Kai Biedermann, Gian-Andri Baumann, Mattia Nolé, Christina M. Spengler, F. Beltrami
Introduction High performance modern shoes reduce energy expenditure and improve performance, however, these gains may also stem from differences in perceived effort. Humans tend to weigh negative information more heavily than positive information, which could influence perception of effort when different shoes are tested sequentially. This study aimed to determine the existence of negativity bias on different measures of perception when alternating running shoes. Methods Eleven well-trained male athletes [age: 28 ± 6 years, weight: 68 ± 5 kg, height: 179 ± 5 cm, peak oxygen consumption: 65 ± 4 ml O2･kg-1･min-1] performed three lab visits: a familiarization day with an incremental test followed by two experimental days (track and treadmill, in balanced order). On each day, participants performed four sets of two 5-min runs at 16km･h-1 (5-min breaks in-between) alternating between On Cloudrunner (entry-level, EL) and Cloudboom Echo 3 (high-performance, HP). The order of the shoes was changed every set (i.e, EL-HP or HP-EL). After each run, participants reported their perception of effort (both on a 100-mm Visual Analog Scale [VAS] and on a 1-10 Borg Scale) and shoe comfort (VAS). Heart rate and gas exchange were monitored using a chest sensor and a metabolic cart. Differences in ratings between EL-HP and HP-EL were compared using paired t-tests. Results In combined data of track and treadmill, the physiological response and perception of effort were significantly lower while perception of comfort was significantly higher with HP compared to EL. On the treadmill, the absolute value of the change in perceived effort (VAS) was lower for EL-HP compared with HP-EL (0.6 ± 0.5 mm vs. 1.0 ± 0.7 mm, p = 0.013), but not on the track (EL-HP 0.5 ± 0.5 mm vs. HP-EL 0.6 ± 0.3 mm, p = 0.602). Absolute changes of effort (Borg) were neither affected by shoe order on the treadmill (EL-HP 0.7 ± 0.4 pts vs. HP-EL 0.8 ± 0.7 pts, p = 0.699) nor on the track (EL-HP 0.5 ± 0.4 pts vs. HP-EL 0.7 ± 0.6 pts, p = 0.452). Similarly, ratings of shoe comfort were neither affected by shoe order on the treadmill (EL-HP 1.8 ± 1.1 mm vs. HP-EL 1.4 ± 1.0 mm, p = 0.086) nor on the track (EL-HP 1.5 ± 1.1 mm vs. HP-EL 1.6 ± 1.0 mm, p = 0.674). Discussion/Conclusion Changes in perceived effort (VAS) assessed during treadmill running were nearly two times larger when switching from EL to HP than vice-versa, supporting the presence of a negativity bias in this specific condition, which could be related to the higher resolution of VAS scales compared with Borg. Possibly, the lack of negativity bias on the track resulted from an overall reduced rating of effort compared with treadmill, which left less room for differences. These findings suggest that it would be beneficial to include a control shoe worn before and between the tested shoes of interest to mitigate any potential negativity bias in tests when determining perceived effort on a treadmill with different shoes.
导言高性能的现代运动鞋可以减少能量消耗并提高运动成绩，然而，这些收益也可能来自于感知努力程度的差异。与正面信息相比，人类倾向于更多地考虑负面信息，这可能会影响对不同鞋子进行连续测试时的努力感知。本研究旨在确定在交替穿着跑鞋时，不同感知测量指标是否存在消极偏差：年龄：28 ± 6 岁，体重：68 ± 5 千克，身高：179 ± 5 厘米，峰值耗氧量：65 ± 4 毫升氧气：65 ± 4 ml O2・kg-1・min-1]进行了三次实验室访问：熟悉增量测试日，然后是两个实验日（跑道和跑步机，顺序均衡）。在每一天，参与者以 16 公里/小时-1 的速度进行四组两次 5 分钟的跑步（中间休息 5 分钟），交替使用 On Cloudrunner（入门级，EL）和 Cloudboom Echo 3（高性能，HP）。每组跑鞋的顺序有所改变（即 EL-HP 或 HP-EL）。每次跑步后，参与者都要报告他们对努力程度（100 毫米视觉模拟量表[VAS]和 1-10 伯格量表）和鞋子舒适度（VAS）的感受。使用胸部传感器和代谢车监测心率和气体交换。使用配对 t 检验比较了 EL-HP 和 HP-EL 之间的评分差异。结果在跑道和跑步机的综合数据中，HP 与 EL 相比，生理反应和费力感明显降低，而舒适感明显提高。在跑步机上，与 HP-EL 相比，EL-HP 的体力感知变化（VAS）绝对值较低（0.6 ± 0.5 mm vs. 1.0 ± 0.7 mm，p = 0.013），但在跑道上则不然（EL-HP 0.5 ± 0.5 mm vs. HP-EL 0.6 ± 0.3 mm，p = 0.602）。在跑步机上（EL-HP 0.7 ± 0.4 pts vs. HP-EL 0.8 ± 0.7 pts，p = 0.699）和在赛道上（EL-HP 0.5 ± 0.4 pts vs. HP-EL 0.7 ± 0.6 pts，p = 0.452），用力（Borg）的绝对变化既不受鞋子顺序的影响。同样，在跑步机上（EL-HP 1.8 ± 1.1 mm vs. HP-EL 1.4 ± 1.0 mm，p = 0.086）和赛道上（EL-HP 1.5 ± 1.1 mm vs. HP-EL 1.6 ± 1.0 mm，p = 0.674），鞋子舒适度的评分也不受鞋子顺序的影响。讨论/结论在跑步机上跑步时，从EL转换到HP时所评估的感知努力（VAS）的变化几乎是反之的两倍，这支持了在这种特定条件下存在的消极偏差，这可能与VAS量表的分辨率高于Borg量表有关。赛道上缺乏消极性偏差可能是由于与跑步机相比，对努力程度的总体评价有所降低，从而减少了差异的空间。这些研究结果表明，在使用不同的鞋在跑步机上确定感知用力时，在相关测试鞋之前和之间穿上对照鞋，以减少测试中任何潜在的消极偏差，将是有益的。
{"title":"The order of running shoes and how it influences the perception of effort and comfort","authors":"Kai Biedermann, Gian-Andri Baumann, Mattia Nolé, Christina M. Spengler, F. Beltrami","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss028","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000High performance modern shoes reduce energy expenditure and improve performance, however, these gains may also stem from differences in perceived effort. Humans tend to weigh negative information more heavily than positive information, which could influence perception of effort when different shoes are tested sequentially. This study aimed to determine the existence of negativity bias on different measures of perception when alternating running shoes.\u0000Methods\u0000Eleven well-trained male athletes [age: 28 ± 6 years, weight: 68 ± 5 kg, height: 179 ± 5 cm, peak oxygen consumption: 65 ± 4 ml O2･kg-1･min-1] performed three lab visits: a familiarization day with an incremental test followed by two experimental days (track and treadmill, in balanced order). On each day, participants performed four sets of two 5-min runs at 16km･h-1 (5-min breaks in-between) alternating between On Cloudrunner (entry-level, EL) and Cloudboom Echo 3 (high-performance, HP). The order of the shoes was changed every set (i.e, EL-HP or HP-EL). After each run, participants reported their perception of effort (both on a 100-mm Visual Analog Scale [VAS] and on a 1-10 Borg Scale) and shoe comfort (VAS). Heart rate and gas exchange were monitored using a chest sensor and a metabolic cart. Differences in ratings between EL-HP and HP-EL were compared using paired t-tests.\u0000Results\u0000In combined data of track and treadmill, the physiological response and perception of effort were significantly lower while perception of comfort was significantly higher with HP compared to EL. On the treadmill, the absolute value of the change in perceived effort (VAS) was lower for EL-HP compared with HP-EL (0.6 ± 0.5 mm vs. 1.0 ± 0.7 mm, p = 0.013), but not on the track (EL-HP 0.5 ± 0.5 mm vs. HP-EL 0.6 ± 0.3 mm, p = 0.602). Absolute changes of effort (Borg) were neither affected by shoe order on the treadmill (EL-HP 0.7 ± 0.4 pts vs. HP-EL 0.8 ± 0.7 pts, p = 0.699) nor on the track (EL-HP 0.5 ± 0.4 pts vs. HP-EL 0.7 ± 0.6 pts, p = 0.452). Similarly, ratings of shoe comfort were neither affected by shoe order on the treadmill (EL-HP 1.8 ± 1.1 mm vs. HP-EL 1.4 ± 1.0 mm, p = 0.086) nor on the track (EL-HP 1.5 ± 1.1 mm vs. HP-EL 1.6 ± 1.0 mm, p = 0.674).\u0000Discussion/Conclusion\u0000Changes in perceived effort (VAS) assessed during treadmill running were nearly two times larger when switching from EL to HP than vice-versa, supporting the presence of a negativity bias in this specific condition, which could be related to the higher resolution of VAS scales compared with Borg. Possibly, the lack of negativity bias on the track resulted from an overall reduced rating of effort compared with treadmill, which left less room for differences. These findings suggest that it would be beneficial to include a control shoe worn before and between the tested shoes of interest to mitigate any potential negativity bias in tests when determining perceived effort on a treadmill with different shoes.","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"3 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139861063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brett C. Hannigan, M. Elgendi, Gholami Mohsen, C. Menon
