Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.3.1_35
T. Shimoyama, S. Hori, K. Tamura, M. Yamamura, Mamoru Tanaka, Kikuo Yamazaki
patients, with the exception of patients with infectious diarrhea. Alterations of the intestinal microflora probably reflect the physiological state of the patient, and fermentative reactions due to microorganisms present in the gut may possibly induce diarrhea. Since 1970, bacteriological techniques for cultivating strictly obligate anaerobes have been vigorously developed and many studies on the intestinal microflora of patients with clinical problems have been reported in
{"title":"Microflora of Patients with Stool Abnormality","authors":"T. Shimoyama, S. Hori, K. Tamura, M. Yamamura, Mamoru Tanaka, Kikuo Yamazaki","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.3.1_35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.3.1_35","url":null,"abstract":"patients, with the exception of patients with infectious diarrhea. Alterations of the intestinal microflora probably reflect the physiological state of the patient, and fermentative reactions due to microorganisms present in the gut may possibly induce diarrhea. Since 1970, bacteriological techniques for cultivating strictly obligate anaerobes have been vigorously developed and many studies on the intestinal microflora of patients with clinical problems have been reported in","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127492826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.6.2_43
K. Yagata, Yukio Sekiguchi, Takahisa Hosokawa, M. Shibata, Y. Noguchi, T. Mitsuoka
1S. B. Medical Co., Ltd., 495 Akiba-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, 245 Japan, 2Department of Rehabilitation Engineering, The Institute of Vocational Training, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 229 Japan, 3Koken Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 161 Japan, 4Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd., Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108 Japan, and 5Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113 Japan
{"title":"Development of Capsules for Administering Drugs or Collecting Specimens in the Intestine","authors":"K. Yagata, Yukio Sekiguchi, Takahisa Hosokawa, M. Shibata, Y. Noguchi, T. Mitsuoka","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.6.2_43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.6.2_43","url":null,"abstract":"1S. B. Medical Co., Ltd., 495 Akiba-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, 245 Japan, 2Department of Rehabilitation Engineering, The Institute of Vocational Training, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 229 Japan, 3Koken Co., Ltd., Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 161 Japan, 4Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd., Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108 Japan, and 5Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113 Japan","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126072063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.1.1_45
K. Tohyama, R. Tanaka, Yoichi Kobayashi, M. Mutai
We studied the effect of feeding Bifidobacterium breve 4006 on abnormal metabolic activities in intestinal microflora and the alteration of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity in animals. Abnormal metabolic activities in intestinal microflora were induced by feeding a diet supplemented with 3% L-lysine-1% -L-tryptophan (lys-try diet) or 40% egg white protein in human flora (HF) or conventional (Cv) rats, respectively. Feeding of B. breve 4006 and transgalactosylated oligosaccharide (TOS), a growth factor of B. breve 4006, caused a significant reduction of a number of microbial enzyme activities and metabolites in the urine and the intestinal contents of HF and CV rats. Moreover , feeding of B. breve 4006 to neonate rats showed a significant decrease in the population levels of Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroidaceae in the gut. Hepatic aniline hydroxylase (AH) and aminopyrine -N-demethylase (AMD) activities decreased significantly below normal values in HF rats fed on a lys-trp diet. In contrast, normal levels of AH and AMD activities were maintained in HF rats fed B. breve 4006 and/or TOS . The same situation was also found in overall hepatic function. The development of AH and AMD activities in neonate rats was significantly enhanced by the feeding of B. breve 4006. This enhancement seems to be due to a potent decrease of Gram-negative bacteria in the gut . In agreement with this, AH and AMD activities in gnotobiotic mice associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae and B. breve 4006 were restored to the germ-free level, whereas in mice monoassociated with K. pneumoniae, the activities significantly decreased .
