is still not verified sufficiently. Results from animals cannot be transferred to humans without limitations. Knowledge on humans is based mostly on well-founded suppositions and may be confirmed experimentally in more detail in the future. The identification of Bifidobacteria in milks is not too difficult in principle. Species which are used can be identified in a quite simple way, such as Bifidobacterium longum, breve, infantis, or even bifidum. Some difficulties may result with separation of Bifidob longum from Bifidob. animalis. Problems with isolating Bifidobacteria from milks may arise if a dominating lactic acid bacteria flora is present. No full selective media seems to have been explored up to now. Bifidobacteria counts lower than 104/g may not be determined if total count comprises more than 108/g.","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115298466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.7.2_87
Kunio Suzuki, T. Mitsuoka
A specific and sensitive method was established for the determination of nitrite in biological materials. In the first step, nitrite is converted with diethylamine into N-nitrosodiethylamine by the N-nitrosation reaction under acidic condition. In the second step, the N-nitrosodiethylamine is determined by gas-liquid chromatography connected to a thermal energy analyzer (GC-TEA) . This method is effective and practical.
{"title":"A Specific and Sensitive Method for the Quantitative Determination of Nitrite","authors":"Kunio Suzuki, T. Mitsuoka","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.7.2_87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.7.2_87","url":null,"abstract":"A specific and sensitive method was established for the determination of nitrite in biological materials. In the first step, nitrite is converted with diethylamine into N-nitrosodiethylamine by the N-nitrosation reaction under acidic condition. In the second step, the N-nitrosodiethylamine is determined by gas-liquid chromatography connected to a thermal energy analyzer (GC-TEA) . This method is effective and practical.","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132633970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.2.1_25
K. Kawase, Takashi Suzuki, I. Kiyosawa, S. Okonogi, T. Kawashima, M. Kuboyama
This review deals with the effects of composition of infant formulas on the intestinal microflora of infants. The addition of bifidus factor, such as lactulose and mucin, works effectively to stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria, lower pH values and raise the lysozyme activity in the feces of bottle-fed infants. Also, low buffering capacity resultant from reducing the protein and phosphorus content in the formula contributes to the predominance of bifidobacteria. These facts indicate that the addition of bifidus factor and low buffering capacity play a significant role to resemble the fecal microflora of bottle-fed infants to that of breast-fed infants through the enhancing multiplication of bifidobacteria, though the ratio of bifidobacteria count to total anaerobic bacteria count in bottle-fed infants is still lower than that in breast-fed infants.
{"title":"Effects of Composition of Infant Formulas on the Intestinal Microflora of Infants","authors":"K. Kawase, Takashi Suzuki, I. Kiyosawa, S. Okonogi, T. Kawashima, M. Kuboyama","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.2.1_25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.2.1_25","url":null,"abstract":"This review deals with the effects of composition of infant formulas on the intestinal microflora of infants. The addition of bifidus factor, such as lactulose and mucin, works effectively to stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria, lower pH values and raise the lysozyme activity in the feces of bottle-fed infants. Also, low buffering capacity resultant from reducing the protein and phosphorus content in the formula contributes to the predominance of bifidobacteria. These facts indicate that the addition of bifidus factor and low buffering capacity play a significant role to resemble the fecal microflora of bottle-fed infants to that of breast-fed infants through the enhancing multiplication of bifidobacteria, though the ratio of bifidobacteria count to total anaerobic bacteria count in bottle-fed infants is still lower than that in breast-fed infants.","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130777042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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