Introduction Wearable motion tracking technology often focuses on reducing the number of sensors to simplify design and lower costs. Research has shown that single IMUs can reconstruct leg kinematics (Gholami et al., 2020; Hossain et al., 2022; Lim et al., 2020) and ground reaction forces (Jiang et al., 2020) effectively. Additionally, model-based methods have demonstrated the feasibility of using fewer gyroscopes to estimate stride length and motion range in healthy individuals and patients with coxarthritis (Salarian et al., 2013). In this study, we aim to assess the precision of sagittal joint angle estimations using strain sensors while minimizing sensor count. Methods We conducted a study with ten participants based on our previous work that involved collecting single-leg treadmill running data to monitor lower limb joint angles with piezoresistive strain sensors. Subjects ran on an instrumented treadmill at 8-10 km/h, wearing athletic pants embedded with nine strain sensors located on the hip, knee, and ankle. Optical motion capture provided reference kinematics. Our prior research achieved less than 1.5° error in the sagittal plane using a machine-learning approach. The current study explores the extent to which sensor reduction is possible without meaningful loss of accuracy. Three evaluation measures were used for assessment: Pearson correlation, dynamic time warping, and root-mean-squared error. Results The results from our correlation analysis will be used to develop a model that optimally balances between accuracy and minimizing the number of sensors. This has practical implications in sports science, where athletes could benefit from less intrusive and more comfortable performance monitoring, and in healthcare, for remote monitoring of patients with mobility issues. References Gholami, M., Napier, C., & Menon, C. (2020). Estimating lower extremity running gait kinematics with a single accelerometer: A deep learning approach. Sensors, 20(10), Article 2939. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102939 Hossain, M. S., Bin, Dranetz, J., Choi, H., & Guo, Z. (2022). DeepBBWAE-Net: A CNN-RNN based deep superlearner for estimating lower extremity sagittal plane joint kinematics using shoe-mounted IMU sensors in daily living. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 26(8), 3906-3917. https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2022.3165383 Jiang, X., Napier, C., Hannigan, B., Eng, J. J., & Menon, C. (2020). Estimating vertical ground reaction force during walking using a single inertial sensor. Sensors, 20(15), Article 4345. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154345 Lim, H., Kim, B., & Park, S. (2020). Prediction of lower limb kinetics and kinematics during walking by a single IMU on the lower back using machine learning. Sensors, 20(1), Article 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010130 Salarian, A., Burkhard, P. R., Vingerhoets, F. J. G., Jolles, B. M., & Aminian, K. (2013). A novel approach to reducing number of sensing units for wearable gait analysis sys
引言 可穿戴运动跟踪技术通常侧重于减少传感器数量，以简化设计和降低成本。研究表明，单个 IMU 可有效重建腿部运动学（Gholami 等人，2020 年；Hossain 等人，2022 年；Lim 等人，2020 年）和地面反作用力（Jiang 等人，2020 年）。此外，基于模型的方法已经证明了使用较少的陀螺仪来估计健康人和髋关节炎患者的步长和运动范围的可行性（Salarian 等人，2013 年）。在本研究中，我们旨在评估使用应变传感器估计矢状关节角度的精度，同时尽量减少传感器数量。方法 我们在之前工作的基础上对 10 名参与者进行了一项研究，其中包括收集单腿跑步机跑步数据，使用压阻应变传感器监测下肢关节角度。受试者穿着嵌有九个应变传感器的运动裤，在装有仪器的跑步机上以 8-10 公里/小时的速度跑步，应变传感器分别位于髋关节、膝关节和踝关节。光学运动捕捉提供了参考运动学数据。我们之前的研究采用机器学习方法，矢状面误差小于 1.5°。目前的研究探讨了在不损失准确性的前提下减少传感器的可能性。评估采用了三种评估方法：皮尔逊相关性、动态时间扭曲和均方根误差。结果 我们的相关性分析结果将用于开发一种模型，在准确性和尽量减少传感器数量之间取得最佳平衡。这对运动科学和医疗保健领域都有实际意义，前者可以为运动员提供侵入性更低、更舒适的运动表现监测，后者可以为行动不便的病人提供远程监测。参考文献 Gholami, M., Napier, C., & Menon, C. (2020).用单个加速度计估算下肢跑步步态运动学：深度学习方法。https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102939 Hossain, M. S., Bin, Dranetz, J., Choi, H., & Guo, Z. (2022).DeepBBWAE-Net：基于 CNN-RNN 的深度超级学习器，用于在日常生活中使用鞋载 IMU 传感器估计下肢矢状面关节运动学。https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2022.3165383 Jiang, X., Napier, C., Hannigan, B., Eng, J. J., & Menon, C. (2020)。使用单个惯性传感器估算行走过程中的垂直地面反作用力。https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154345 Lim, H., Kim, B., & Park, S. (2020)。利用机器学习通过下背部的单个 IMU 预测行走过程中的下肢动力学和运动学。https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010130 Salarian, A., Burkhard, P. R., Vingerhoets, F. J. G., Jolles, B. M., & Aminian, K. (2013)。减少可穿戴步态分析系统传感单元数量的新方法。IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 60(1), 72-77. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2012.2223465
{"title":"Optimizing wearable motion tracking by assessing sagittal joint angle accuracy with minimal sensor use","authors":"Brett C. Hannigan, M. Elgendi, Gholami Mohsen, C. Menon","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss047","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000Wearable motion tracking technology often focuses on reducing the number of sensors to simplify design and lower costs. Research has shown that single IMUs can reconstruct leg kinematics (Gholami et al., 2020; Hossain et al., 2022; Lim et al., 2020) and ground reaction forces (Jiang et al., 2020) effectively. Additionally, model-based methods have demonstrated the feasibility of using fewer gyroscopes to estimate stride length and motion range in healthy individuals and patients with coxarthritis (Salarian et al., 2013). In this study, we aim to assess the precision of sagittal joint angle estimations using strain sensors while minimizing sensor count. \u0000Methods \u0000We conducted a study with ten participants based on our previous work that involved collecting single-leg treadmill running data to monitor lower limb joint angles with piezoresistive strain sensors. Subjects ran on an instrumented treadmill at 8-10 km/h, wearing athletic pants embedded with nine strain sensors located on the hip, knee, and ankle. Optical motion capture provided reference kinematics. Our prior research achieved less than 1.5° error in the sagittal plane using a machine-learning approach. The current study explores the extent to which sensor reduction is possible without meaningful loss of accuracy. Three evaluation measures were used for assessment: Pearson correlation, dynamic time warping, and root-mean-squared error. \u0000Results \u0000The results from our correlation analysis will be used to develop a model that optimally balances between accuracy and minimizing the number of sensors. This has practical implications in sports science, where athletes could benefit from less intrusive and more comfortable performance monitoring, and in healthcare, for remote monitoring of patients with mobility issues. \u0000References \u0000Gholami, M., Napier, C., & Menon, C. (2020). Estimating lower extremity running gait kinematics with a single accelerometer: A deep learning approach. Sensors, 20(10), Article 2939. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20102939 \u0000Hossain, M. S., Bin, Dranetz, J., Choi, H., & Guo, Z. (2022). DeepBBWAE-Net: A CNN-RNN based deep superlearner for estimating lower extremity sagittal plane joint kinematics using shoe-mounted IMU sensors in daily living. IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, 26(8), 3906-3917. https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2022.3165383 \u0000Jiang, X., Napier, C., Hannigan, B., Eng, J. J., & Menon, C. (2020). Estimating vertical ground reaction force during walking using a single inertial sensor. Sensors, 20(15), Article 4345. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154345 \u0000Lim, H., Kim, B., & Park, S. (2020). Prediction of lower limb kinetics and kinematics during walking by a single IMU on the lower back using machine learning. Sensors, 20(1), Article 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010130 \u0000Salarian, A., Burkhard, P. R., Vingerhoets, F. J. G., Jolles, B. M., & Aminian, K. (2013). A novel approach to reducing number of sensing units for wearable gait analysis sys","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139861303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Haas, A. Martin-Niedecken, Larissa Wild, Leander Schneeberger, Eveline S. Graf