本实验研究了饲喂短双歧杆菌4006对动物肠道菌群异常代谢活动及肝脏药物代谢酶活性的影响。分别饲喂添加3% l -赖氨酸-1% -l -色氨酸(赖氨酸日粮)和40%蛋清蛋白的人(HF)和常规(Cv)大鼠肠道菌群代谢活动异常。饲养短杆菌4006和短杆菌4006的生长因子转半乳糖化寡糖(TOS)导致HF和CV大鼠尿液和肠道内容物中许多微生物酶活性和代谢物显著降低。此外，给新生大鼠喂食短弧菌4006可显著降低肠道内肠杆菌科和拟杆菌科的种群水平。肝脏苯胺羟化酶(AH)和氨基吡啶- n -去甲基化酶(AMD)活性明显低于正常水平。相比之下，喂养短弧菌4006和/或TOS的HF大鼠AH和AMD活性维持正常水平。整体肝功能也出现了同样的情况。喂养短芽孢杆菌4006可显著促进新生大鼠AH和AMD活性的发展。这种增强似乎是由于肠道中革兰氏阴性菌的有效减少。与此一致的是，与肺炎克雷伯菌和短芽孢杆菌4006相关的无菌小鼠的AH和AMD活性恢复到无菌水平，而与肺炎克雷伯菌单相关的小鼠的AH和AMD活性显著降低。
{"title":"Relationship between the Metabolic Regulaton of Intestinal Microflora by Feeding Bifidobacterium and Host Hepatic Function","authors":"K. Tohyama, R. Tanaka, Yoichi Kobayashi, M. Mutai","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.1.1_45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.1.1_45","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the effect of feeding Bifidobacterium breve 4006 on abnormal metabolic activities in intestinal microflora and the alteration of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity in animals. Abnormal metabolic activities in intestinal microflora were induced by feeding a diet supplemented with 3% L-lysine-1% -L-tryptophan (lys-try diet) or 40% egg white protein in human flora (HF) or conventional (Cv) rats, respectively. Feeding of B. breve 4006 and transgalactosylated oligosaccharide (TOS), a growth factor of B. breve 4006, caused a significant reduction of a number of microbial enzyme activities and metabolites in the urine and the intestinal contents of HF and CV rats. Moreover , feeding of B. breve 4006 to neonate rats showed a significant decrease in the population levels of Enterobacteriaceae and Bacteroidaceae in the gut. Hepatic aniline hydroxylase (AH) and aminopyrine -N-demethylase (AMD) activities decreased significantly below normal values in HF rats fed on a lys-trp diet. In contrast, normal levels of AH and AMD activities were maintained in HF rats fed B. breve 4006 and/or TOS . The same situation was also found in overall hepatic function. The development of AH and AMD activities in neonate rats was significantly enhanced by the feeding of B. breve 4006. This enhancement seems to be due to a potent decrease of Gram-negative bacteria in the gut . In agreement with this, AH and AMD activities in gnotobiotic mice associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae and B. breve 4006 were restored to the germ-free level, whereas in mice monoassociated with K. pneumoniae, the activities significantly decreased .","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121958007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.5.1_67
Katsumoto Ueda
Floral organisms influence the host's immunological activities not only in the mucosal barrier system but also systemically. Using "unnatural" animals, i.e., monoassociated mice, we attempted to explore the stimulatory effect of intestinally colonized floral organisms. These gnotobiotic mice exhibited specific immune response against associated bacteria probably through the intestinal mucosal membrane. IgA antibody to the colonized bacteria was detected in the secretion. In addition, it was suggested that the specific response accompanied a production of IgA unrelated to the stimulating antigen. Cell mediated immunity to the colonized bacterial antigen could be detected by the footpad reaction as well as the macrophage migration inhibition test with peritoneal exudate cells after monoassociation. These findings suggest that non-specific resistance to invading microorganisms or other noxious agents may be operative through floral organisms in both mucosal and systemic fashions.
{"title":"Immunity Provided by Colonized Enteric Bacteria","authors":"Katsumoto Ueda","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.5.1_67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.5.1_67","url":null,"abstract":"Floral organisms influence the host's immunological activities not only in the mucosal barrier system but also systemically. Using \"unnatural\" animals, i.e., monoassociated mice, we attempted to explore the stimulatory effect of intestinally colonized floral organisms. These gnotobiotic mice exhibited specific immune response against associated bacteria probably through the intestinal mucosal membrane. IgA antibody to the colonized bacteria was detected in the secretion. In addition, it was suggested that the specific response accompanied a production of IgA unrelated to the stimulating antigen. Cell mediated immunity to the colonized bacterial antigen could be detected by the footpad reaction as well as the macrophage migration inhibition test with peritoneal exudate cells after monoassociation. These findings suggest that non-specific resistance to invading microorganisms or other noxious agents may be operative through floral organisms in both mucosal and systemic fashions.","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114966932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.10.1_11
H. Yoshioka, K. Fujita, H. Sakata, K. Murono, K. Iseki
