Participation in sport on all levels, physical activity, leisure and recreation is seen as important for disabled people but at the same time barriers are reported for disabled people. Sports Pedagogy, kinesiology and physical education are fields that cover physical activities. The ability of the body is at the centre of many barriers to physical activities. The supercrip and ableism are two concepts used to question the narrative around the able body. Technologies (existing, envisioned and appearing) play an increasing role in the discussions of the able body including the ability expectation of a body with beyond species-typical abilities which could lead to new barriers to participation in sport on all levels, physical activity, leisure and recreation. In 2016, the first Cybathlon which labels itself as the “Cyborg Olympics” for physically disabled athletes took place. The 2024 version has the arm prosthetic race, assistance robot race, vision assistance race, brain computer interface race, exoskeleton race, wheelchair race, leg prosthetics race and exoskeleton race. Useful concepts to discuss the techno-influence are techno-supercrip, techno-poor disabled, techno-poor impaired, enhancement (transhumanized) version of ableism, technoableism and technowashing. The aim of this study was to ascertain how academic abstracts that cover participation barriers of disabled people in sport on all levels, physical activity, leisure and recreation and the discussions of these barriers within the fields of sports pedagogy, kinesiology and physical education cover barriers in conjunction with technologies, and the concepts of supercrip, superhuman, ableism, disablism, techno-supercrip, techno-poor disabled, techno-poor impaired, enhancement, transhuman, posthuman, (transhumanized) version of ableism , cyborg, technoableism and technowashing.
{"title":"From supercrip to techno supercrip","authors":"Gregor Wolbring","doi":"10.36950/2023.3ciss007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2023.3ciss007","url":null,"abstract":"Participation in sport on all levels, physical activity, leisure and recreation is seen as important for disabled people but at the same time barriers are reported for disabled people. Sports Pedagogy, kinesiology and physical education are fields that cover physical activities. The ability of the body is at the centre of many barriers to physical activities. The supercrip and ableism are two concepts used to question the narrative around the able body. Technologies (existing, envisioned and appearing) play an increasing role in the discussions of the able body including the ability expectation of a body with beyond species-typical abilities which could lead to new barriers to participation in sport on all levels, physical activity, leisure and recreation. In 2016, the first Cybathlon which labels itself as the “Cyborg Olympics” for physically disabled athletes took place. The 2024 version has the arm prosthetic race, assistance robot race, vision assistance race, brain computer interface race, exoskeleton race, wheelchair race, leg prosthetics race and exoskeleton race. Useful concepts to discuss the techno-influence are techno-supercrip, techno-poor disabled, techno-poor impaired, enhancement (transhumanized) version of ableism, technoableism and technowashing. The aim of this study was to ascertain how academic abstracts that cover participation barriers of disabled people in sport on all levels, physical activity, leisure and recreation and the discussions of these barriers within the fields of sports pedagogy, kinesiology and physical education cover barriers in conjunction with technologies, and the concepts of supercrip, superhuman, ableism, disablism, techno-supercrip, techno-poor disabled, techno-poor impaired, enhancement, transhuman, posthuman, (transhumanized) version of ableism , cyborg, technoableism and technowashing.","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":" 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141825948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jongwon Lee, Shang-Ti Chen, Vanessa Bartholomew, Krista Kicsak, Christine Pellegrini, Chih-Hsiang Yang
Daily movement-based behaviors and sleep are associated with daily mental health outcomes. However, the associations in older adults remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the same-day association between sleep (duration and quality), physical activity (stepping) and sedentary behaviors (sitting and lying), and affect (positive and negative affect) among older adults using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). The data collection period was 14 consecutive days. Sleep logs collected sleep duration, while smartphone surveys collected sleep quality and momentary affects. The ActivPAL4 accelerometers computed daily sedentary and physical activity (PA) times. Affects were regressed on the sleep and movement-based behaviors using two separate mixed-effects models, controlling for demographics. Ninety older adults were included in the analysis: female (n = 56, 62%), white (n = 71, 79%) age (M = 68.16 yrs, SD = 6.47), sedentary time (M = 10.13 hrs/day, SD = 2.00), PA time (M = 1.60 hrs/day, SD = 0.65), sleep duration (M = 8.25 hrs/day, SD = 1.39), and sleep quality (M = 6.92/day, SD = 1.39). More sedentary, PA time, and better sleep quality than usual on a given day were associated with both lower negative affect (bs range = -0.18 – -0.02, ps range = .001 – .025) and higher positive affect (bs range = 0.05 – 0.14, p < .001). The longer sleep duration than usual on a given day was associated with lower negative affect (b = -0.06, p < .001). Participants with overall higher sleep quality than others experienced lower negative affect (b = -0.33, p = .025) and higher positive affect (b = 0.40, p < .001) across the study period. Our findings indicated that spending more time in any movements beyond the daily routine and better sleep quality may benefit older adults’ psychological well-being by enhancing positive affect and reducing negative affect.