Introduction Exergaming - physically active gaming - offers great potential for rehabilitation after knee injuries in sports, as it combines physical and cognitive challenges. However, before its use in sports rehabilitation can be recommended as safe and reliable, it is necessary to assess the biomechanics associated with knee injuries - an abducted, internally rotated knee at 10-30° of flexion (Koga et al., 2010). The aim of this study was to compare knee valgus (KV) during 10-30° knee flexion between healthy individuals without previous knee injuries and patients undergoing rehabilitation after knee injuries in three exercises of a high-intensive, immersive exergame (ExerCube). Methods The kinematics of 18 healthy subjects (25.2 ± 3.3 years, 9 female) and 6 patients (25.0 ± 5.9 years, 2 female) were recorded using marker-based movement analysis (Vicon) during 25 minutes of exergame training (Sphery Racer, ExerCube). The average maximum KV angle during 10-30° knee flexion was compared between healthy subjects and patients in the squat, jump, and burpee for the right leg using a linear mixed model. Results The average maximal KV in the squat was 4.3° for healthy subjects and 4.8° for patients. In the jump, an average maximal KV of 5.9° (healthy subjects) and 6.8° (patients) was found. With an average of 6.9° in the maximal KV of healthy subjects and 8.6° in patients, the burpee showed the highest KV of all exercises. A significant main effect was found for exercise (F(2, 45) = 57.03, p < .001), but not for the difference between groups (F(1, 22) = 0.45, p = 0.51). Discussion/Conclusion There are no significant differences in KV between healthy participants and patients undergoing rehabilitation after knee injuries. This indicates that the pre-injury movement pattern was restored in the patients, and it can be assumed that the studied exercises during exergaming are safe for use in this stage of rehabilitation. References Koga, H., Nakamae, A., Shima, Y., Iwasa, J., Myklebust, G., Engebretsen, L., Bahr, R., & Krosshaug, T. (2010). Mechanisms for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: Knee joint kinematics in 10 injury situations from female team handball and basketball. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(11), 2218–2225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510373570
{"title":"Comparison of biomechanical risk factors for ACL injury between patients and healthy subjects during exergaming","authors":"M. Haas, A. Martin-Niedecken, Larissa Wild, Leander Schneeberger, Eveline S. Graf","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss045","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000Exergaming - physically active gaming - offers great potential for rehabilitation after knee injuries in sports, as it combines physical and cognitive challenges. However, before its use in sports rehabilitation can be recommended as safe and reliable, it is necessary to assess the biomechanics associated with knee injuries - an abducted, internally rotated knee at 10-30° of flexion (Koga et al., 2010). The aim of this study was to compare knee valgus (KV) during 10-30° knee flexion between healthy individuals without previous knee injuries and patients undergoing rehabilitation after knee injuries in three exercises of a high-intensive, immersive exergame (ExerCube). \u0000Methods \u0000The kinematics of 18 healthy subjects (25.2 ± 3.3 years, 9 female) and 6 patients (25.0 ± 5.9 years, 2 female) were recorded using marker-based movement analysis (Vicon) during 25 minutes of exergame training (Sphery Racer, ExerCube). The average maximum KV angle during 10-30° knee flexion was compared between healthy subjects and patients in the squat, jump, and burpee for the right leg using a linear mixed model. \u0000Results \u0000The average maximal KV in the squat was 4.3° for healthy subjects and 4.8° for patients. In the jump, an average maximal KV of 5.9° (healthy subjects) and 6.8° (patients) was found. With an average of 6.9° in the maximal KV of healthy subjects and 8.6° in patients, the burpee showed the highest KV of all exercises. A significant main effect was found for exercise (F(2, 45) = 57.03, p < .001), but not for the difference between groups (F(1, 22) = 0.45, p = 0.51). \u0000Discussion/Conclusion \u0000There are no significant differences in KV between healthy participants and patients undergoing rehabilitation after knee injuries. This indicates that the pre-injury movement pattern was restored in the patients, and it can be assumed that the studied exercises during exergaming are safe for use in this stage of rehabilitation. \u0000References \u0000Koga, H., Nakamae, A., Shima, Y., Iwasa, J., Myklebust, G., Engebretsen, L., Bahr, R., & Krosshaug, T. (2010). Mechanisms for noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: Knee joint kinematics in 10 injury situations from female team handball and basketball. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(11), 2218–2225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510373570","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"21 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139862118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kathrin Bretz, Ilaria Ferrari, Johanna Kress, C. Herrmann
Introduction During childhood, children develop their motor competencies. Basic motor competencies (BMC) are a central prerequisite for participation in sport activities (Herrmann et al., 2016) and form the basis for sport-specific skills (Hulteen et al., 2018). In school, children have a choice of formal (e.g. sports club) and informal (free play) settings in which they can engage in sports activities (Neuber & Golenia, 2018). Children who are active in sports clubs have a higher level of BMC (Herrmann et al., 2017). Methods As part of the longitudinal study “Development of basic motor competencies in childhood (EMOKK-study)”, funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the BMC of N = 659 preschool children (51% boys) and N = 393 1st and 2nd grade children (49.4% boys) were assessed at two measurement points. In addition, parent questionnaires were used to assess the children’s sport participation. In initial analyses, the development of BMC was calculated using ANCOVA, with age as a covariate. Results Differences between girls and boys could be observed in preschool as well as in 1st and 2nd grade. Boys showed better performance in “object-movement” whereas girls were better in “self-movement”. From first to second grade, sports club participation increased (F(1, 467) = 28.546, p < .001, η2 = .058). In both measurement points, boys were more often active in sport clubs than girls. First and second graders who were active in a sports club performed significantly better in both competence areas (“object-movement”: t1: p < .001, d = .42; t2: p < .001, d = .68; “self-movement”: t1: p = .002, d = .38; t2: p = .001, d = .40) than children who were not. Discussion Children who were active in club sports show a higher level of BMC, which seems to persist in the longitudinal section. This indicates an early selection effect and the importance of BMC for club sport. In further analyses, variables on informal sport activities will also be considered. References Herrmann, C., Gerlach, E., & Seelig, H. (2016). Motorische Basiskompetenzen in der Grundschule. Begründung, Erfassung und empirische Überprüfung eines Messinstruments [Basic motor competences in primary school. Rationale, assessment and empirical testing of a measurement instrument]. Sportwissenschaft, 46(2), 60–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-015-0378-8 Herrmann, C., Heim, C., & Seelig, H. (2017). Diagnose und Entwicklung motorischer Basiskompetenzen [Diagnosis and development of basic motor competencies]. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 49(4), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000180 Hulteen, R. M., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Stodden, D. F., & Lubans, D. R. (2018). Development of foundational movement skills: A conceptual model for physical activity across the sifespan. Sports Medicine, 48(7), 1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0892-6 Neuber, N., & Golenia, M. (2018). Lernorte für Kinder und Jugendliche im Sport [Learni