We studied development of bacterial flora in the stool in breast-fed and bottlefed infants. Subjects and methods. Stools of 13 healthy newborn infants (six were breast-fed and seven were bottle-fed) were cultured. Stool samples were taken daily for six days after birth. Another culture was performed at one and three months of age, as the infants returned to the Well-Baby Clinic for a routine check-up. The stool was obtained directly from the rectum using a glass tube with rounded top and a side hole. The culture was performed within two hours of stool collection. A series of media were employed for anaerobic culture. Viande et de Levures medium with 0.2% glucose (VLG) was used for total bacterial count, VLG medium containing 7.5 ƒÊg/ml of vancomycin and 5 ƒÊg/ml of gentamicin for Bacteroides spp., and a modified Petuely's selective medium with nalidixic acid (MPN) was used for bifidobacteria (1). These media were prepared in test tubes with tight stoppers under "pre-reduced anaerobically sterilized" conditions. Procedures of anaerobic sample preparation and culture were performed by the method described by Holdeman et al (2). Air in the media and culture tubes was always substituted with CO2 using a CO2-gas stream. All cultures were done quantitatively and grown colonies were read and counted. Results. Changes in the count of organisms for individual bacterial groups are shown in Fig. 1 (3, 4). The count is described in terms of common logarithms of the bacterial count per g of feces (for example, a bacterial count of 108 per g of feces is expressed as log 8/g). On the day after birth, a mean organism total of log 9.0•}1.1/g of feces was measured. Enterobacteria were the predominant organism, followed by smaller numbers of enterococci, staphylococci, and Bacteroides. The number of entero-
我们研究了母乳喂养和奶瓶喂养婴儿粪便中细菌菌群的发育。研究对象和方法。对13名健康新生儿(6名母乳喂养，7名奶瓶喂养)的粪便进行了培养。出生后6天每天采集粪便样本。另一种培养是在婴儿1个月和3个月大时进行的，当婴儿回到Well-Baby诊所进行常规检查时。粪便是直接从直肠获得的，使用一个圆形顶部和侧孔的玻璃管。粪便收集后两小时内进行培养。采用一系列培养基进行厌氧培养。细菌总数用含有0.2%葡萄糖的Viande et de Levures培养基(VLG)，拟杆菌用含有7.5 ƒÊg/ml万古霉素和5 ƒÊg/ml庆大霉素的VLG培养基，双歧杆菌用含有纳利迪酸(MPN)的改良Petuely选择性培养基(1)。这些培养基在“预还原厌氧灭菌”条件下，在带密封塞的试管中制备。厌氧样品制备和培养过程由Holdeman等人(2)描述的方法进行。培养基和培养管中的空气总是用CO2-气体流代替CO2。所有的培养都是定量的，生长的菌落被读取和计数。结果。单个细菌群的微生物数量变化如图1(3,4)所示。计数以每克粪便中细菌数量的常用对数来描述(例如，每克粪便中细菌数量为108，表示为log 8/g)。出生后第1天，测定粪便中平均微生物总数为log 9.0•}1.1/g。以肠杆菌为主，其次是数量较少的肠球菌、葡萄球菌和拟杆菌。进入的数量
{"title":"Development of the Normal Intestinal Flora and Clinical Significance in Infants and Children","authors":"H. Yoshioka, K. Fujita, H. Sakata, K. Murono, K. Iseki","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.10.1_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.10.1_11","url":null,"abstract":"We studied development of bacterial flora in the stool in breast-fed and bottlefed infants. Subjects and methods. Stools of 13 healthy newborn infants (six were breast-fed and seven were bottle-fed) were cultured. Stool samples were taken daily for six days after birth. Another culture was performed at one and three months of age, as the infants returned to the Well-Baby Clinic for a routine check-up. The stool was obtained directly from the rectum using a glass tube with rounded top and a side hole. The culture was performed within two hours of stool collection. A series of media were employed for anaerobic culture. Viande et de Levures medium with 0.2% glucose (VLG) was used for total bacterial count, VLG medium containing 7.5 ƒÊg/ml of vancomycin and 5 ƒÊg/ml of gentamicin for Bacteroides spp., and a modified Petuely's selective medium with nalidixic acid (MPN) was used for bifidobacteria (1). These media were prepared in test tubes with tight stoppers under \"pre-reduced anaerobically sterilized\" conditions. Procedures of anaerobic sample preparation and culture were performed by the method described by Holdeman et al (2). Air in the media and culture tubes was always substituted with CO2 using a CO2-gas stream. All cultures were done quantitatively and grown colonies were read and counted. Results. Changes in the count of organisms for individual bacterial groups are shown in Fig. 1 (3, 4). The count is described in terms of common logarithms of the bacterial count per g of feces (for example, a bacterial count of 108 per g of feces is expressed as log 8/g). On the day after birth, a mean organism total of log 9.0•}1.1/g of feces was measured. Enterobacteria were the predominant organism, followed by smaller numbers of enterococci, staphylococci, and Bacteroides. The number of entero-","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128102276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.12.1_19
Y. Morishita, H. Yamada, K. Shiiba, N. Kimura, H. Taniguchi
Hydrolyzate of wheat bran hemicellulose was demonstrated to stimulate significantly the growth of bifidobacteria in the ceca of Wistar rats and ICR mice fed the purified diets including the hydrolyzate at 2.5% and 5.0% for 4 weeks. In contrast, Enterobacteriaceae, viridans streptococci, and staphylococci were decreased in numbers, especially at 5.0% level of the hydrolyzate. Lactobacilli were slightly increased in numbers, but not significantly, in mice. No significant changes were found in the numbers of the other examined microbes. The cecal concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids and acetic and propionic acids increased remarkably in both the animals in proportion to the rate of the hemicellulose hyrolyzate contained in the diets while those of iso-butyric and iso-valeric acids decreased. The butyric acid concentration increased in mice but not in rats. The cecal pH values were inversely proportional to the total concentrations of short-chain fatty acids.