导言：在儿童时期，儿童的运动能力得到发展。基本运动能力（BMC）是参与体育活动的核心前提（Herrmann 等人，2016 年），也是运动专项技能的基础（Hulteen 等人，2018 年）。在学校，儿童可以选择正规（如体育俱乐部）和非正规（自由玩耍）的环境参与体育活动（Neuber & Golenia，2018）。方法作为瑞士国家科学基金会（SNSF）资助的 "儿童基本运动能力发展（EMOKK-研究）"纵向研究的一部分，在两个测量点对N = 659名学龄前儿童（51%为男孩）和N = 393名一二年级儿童（49.4%为男孩）的基本运动能力进行了评估。此外，还使用家长问卷对儿童的运动参与情况进行了评估。在初步分析中，使用方差分析计算了 BMC 的发展情况，并将年龄作为协变量。男孩在 "物体移动 "方面表现更好，而女孩在 "自我移动 "方面表现更好。从一年级到二年级，参加体育俱乐部的人数有所增加（F(1, 467) = 28.546, p < .001, η2 = .058）。在这两个测量点上，男生比女生更经常参加体育俱乐部活动。参加过体育俱乐部活动的一、二年级学生在两个能力领域的表现（"物体移动"：t1：p < .001，d = .42；t2：p < .001，d = .68；"自我移动"：t1：p = .002，d = .38；t2：p = .001，d = .40）都明显优于没有参加过俱乐部活动的儿童。这表明了早期选择效应和 BMC 对俱乐部运动的重要性。在进一步分析中，还将考虑非正式体育活动的变量。参考文献Herrmann, C., Gerlach, E., & Seelig, H. (2016)。Grundschule 中的运动基础能力。Begründung, Erfassung und empirische Überprüfung eines Messinstruments [小学的基本运动能力。测量工具的原理、评估和实证测试]。https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-015-0378-8Herrmann, C., Heim, C., & Seelig, H. (2017).Diagnose und Entwicklung motorischer Basiskompetenzen [基本运动能力的诊断与发展]。Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 49(4), 173-185. https://doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000180Hulteen, R. M., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Stodden, D. F., & Lubans, D. R. (2018).基础运动技能的发展：跨年龄段体育活动的概念模型。运动医学》，48（7），1533-1540。 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0892-6Neuber, N., & Golenia, M. (2018)。Lernorte für Kinder und Jugendliche im Sport [儿童和青少年体育学习中心]。In A. Güllich & M. Krüger (Eds.), Sport in Kultur und Gesellschaft：Handbuch Sport und Sportwissenschaft (pp. 1-17).Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53385-7_24-1
{"title":"Development of basic motor competencies and connections with sport participation","authors":"Kathrin Bretz, Ilaria Ferrari, Johanna Kress, C. Herrmann","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss032","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000During childhood, children develop their motor competencies. Basic motor competencies (BMC) are a central prerequisite for participation in sport activities (Herrmann et al., 2016) and form the basis for sport-specific skills (Hulteen et al., 2018). In school, children have a choice of formal (e.g. sports club) and informal (free play) settings in which they can engage in sports activities (Neuber & Golenia, 2018). Children who are active in sports clubs have a higher level of BMC (Herrmann et al., 2017).\u0000Methods\u0000As part of the longitudinal study “Development of basic motor competencies in childhood (EMOKK-study)”, funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the BMC of N = 659 preschool children (51% boys) and N = 393 1st and 2nd grade children (49.4% boys) were assessed at two measurement points. In addition, parent questionnaires were used to assess the children’s sport participation. In initial analyses, the development of BMC was calculated using ANCOVA, with age as a covariate.\u0000Results\u0000Differences between girls and boys could be observed in preschool as well as in 1st and 2nd grade. Boys showed better performance in “object-movement” whereas girls were better in “self-movement”. From first to second grade, sports club participation increased (F(1, 467) = 28.546, p < .001, η2 = .058). In both measurement points, boys were more often active in sport clubs than girls. First and second graders who were active in a sports club performed significantly better in both competence areas (“object-movement”: t1: p < .001, d = .42; t2: p < .001, d = .68; “self-movement”: t1: p = .002, d = .38; t2: p = .001, d = .40) than children who were not.\u0000Discussion\u0000Children who were active in club sports show a higher level of BMC, which seems to persist in the longitudinal section. This indicates an early selection effect and the importance of BMC for club sport. In further analyses, variables on informal sport activities will also be considered.\u0000References\u0000Herrmann, C., Gerlach, E., & Seelig, H. (2016). Motorische Basiskompetenzen in der Grundschule. Begründung, Erfassung und empirische Überprüfung eines Messinstruments [Basic motor competences in primary school. Rationale, assessment and empirical testing of a measurement instrument]. Sportwissenschaft, 46(2), 60–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-015-0378-8\u0000Herrmann, C., Heim, C., & Seelig, H. (2017). Diagnose und Entwicklung motorischer Basiskompetenzen [Diagnosis and development of basic motor competencies]. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 49(4), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000180\u0000Hulteen, R. M., Morgan, P. J., Barnett, L. M., Stodden, D. F., & Lubans, D. R. (2018). Development of foundational movement skills: A conceptual model for physical activity across the sifespan. Sports Medicine, 48(7), 1533–1540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0892-6\u0000Neuber, N., & Golenia, M. (2018). Lernorte für Kinder und Jugendliche im Sport [Learni","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"177 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139858662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ivona Jerkovic, Martin Camenzind, A. Psikuta, S. Annaheim, René M. Rossi, Claudia Glass
Introduction Fabrics used for manufacturing sports bras have to be lightweight, breathable, have fast drying behaviour, and moisture management properties (Uttam, 2013). Therefore, thermo-physiological comfort is an important quality criterion for sports bras (Carneiro et al., 2017). In addition, sports bras have to provide support to stabilize breasts during various physical activities (Ancutiene et al., 2017). These requirements lead to challenges in finding the best sports bra fabric, as bra support (Norris et al., 2021) and thermo-physiological comfort require contrasting fabric properties (Carneiro et al., 2017). This work aims to compare drying characteristics of different sports bras types (compression, encapsulation and combination) and fabrics used. A newly developed methodology to investigate the drying behaviour of sports bras in the lab has been taken for their examination. Methods The measurement set-up was built up in a climatic chamber (at 23°C and 50% RH). It consists of the upper body part of a female manikin, the air channel with fans and a balance to measure the weight change of the sports bra over time (indicative of the amount of moisture evaporated). The Infrared (IR) camera was used to record local surface temperature. Based on these measurements, the local and general drying performance of the sports bras were assessed based on dry fabric weight, moisture uptake, moisture absorption, drying time and drying rate. Results The results show that type of sports bra and material composition can have influence on better drying performance studied. The range of drying time for the different sport bra types was observed between 13 and 66 min for compression bras, 25 and 42 min for encapsulation bras, and between 35 and 43 min for combination bras. The moisture uptake was detected in a range between 6% and 15% for compression bras, 13% and 15% only for encapsulation bras, while between 7% and 19% for combination bras. Discussion/Conclusion We were able to show that there is a significant difference in drying performance between sports bras. In combination with additional data about sensorial comfort and breast support, these findings provide a scientific basis for developing sports bras meeting specific requirements for various sports. References Ancutiene, K., Koldinska, M., & Havelka, A. (2017). Investigation of tensile resilience properties of stretch denim fabrics. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, 42, 175-182. Carneiro, L. P., Miranda, T. M. R., & Catarino, A. A. (2017). Comparative thermophysiological study in sport bras for running. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 254(7), Article 072006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/254/7/072006 Norris, M., Blackmore, T., Horler, B., & Wakefield-Scurr, J. (2021). How the characteristics of sports bras affect their performance. Ergonomics, 64(3), 410-425. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2020.1829090 Uttam, D. (2013) Active sportswear fabri
导言 用于制造运动文胸的织物必须轻便、透气、快干并具有湿度管理特性（Uttam，2013 年）。因此，热生理舒适性是运动文胸的一项重要质量标准（Carneiro 等人，2017 年）。此外，运动文胸还必须提供支撑，以便在各种体育活动中稳定乳房（Ancutiene 等人，2017 年）。这些要求给寻找最佳运动胸罩面料带来了挑战，因为胸罩的支撑性（Norris 等人，2021 年）和热生理舒适性要求面料具有截然不同的特性（Carneiro 等人，2017 年）。这项研究旨在比较不同运动胸罩类型（压缩、包裹和组合）和所用面料的干燥特性。我们采用了一种新开发的方法来研究运动文胸在实验室中的干燥特性。测量方法 在气候箱（23°C 和 50% 相对湿度）中建立测量装置。它包括一个女性人体模型的上半身、带风扇的空气通道和一个用于测量运动胸罩重量随时间变化的天平（表明水分蒸发量）。红外线（IR）照相机用于记录局部表面温度。根据这些测量结果，按照干织物重量、吸湿量、吸湿率、干燥时间和干燥速率，对运动胸罩的局部和总体干燥性能进行了评估。结果 结果表明，运动胸罩的类型和材料成分会对更好的干燥性能产生影响。不同类型运动胸罩的干燥时间范围分别为：压缩式胸罩 13 至 66 分钟，包裹式胸罩 25 至 42 分钟，组合式胸罩 35 至 43 分钟。压缩式文胸的吸湿率在 6% 至 15% 之间，包覆式文胸的吸湿率在 13% 至 15% 之间，而组合式文胸的吸湿率在 7% 至 19% 之间。讨论/结论 我们能够证明不同运动文胸的干燥性能存在显著差异。结合有关感官舒适度和乳房支撑力的其他数据，这些发现为开发符合各种运动特定要求的运动文胸提供了科学依据。参考文献 Ancutiene, K., Koldinska, M., & Havelka, A. (2017)。弹力牛仔面料的拉伸回弹特性研究。印度纤维与纺织研究期刊》，42，175-182。Carneiro, L. P., Miranda, T. M. R., & Catarino, A. A. (2017).跑步运动胸罩的热生理学比较研究。IOP Conference Series：https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/254/7/072006 Norris, M., Blackmore, T., Horler, B., & Wakefield-Scurr, J. (2021).运动胸罩的特性如何影响其性能。https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2020.1829090 Uttam, D. (2013) Active sportswear fabrics.国际信息技术、工程和应用科学研究期刊》，2(1)，34-40。
{"title":"Evaluation of drying performance of sports bras","authors":"Ivona Jerkovic, Martin Camenzind, A. Psikuta, S. Annaheim, René M. Rossi, Claudia Glass","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss052","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000Fabrics used for manufacturing sports bras have to be lightweight, breathable, have fast drying behaviour, and moisture management properties (Uttam, 2013). Therefore, thermo-physiological comfort is an important quality criterion for sports bras (Carneiro et al., 2017). In addition, sports bras have to provide support to stabilize breasts during various physical activities (Ancutiene et al., 2017). These requirements lead to challenges in finding the best sports bra fabric, as bra support (Norris et al., 2021) and thermo-physiological comfort require contrasting fabric properties (Carneiro et al., 2017). \u0000This work aims to compare drying characteristics of different sports bras types (compression, encapsulation and combination) and fabrics used. A newly developed methodology to investigate the drying behaviour of sports bras in the lab has been taken for their examination. \u0000Methods \u0000The measurement set-up was built up in a climatic chamber (at 23°C and 50% RH). It consists of the upper body part of a female manikin, the air channel with fans and a balance to measure the weight change of the sports bra over time (indicative of the amount of moisture evaporated). The Infrared (IR) camera was used to record local surface temperature. Based on these measurements, the local and general drying performance of the sports bras were assessed based on dry fabric weight, moisture uptake, moisture absorption, drying time and drying rate. \u0000Results \u0000The results show that type of sports bra and material composition can have influence on better drying performance studied. The range of drying time for the different sport bra types was observed between 13 and 66 min for compression bras, 25 and 42 min for encapsulation bras, and between 35 and 43 min for combination bras. The moisture uptake was detected in a range between 6% and 15% for compression bras, 13% and 15% only for encapsulation bras, while between 7% and 19% for combination bras. \u0000Discussion/Conclusion \u0000We were able to show that there is a significant difference in drying performance between sports bras. In combination with additional data about sensorial comfort and breast support, these findings provide a scientific basis for developing sports bras meeting specific requirements for various sports. \u0000References \u0000Ancutiene, K., Koldinska, M., & Havelka, A. (2017). Investigation of tensile resilience properties of stretch denim fabrics. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, 42, 175-182. \u0000Carneiro, L. P., Miranda, T. M. R., & Catarino, A. A. (2017). Comparative thermophysiological study in sport bras for running. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 254(7), Article 072006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/254/7/072006 \u0000Norris, M., Blackmore, T., Horler, B., & Wakefield-Scurr, J. (2021). How the characteristics of sports bras affect their performance. Ergonomics, 64(3), 410-425. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2020.1829090 \u0000Uttam, D. (2013) Active sportswear fabri","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139859090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Hanimann, Daniel P. Fitze, T. Götschi, Melanie Gloor, E.D. de Bruin, Katrien De Bock, Reto Sutter, Jörg Spörri
Introduction Patellar tendinopathy is frequent in adolescent athletes and particularly accentuated in competitive alpine skiers (Fröhlich et al., 2020). Tendinopathies are characterized by long disease histories, and whether they can be healed completely is an open question (Kettunen et al., 2002). Three-dimensional (3D) shear wave elastography (SWE) has proven valuable in the early detection of tendinopathies (Götschi et al., 2023). The aims of this study were to (1) describe the longitudinal progression of patellar tendon complaint prevalence in competitive alpine skiers during adolescence, (2) compare the SWV patterns of skiers that were symptomatic four years ago with those with no history of patellar tendon complaints and (3) analyse whether shear wave velocity (SWV) average values correlate with SWV coefficient of variation (CV). Methods Forty-seven subjects were analysed in this 4-year follow-up study regarding their patellar tendon complaints and SWV patterns. Symptomatic and asymptomatic skiers were identified by clinical examinations including the criteria of pain sensation under loading and palpation-induced pain. SWV was determined by ultrasound-based 3D SWE. Prevalence differences were assessed using Pearson’s χ2 tests. Group differences in the SWV patterns were analysed using unpaired sample t tests. Correlations between SWV average and CV values were analysed by means of Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results With proceeding adolescence, the prevalence of patellar tendon complaints significantly decreased from 29.8% at baseline assessment (13-16 years) to 12.7% at follow-up assessment (Pearson’s χ2 = 9.429; p = 0.002). Those skiers who were symptomatic at baseline but asymptomatic at the follow-up still had lower average SWV values and higher CVs than asymptomatic skiers with no history of patellar tendon complaints (p = 0.054 and p = 0.011, respectively). Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between the tendon SWV average values and their CVs (R = -0.55; p < 0.001). Discussion/Conclusion Despite the decreasing prevalence of patellar tendon complaints in youth competitive alpine skiers after their growth spurt, structural abnormalities appear to remain in asymptomatic subjects with a previous history of patellar tendinopathy, indicating potential long-term implications for mechanical tendon proprieties. The SWV average and CV values were negatively correlated, which underlines our hypothesis that a low SWV is associated with a high CV. This altogether may reflect the degenerative processes in patellar tendons affected by complaints in the early stages of a sports career. References Fröhlich, S., Peterhans, L., Stern, C., Frey, W. O., Sutter, R., & Spörri, J. (2020). Remarkably high prevalence of overuse-related knee complaints and MRI abnormalities in youth competitive alpine skiers: A descriptive investigation in 108 athletes aged 13-15 years. BMJ Open Sport & Exercice Medicine, 6(1), Aticle e0007