{"title":"Effect of Hydrolyzate of Wheat Bran Hemicellulose on the Cecal Microflora and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Concentrations in Rats and Mice","authors":"Y. Morishita, H. Yamada, K. Shiiba, N. Kimura, H. Taniguchi","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.12.1_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.12.1_19","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrolyzate of wheat bran hemicellulose was demonstrated to stimulate significantly the growth of bifidobacteria in the ceca of Wistar rats and ICR mice fed the purified diets including the hydrolyzate at 2.5% and 5.0% for 4 weeks. In contrast, Enterobacteriaceae, viridans streptococci, and staphylococci were decreased in numbers, especially at 5.0% level of the hydrolyzate. Lactobacilli were slightly increased in numbers, but not significantly, in mice. No significant changes were found in the numbers of the other examined microbes. The cecal concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids and acetic and propionic acids increased remarkably in both the animals in proportion to the rate of the hemicellulose hyrolyzate contained in the diets while those of iso-butyric and iso-valeric acids decreased. The butyric acid concentration increased in mice but not in rats. The cecal pH values were inversely proportional to the total concentrations of short-chain fatty acids.","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121413487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.13.2_65
K. Sekine, Emiko Watanabe-Sekine, J. Ohta, T. Toida, Taro Tatsuki, T. Kawashima, Y. Hashimoto
We measured the antitumor activity of Bifidobacterium infantis (B. infantis). We used mainly a cell wall preparation (WPG) based upon preliminary experiments (Cancer Res. 45: 1300-1307, 1985) . First, we evaluated the antitumor effects of WPG on peritoneal and thoracic tumor-bearing animals, using mouse Ehrlich carcinoma and Meth A fibrosarcoma, as well as rat MADB 106 mammary tumor. More frequent, earlier onset and dose-related injections of WPG were more effective in these tumor-bearing animals. Cell kinetic studies revealed that WPG induced polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) followed by macrophages at the injection cavity. In addition, WPG directly activated these cells to inhibit the growth of tumor cells in in vitro assays. These results suggest that the bifidobacterial cell wall, WPG induces and activates nonspecific phagocytes (PMNs and macrophages) in situ to reject growing tumor cells in peritoneal and thoracic cavity of animals.
{"title":"Induction and Activation of Tumoricidal Cells In Vivo and In Vitro by the Bacterial Cell Wall of Bifidobacterium infantis","authors":"K. Sekine, Emiko Watanabe-Sekine, J. Ohta, T. Toida, Taro Tatsuki, T. Kawashima, Y. Hashimoto","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.13.2_65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.13.2_65","url":null,"abstract":"We measured the antitumor activity of Bifidobacterium infantis (B. infantis). We used mainly a cell wall preparation (WPG) based upon preliminary experiments (Cancer Res. 45: 1300-1307, 1985) . First, we evaluated the antitumor effects of WPG on peritoneal and thoracic tumor-bearing animals, using mouse Ehrlich carcinoma and Meth A fibrosarcoma, as well as rat MADB 106 mammary tumor. More frequent, earlier onset and dose-related injections of WPG were more effective in these tumor-bearing animals. Cell kinetic studies revealed that WPG induced polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) followed by macrophages at the injection cavity. In addition, WPG directly activated these cells to inhibit the growth of tumor cells in in vitro assays. These results suggest that the bifidobacterial cell wall, WPG induces and activates nonspecific phagocytes (PMNs and macrophages) in situ to reject growing tumor cells in peritoneal and thoracic cavity of animals.","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124374368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.9.1_1
Y. Ichihashi
An infection occurs when a causative organism enters a living body, becomes productive and damages the function of the body. When the organism exists in the body, but there is no dysfunction , this is termed formation of bacterial flora. The relationship between infection and formation of bacterial flora is very complicated. No matter what kind of organism, if it colonizes and grows, theoretically an infection exists. In such a case, the word infection is not used clinically. There is formation of bacterial flora but there is no correlation to the toxicity of the organism. Even if bacterial colonization occurs, infection may not take place. If the resistance of the body is decreased, even though the bacteria is non-pathogenic it can become a causative organism and this non-pathogenic bacteria can trigger a disease. This is called an opportunistic infection and is normally a non-toxic infection. Although the bacteria may be very pathogenic to some people , colonization may occur but may not appear as a disease for a long time. In this case , the individual is called a carrier of a pathogenic organism. This is important because this individual could infect other people. When there is a decrease in the resistance of the individual, this organism could become the cause of a systemic disease . In general, this is not a problem after the newborn period unless the patient is undergoing immune-suppressant treatment or has a deficiency in immunity. In the neonatal period, even if the child is healthy, bacterial infection can occur. The newborn is in an aseptic environment before birth and has not received bacterial stimulation. It takes time for the establishment of the cellular immune mechanism against bacteria. A normal flora must be developed for protection against bacterial invasion. Because of these factors, the premature and the newborn are in a precarious position and they can develop severe infections. Antibiotics are frequently administered to these children. As there are many kinds of causative organisms,