引言 髌骨肌腱病是青少年运动员的常见病，在高山滑雪竞技运动员中尤为突出（Fröhlich 等人，2020 年）。腱鞘病变的特点是病程长，能否完全治愈是一个未决问题（Kettunen 等人，2002 年）。三维（3D）剪切波弹性成像（SWE）已被证明对肌腱病的早期检测很有价值（Götschi 等人，2023 年）。本研究的目的是：(1) 描述青少年时期高山滑雪竞技运动员髌骨肌腱病变的纵向发展过程；(2) 比较四年前有症状的滑雪运动员和无髌骨肌腱病史的滑雪运动员的剪切波速度模式；(3) 分析剪切波速度 (SWV) 平均值是否与剪切波速度变异系数 (CV) 相关。方法 在这项为期 4 年的跟踪研究中，对 47 名受试者的髌腱不适症状和 SWV 模式进行了分析。有症状和无症状的滑雪者是通过临床检查确定的，检查标准包括负重时的疼痛感觉和触诊引起的疼痛。SWV通过基于超声波的三维SWE测定。患病率差异采用 Pearson's χ2 检验进行评估。采用非配对样本 t 检验分析 SWV 模式的组间差异。采用皮尔逊相关系数分析 SWV 平均值与 CV 值之间的相关性。结果 随着青春期的到来，髌腱不适的发生率从基线评估（13-16 岁）时的 29.8%显著下降到随访评估时的 12.7%（Pearson's χ2 = 9.429; p = 0.002）。与没有髌腱病史的无症状滑雪者相比，基线时有症状但随访时无症状的滑雪者的平均 SWV 值和 CV 值仍然较低（分别为 p = 0.054 和 p = 0.011）。此外，肌腱 SWV 平均值与 CV 之间存在明显的负相关（R = -0.55；p < 0.001）。讨论/结论 尽管青少年高山滑雪竞技运动员的髌骨肌腱病症发生率在其生长高峰期后有所下降，但在曾有过髌骨肌腱病史的无症状受试者中似乎仍存在结构异常，这表明对机械肌腱本体有潜在的长期影响。SWV 平均值和 CV 值呈负相关，这强调了我们的假设，即低 SWV 值与高 CV 值相关。这可能反映了髌骨肌腱的退行性过程，这些退行性过程在运动生涯的早期阶段会受到投诉的影响。参考文献 Fröhlich, S., Peterhans, L., Stern, C., Frey, W. O., Sutter, R., & Spörri, J. (2020)。青少年高山滑雪竞技运动员与过度使用相关的膝关节不适和核磁共振成像异常的显著高发率：对 108 名 13-15 岁运动员的描述性调查。https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000738 Götschi, T., Franchi, M. V., Schulz, N., Fröhlich, S., Frey, W. O., Snedeker, J. G., & Spörri, J. (2023)。青少年高山滑雪竞技运动员髌骨肌腱不适的区域三维剪切波速度模式改变--前瞻性病例对照研究》。https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2088404 Kettunen, J. A., Kvist, M., Alanen, E., & Kujala, U. M. (2002)。男性运动员跳远膝的长期预后。前瞻性随访研究。美国运动医学杂志》，30（5），689-692。https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465020300051001。
{"title":"Patellar tendon complaints and shear wave velocity patterns in maturing alpine skiers","authors":"J. Hanimann, Daniel P. Fitze, T. Götschi, Melanie Gloor, E.D. de Bruin, Katrien De Bock, Reto Sutter, Jörg Spörri","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss046","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000Patellar tendinopathy is frequent in adolescent athletes and particularly accentuated in competitive alpine skiers (Fröhlich et al., 2020). Tendinopathies are characterized by long disease histories, and whether they can be healed completely is an open question (Kettunen et al., 2002). Three-dimensional (3D) shear wave elastography (SWE) has proven valuable in the early detection of tendinopathies (Götschi et al., 2023). The aims of this study were to (1) describe the longitudinal progression of patellar tendon complaint prevalence in competitive alpine skiers during adolescence, (2) compare the SWV patterns of skiers that were symptomatic four years ago with those with no history of patellar tendon complaints and (3) analyse whether shear wave velocity (SWV) average values correlate with SWV coefficient of variation (CV). \u0000Methods \u0000Forty-seven subjects were analysed in this 4-year follow-up study regarding their patellar tendon complaints and SWV patterns. Symptomatic and asymptomatic skiers were identified by clinical examinations including the criteria of pain sensation under loading and palpation-induced pain. SWV was determined by ultrasound-based 3D SWE. Prevalence differences were assessed using Pearson’s χ2 tests. Group differences in the SWV patterns were analysed using unpaired sample t tests. Correlations between SWV average and CV values were analysed by means of Pearson’s correlation coefficient. \u0000Results \u0000With proceeding adolescence, the prevalence of patellar tendon complaints significantly decreased from 29.8% at baseline assessment (13-16 years) to 12.7% at follow-up assessment (Pearson’s χ2 = 9.429; p = 0.002). Those skiers who were symptomatic at baseline but asymptomatic at the follow-up still had lower average SWV values and higher CVs than asymptomatic skiers with no history of patellar tendon complaints (p = 0.054 and p = 0.011, respectively). Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between the tendon SWV average values and their CVs (R = -0.55; p < 0.001). \u0000Discussion/Conclusion \u0000Despite the decreasing prevalence of patellar tendon complaints in youth competitive alpine skiers after their growth spurt, structural abnormalities appear to remain in asymptomatic subjects with a previous history of patellar tendinopathy, indicating potential long-term implications for mechanical tendon proprieties. The SWV average and CV values were negatively correlated, which underlines our hypothesis that a low SWV is associated with a high CV. This altogether may reflect the degenerative processes in patellar tendons affected by complaints in the early stages of a sports career. \u0000References \u0000Fröhlich, S., Peterhans, L., Stern, C., Frey, W. O., Sutter, R., & Spörri, J. (2020). Remarkably high prevalence of overuse-related knee complaints and MRI abnormalities in youth competitive alpine skiers: A descriptive investigation in 108 athletes aged 13-15 years. BMJ Open Sport & Exercice Medicine, 6(1), Aticle e0007","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"88 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139859096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Wälchli, Craig Tokuno, B. Lauber, Wolfgang Taube
Introduction The evidence for changes in intracortical inhibition when executing two tasks simultaneously (i.e., dual tasking) is ambiguous as decreased (Corp et al., 2014) and increased (Corp et al., 2016) inhibition were reported. One way to bring more light into this question is to tests the effect of a single task training (STT) and a dual task training (DTT) on the short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) during a single balancing task and two different dual tasks in healthy young adults. Methods Twenty-nine healthy young adults were randomly separated into two groups participating in STT (n = 15) or DTT (n = 14) consisting of 6 training sessions within 3 weeks. Before and after the training, a single task (balancing on a rocker board) was performed at two resistance levels (easy and hard). Additionally to the single task, either a cognitive (2-back number recall) or a motor (balancing a ball on a hand-held tray) dual task was executed simultaneously. During execution of these three tasks, SICI was measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation over the motor cortical area representing the right tibialis anterior. Results Training improvements in balance performance were group and task-specific over time (p = .018). While the STT group improved more in the single balance task (12.3% vs. 6.6% DTT), the DTT group had more sway reductions in the motor dual task condition (13.7% vs. 4.5% STT). Similar statistical outcome (p = .034) was observed for the dual task costs (DTC). There was a tendence for SICI (p = .075), mainly indicating higher increase in SICI for the DTT group in the motor dual task (16.0% vs. 5.8% STT). During the execution of the single balance task, the group-specific adaptations in SICI were less pronounced (13.7% DTT vs. 16.2% STT). When analyzing the SICI dual task difference (Δ) from single to dual task, SICI is altered group and task specific (p = .011). The DTT group could increase the dual task difference in SICI in the dual motor condition (Δ 3.2%), whereas the STT group had a decrease (Δ -9.6%). Discussion/Conclusion The results of this study show that DTT causes gains in balance performance and increases in SICI when the secondary task is also a motor task, but not when the second task is a cognitive one. STT is particularly beneficial in the single task. It is therefore assumed that intracortical inhibition is important during the simultaneous performance of two motor tasks, while intracortical inhibition was not modulated in a group-specific manner by the additional cognitive task. References Corp, D. T., Lum, J. A. G., Tooley, G. A., & Pearce, A. J. (2014). Corticospinal activity during dual tasking: A systematic review and meta-analysis of TMS literature from 1995 to 2013. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 43, 74-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.017 Corp, D. T., Rogers, M. A., Youssef, G. J., & Pearce, A. J. (2016). The effect of dual-task difficulty on the inhibition of the mot
导言：关于同时执行两项任务（即双重任务）时皮层内抑制作用变化的证据并不明确，因为有报道称抑制作用会降低（Corp等人，2014年），也有报道称抑制作用会增强（Corp等人，2016年）。要想更深入地了解这一问题，一种方法是测试单一任务训练（STT）和双重任务训练（DTT）对健康青壮年在单一平衡任务和两种不同的双重任务中短间歇皮层内抑制（SICI）的影响。方法 将 29 名健康青壮年随机分为两组，分别参加 STT（15 人）或 DTT（14 人），在 3 周内进行 6 次训练。训练前后，在两种阻力水平（简单和困难）下进行单项训练（在摇摇板上保持平衡）。除单一任务外，还同时执行认知（2-back 数字记忆）或运动（在手持托盘上平衡球）双重任务。在执行这三个任务期间，通过经颅磁刺激代表右胫前肌的运动皮层区域来测量 SICI。结果 随着时间的推移，训练对平衡能力的提高具有组别和任务特异性（p = .018）。STT 组在单一平衡任务中的改善幅度更大（12.3% vs. 6.6% DTT），而 DTT 组在运动双重任务条件下的摇摆减少幅度更大（13.7% vs. 4.5% STT）。在双重任务成本（DTC）方面也观察到了类似的统计结果（p = 0.034）。SICI 有上升趋势（p = 0.075），主要表明在运动双重任务中，DTT 组的 SICI 上升较高（16.0% 对 5.8% STT）。在执行单一平衡任务时，特定组别的 SICI 适应性不太明显（DTT 组为 13.7% 对 STT 组为 16.2%）。在分析从单一任务到双重任务的 SICI 双重任务差异 (Δ)时，SICI 的改变具有组别和任务特异性（p = .011）。在双运动条件下，DTT 组可以增加 SICI 的双任务差异（Δ 3.2%），而 STT 组则有所减少（Δ -9.6%）。讨论/结论 本研究结果表明，当第二项任务也是运动任务时，DTT 可提高平衡能力并增加 SICI，但当第二项任务是认知任务时，DTT 不会提高平衡能力并增加 SICI。STT 对单一任务尤其有益。因此可以推测，在同时完成两项运动任务时，皮层内抑制非常重要，而额外的认知任务并不会以特定组别的方式调节皮层内抑制。参考文献 Corp, D. T., Lum, J. A. G., Tooley, G. A., & Pearce, A. J. (2014).双重任务时的皮层脊髓活动：1995-2013年TMS文献的系统回顾和荟萃分析。https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.017 Corp, D. T., Rogers, M. A., Youssef, G. J., & Pearce, A. J. (2016)。双重任务难度对运动皮层抑制的影响。实验脑研究》，234, 443-452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4479-2
{"title":"The effect of single and dual task training on the intracortical inhibition in healthy young adults","authors":"M. Wälchli, Craig Tokuno, B. Lauber, Wolfgang Taube","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss081","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000The evidence for changes in intracortical inhibition when executing two tasks simultaneously (i.e., dual tasking) is ambiguous as decreased (Corp et al., 2014) and increased (Corp et al., 2016) inhibition were reported. One way to bring more light into this question is to tests the effect of a single task training (STT) and a dual task training (DTT) on the short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) during a single balancing task and two different dual tasks in healthy young adults. \u0000Methods \u0000Twenty-nine healthy young adults were randomly separated into two groups participating in STT (n = 15) or DTT (n = 14) consisting of 6 training sessions within 3 weeks. Before and after the training, a single task (balancing on a rocker board) was performed at two resistance levels (easy and hard). Additionally to the single task, either a cognitive (2-back number recall) or a motor (balancing a ball on a hand-held tray) dual task was executed simultaneously. During execution of these three tasks, SICI was measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation over the motor cortical area representing the right tibialis anterior. \u0000Results \u0000Training improvements in balance performance were group and task-specific over time (p = .018). While the STT group improved more in the single balance task (12.3% vs. 6.6% DTT), the DTT group had more sway reductions in the motor dual task condition (13.7% vs. 4.5% STT). Similar statistical outcome (p = .034) was observed for the dual task costs (DTC). There was a tendence for SICI (p = .075), mainly indicating higher increase in SICI for the DTT group in the motor dual task (16.0% vs. 5.8% STT). During the execution of the single balance task, the group-specific adaptations in SICI were less pronounced (13.7% DTT vs. 16.2% STT). When analyzing the SICI dual task difference (Δ) from single to dual task, SICI is altered group and task specific (p = .011). The DTT group could increase the dual task difference in SICI in the dual motor condition (Δ 3.2%), whereas the STT group had a decrease (Δ -9.6%). \u0000Discussion/Conclusion \u0000The results of this study show that DTT causes gains in balance performance and increases in SICI when the secondary task is also a motor task, but not when the second task is a cognitive one. STT is particularly beneficial in the single task. It is therefore assumed that intracortical inhibition is important during the simultaneous performance of two motor tasks, while intracortical inhibition was not modulated in a group-specific manner by the additional cognitive task. \u0000References \u0000Corp, D. T., Lum, J. A. G., Tooley, G. A., & Pearce, A. J. (2014). Corticospinal activity during dual tasking: A systematic review and meta-analysis of TMS literature from 1995 to 2013. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 43, 74-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.017 \u0000Corp, D. T., Rogers, M. A., Youssef, G. J., & Pearce, A. J. (2016). The effect of dual-task difficulty on the inhibition of the mot","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"19 3-4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139859201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fabian Studer, Sara Seiler, Anna Siffert, L. C. Dapp, V. Gashaj, C. Herrmann
Summary Youth and Sport (Y+S) constitutes Switzerland’s most extensive sports support system, encompassing over 90 sports within a state-subsidized and content-regulated training system. Upholding the quality of sports activities necessitates effective (appealing and high-quality) education for Y+S instructors. The Y+S education model transmits teaching content for high-quality Y+S activities through the “Teaching” domain of action, which closely aligns with contemporary instructional quality research. We developed the Y+S evaluation instrument to systematically evaluate this field of action in practical scenarios. This questionnaire digitally surveys children and youth participating in Y+S activities, employing items to assess four fields of action. We realized a nationwide quantitative validation study based on three qualitative pilot studies. Two surveys were administered to N = 1,230 (53.7% female; M = 13.99 years, SD = 2.36) and N = 851 (53.7% female; M = 13.96 years, SD = 2.18) children and youths. We conducted confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to assess the factorial validity and reliability of the developed Y+S evaluation instrument. Following systematic item reduction, CFAs consistently demonstrated good model fits. All four fields of action with their 17 recommendations for action were represented by 51 items, attesting to the validity and reliability of the evaluation instrument. In conclusion, a validated evaluation instrument is now available in German, French, and Italian and will be implemented annually to assess Y+S activities in Switzerland moving forward.