{"title":"Intestinal Flora of the Newborn and Administration of Antibiotics","authors":"Y. Ichihashi","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.9.1_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.9.1_1","url":null,"abstract":"An infection occurs when a causative organism enters a living body, becomes productive and damages the function of the body. When the organism exists in the body, but there is no dysfunction , this is termed formation of bacterial flora. The relationship between infection and formation of bacterial flora is very complicated. No matter what kind of organism, if it colonizes and grows, theoretically an infection exists. In such a case, the word infection is not used clinically. There is formation of bacterial flora but there is no correlation to the toxicity of the organism. Even if bacterial colonization occurs, infection may not take place. If the resistance of the body is decreased, even though the bacteria is non-pathogenic it can become a causative organism and this non-pathogenic bacteria can trigger a disease. This is called an opportunistic infection and is normally a non-toxic infection. Although the bacteria may be very pathogenic to some people , colonization may occur but may not appear as a disease for a long time. In this case , the individual is called a carrier of a pathogenic organism. This is important because this individual could infect other people. When there is a decrease in the resistance of the individual, this organism could become the cause of a systemic disease . In general, this is not a problem after the newborn period unless the patient is undergoing immune-suppressant treatment or has a deficiency in immunity. In the neonatal period, even if the child is healthy, bacterial infection can occur. The newborn is in an aseptic environment before birth and has not received bacterial stimulation. It takes time for the establishment of the cellular immune mechanism against bacteria. A normal flora must be developed for protection against bacterial invasion. Because of these factors, the premature and the newborn are in a precarious position and they can develop severe infections. Antibiotics are frequently administered to these children. As there are many kinds of causative organisms,","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124377329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.10.1_65
H. Hidaka, Y. Tashiro, T. Eida
Studies of oligosaccharides have recently become common, especially in Japan. This has been because of findings of marked biofunctions and usefulness of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) for human health due to their effect of improving the intestinal microflora. In this paper, we demonstrate several useful characteristics of FOS such as cholesterol reduction, suppression of putrefaction, normalization of microbial disorders of the colon and alleviation of constipation in clinical studies. It seems that the usefulness of FOS is related to the proliferation of bifidobacteria and other saccharolytic intestinal bacteria and also short chain fatty acids produced by these organisms .
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Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.3.1_11
T. Mitsuoka
In recent years there have been some startling advances made in the taxonomy of bifidobacteria. The bifidobacteria are classified as a distinct genus Bifidobacterium, and a number of species and biovars are now recognized. As better techniques for the study of bacteria are devised, more definitive information on importance of bifidobacteria as part of the intestinal flora of humans and animals has been obtained. Some ecological relationships of this organism are reviewed in this paper.
{"title":"Taxonomy and Ecology of Bifidobacteria","authors":"T. Mitsuoka","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.3.1_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1982.3.1_11","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years there have been some startling advances made in the taxonomy of bifidobacteria. The bifidobacteria are classified as a distinct genus Bifidobacterium, and a number of species and biovars are now recognized. As better techniques for the study of bacteria are devised, more definitive information on importance of bifidobacteria as part of the intestinal flora of humans and animals has been obtained. Some ecological relationships of this organism are reviewed in this paper.","PeriodicalId":414713,"journal":{"name":"Bifidobacteria and Microflora","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129930392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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