{"title":"Development and validation of an evaluation instrument for assessing the quality of teaching and learning in Swiss children’s and youth sports","authors":"Fabian Studer, Sara Seiler, Anna Siffert, L. C. Dapp, V. Gashaj, C. Herrmann","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss075","url":null,"abstract":"Summary \u0000Youth and Sport (Y+S) constitutes Switzerland’s most extensive sports support system, encompassing over 90 sports within a state-subsidized and content-regulated training system. Upholding the quality of sports activities necessitates effective (appealing and high-quality) education for Y+S instructors. The Y+S education model transmits teaching content for high-quality Y+S activities through the “Teaching” domain of action, which closely aligns with contemporary instructional quality research. We developed the Y+S evaluation instrument to systematically evaluate this field of action in practical scenarios. This questionnaire digitally surveys children and youth participating in Y+S activities, employing items to assess four fields of action. \u0000We realized a nationwide quantitative validation study based on three qualitative pilot studies. Two surveys were administered to N = 1,230 (53.7% female; M = 13.99 years, SD = 2.36) and N = 851 (53.7% female; M = 13.96 years, SD = 2.18) children and youths. We conducted confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to assess the factorial validity and reliability of the developed Y+S evaluation instrument. Following systematic item reduction, CFAs consistently demonstrated good model fits. All four fields of action with their 17 recommendations for action were represented by 51 items, attesting to the validity and reliability of the evaluation instrument. \u0000In conclusion, a validated evaluation instrument is now available in German, French, and Italian and will be implemented annually to assess Y+S activities in Switzerland moving forward.","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"171 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139859341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lukas Schulthess, T. Ingolfsson, Serin Huber, Marc Nölke, Michele Magno, Luca Benini, Christoph Leitner
Introduction Professional sports are fiercely competitive. In ski jumping, for example, even small changes in take-off and flight can make a decisive difference between victory and defeat (Elfmark et al., 2022). Within the short time of a jump, athletes must learn to solve complex motor control problems while being exposed to harsh environmental conditions, e.g., wind, snow, and low temperatures. The actual take-off occurs within the blink of an eye (~300 ms) and an aerodynamically favourable and stable flight position should be attained immediately. Fine control of the centre of gravity in the in-run favours high speeds to generate optimum momentum during take-off (Müller, 2008). In flight, athletes can voluntarily influence aerodynamics by changing their body position. However, non-optimal flight positions occur unintentionally or due to incorrect behaviour. Furthermore, as a non-cyclical sport, ski jumping suffers from low repetition rates, which impairs the effectiveness of training. Thus, increasing the learning rate for each jump is a key success factor. Biofeedback methods have been shown to accelerate motor learning in athletes (Mulder & Hulstijn, 1985). Current sensor technologies in ski jumping do not meet the requirements for a truly wearable system, which must be energy-efficient, unobtrusive and barely noticeable (so as not to interfere with natural movement behaviour and jumping technique) and, in particular, must be equipped with a wireless link (for real-time data analysis, e.g. on the trainer tower; Schulthess et al., 2023). Methods The proposed system consists of two multi-sensor nodes: One node is hidden in a modified ski jumping boot, integrating three force-sensing resistor sensors to measure the pressure distribution on the foot soles of ski jumpers. The second sensor node is located in the ski goggles and contains RGB LEDs that provide visual biofeedback in the peripheral vision. Results We have calculated the total power consumption of our systems to be 2.52 mW, meeting requirements for multi-day operation between battery recharges. Our on-device body position classification model achieves an accuracy of 92.7% in recognising body positions from data recorded in the laboratory. Discussion/Conclusion This is the first truly wearable training system in ski jumping, offering professional athletes a new augmented experience, aimed at accelerating motor learning. In addition, the real-time data transmission of biomechanically relevant characteristics facilitates the work of the training team and could in the future enable more informative and entertaining television broadcasts. References Elfmark, O., Ettema, G., & Gilgien, M. (2022). Assessment of the steady glide phase in ski jumping. Journal of Biomechanics, 139, 111139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111139 Mulder, T., & Hulstijn, W. (1985). Sensory feedback in the learning of a novel motor task. Journal of Motor Behavior, 17(1), 110–128. https://doi.org/1
导言 职业运动竞争激烈。例如，在跳台滑雪运动中，即使是起飞和飞行中的微小变化也会对胜负产生决定性的影响（Elfmark 等人，2022 年）。运动员必须在短时间内学会解决复杂的运动控制问题，同时还要面对恶劣的环境条件，如风、雪和低温。实际起飞发生在眨眼之间（约 300 毫秒），应立即达到有利于空气动力学的稳定飞行位置。跑动中对重心的精细控制有利于在起飞过程中以高速产生最佳动力（Müller，2008 年）。在飞行过程中，运动员可以通过改变身体姿势来主动影响空气动力学。然而，非最佳飞行姿势会在无意中或由于不正确的行为而出现。此外，作为一项非周期性运动，跳台滑雪的重复率低，影响了训练效果。因此，提高每次跳跃的学习率是成功的关键因素。生物反馈方法已被证明可加速运动员的运动学习（Mulder 和 Hulstijn，1985 年）。目前跳台滑雪领域的传感器技术并不符合真正可穿戴系统的要求，该系统必须节能、不显眼、不易察觉（以免干扰自然运动行为和跳跃技术），尤其是必须配备无线连接（用于实时数据分析，例如在训练塔上；Schulthess 等人，2023 年）。方法 拟议的系统由两个多传感器节点组成：一个节点隐藏在改装过的跳台滑雪靴中，集成了三个力敏电阻传感器，用于测量跳台滑雪运动员脚底的压力分布。第二个传感器节点位于滑雪镜中，包含 RGB LED，可在外围视野中提供视觉生物反馈。结果 我们计算出系统的总功耗为 2.52 mW，满足了电池充电后可运行多天的要求。我们的设备体位分类模型从实验室记录的数据中识别体位的准确率达到 92.7%。讨论/结论 这是跳台滑雪领域第一个真正意义上的可穿戴训练系统，为专业运动员提供了全新的增强体验，旨在加速运动学习。此外，生物力学相关特征的实时数据传输也为训练团队的工作提供了便利，并在未来使电视转播更具信息性和娱乐性。参考文献 Elfmark, O., Ettema, G., & Gilgien, M. (2022)。跳台滑雪中稳定滑行阶段的评估。https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111139 Mulder, T., & Hulstijn, W. (1985)。新运动任务学习中的感觉反馈。运动行为杂志》，17（1），110-128。 https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.1985.10735340 Müller, W. (2008)。跳台滑雪的性能因素。见 H. Nørstrud（编辑），《运动空气动力学》（第 139-160 页）。https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89297-8_8 Schulthess, L., Ingolfsson, T. M., Nölke, M., Magno, M., Benini, L., & Leitner, C. (2023).Skilog：用于跳台滑雪成绩分析和生物反馈的智能传感器系统。https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.14455。
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Selin Scherrer, Sven Egger, Xinyu Liu, Anna Wick, Lijing Xin, B. Lauber, Wolfgang Taube
Introduction Around half of adults over the age of 60 experience sleep problems (Reid et al., 2006). The most common treatments for sleep disorders like insomnia are pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioural therapy. Unfortunately, pharmacotherapy often leads to increased mortality and fall rates in older adults, whereas cognitive behavioural therapy is expensive and difficult to access (Patel et al., 2018). Hence, there is an urgent need for new effective and affordable treatments with reduced negative side effects. An important role for the initiation and maintenance of sleep is attributed to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibition (Saper et al., 2005). On one hand, it has been shown that GABA-mediated inhibition as well as GABA concentrations are lower in older compared to younger adults (Cuypers et al., 2018). On the other hand, balance training was shown to increase GABA-mediated inhibition in young (Taube et al., 2020) and older adults (Kuhn et al., 2023). Therefore, balance learning seems to be a promising treatment for older adults suffering from sleep problems. Furthermore, balance learning was shown to enhance functional connectivity (Ueta et al., 2022). In particular, functional connectivity in the sensorimotor cortex has been associated with better subjective sleep quality (Jiang et al., 2023). Therefore, we hypothesized that balance learning in older adults improves subjective sleep quality through an increase in GABA-mediated inhibition and sensorimotor network functional connectivity. Methods Forty healthy volunteers aged 64-81 years were randomly assigned to either follow a three-month balance learning intervention (minimum of 30 training sessions) or to continue with their daily routines. Thirty-six participants (18 in intervention group, 18 in control group) completed pre and post measurements and were included in the analysis. Before and after the three-month period, subjective sleep quality, balance performance, and neurophysiological and neuroimaging parameters were assessed. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire (PSQI) was employed to evaluate subjective sleep quality in the preceding four weeks. Balance performance was assessed by determining the sway area in cm2 during a twenty second balance task on the most difficult wobble board level the participant still succeeded at. Short- interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), a measure of the activity of inhibitory interneurons in the motor cortex, was measured using transcranial magnetic stimulations while the participants were balancing on the same wobble board as during the balance performance assessment, and during an afternoon nap. Furthermore, resting-state functional connectivity was assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. The PSQI total scores were not normally distributed and therefore square root- transformed prior to the statistical analysis. Differences between post measurements were analysed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with
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