{"title":"Associations between daily movement behaviors, sleep, and affect in older adults: An ecological momentary assessment study","authors":"Jongwon Lee, Shang-Ti Chen, Vanessa Bartholomew, Krista Kicsak, Christine Pellegrini, Chih-Hsiang Yang","doi":"10.36950/2024.9ciss003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.9ciss003","url":null,"abstract":"Daily movement-based behaviors and sleep are associated with daily mental health outcomes. However, the associations in older adults remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the same-day association between sleep (duration and quality), physical activity (stepping) and sedentary behaviors (sitting and lying), and affect (positive and negative affect) among older adults using ecological momentary assessment (EMA).\u0000The data collection period was 14 consecutive days. Sleep logs collected sleep duration, while smartphone surveys collected sleep quality and momentary affects. The ActivPAL4 accelerometers computed daily sedentary and physical activity (PA) times. Affects were regressed on the sleep and movement-based behaviors using two separate mixed-effects models, controlling for demographics.\u0000Ninety older adults were included in the analysis: female (n = 56, 62%), white (n = 71, 79%) age (M = 68.16 yrs, SD = 6.47), sedentary time (M = 10.13 hrs/day, SD = 2.00), PA time (M = 1.60 hrs/day, SD = 0.65), sleep duration (M = 8.25 hrs/day, SD = 1.39), and sleep quality (M = 6.92/day, SD = 1.39). More sedentary, PA time, and better sleep quality than usual on a given day were associated with both lower negative affect (bs range = -0.18 – -0.02, ps range = .001 – .025) and higher positive affect (bs range = 0.05 – 0.14, p < .001). The longer sleep duration than usual on a given day was associated with lower negative affect (b = -0.06, p < .001). Participants with overall higher sleep quality than others experienced lower negative affect (b = -0.33, p = .025) and higher positive affect (b = 0.40, p < .001) across the study period.\u0000Our findings indicated that spending more time in any movements beyond the daily routine and better sleep quality may benefit older adults’ psychological well-being by enhancing positive affect and reducing negative affect.","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141829549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Linda Katharina Rausch, Anita Birklbauer, Peter Federolf, Anne Hecksteden, Peter Hofmann, Josef Niebauer, Bernhard Reich, Florian Rieder, Sebastian Ruin, Jürgen Scharhag, Barbara Seebacher, Gunnar Treff, Harald Tschan, Barbara Wessner, Sabine Würth, Erich Müller
In Austria, exercise therapy is an accredited profession that requires academic training on the university master’s level. However, exercise therapy is not listed in the service plans of health and medical insurance funds and is therefore not reimbursed as a health service for patients. This position paper aims to compile the scientific evidence of the efficacy and effectiveness of exercise therapy as a treatment component in medical care. It also informs about the skills and competencies that exercise therapists acquire during their university studies in sport science. Thus, the necessity to include exercise therapy as a health service for patients is argued. Additionally, legal parity for exercise therapists within the healthcare professions offering evidence-based treatment methods is advocated. Numerous studies confirm that exercise therapy clearly leads to improvements in musculoskeletal, internal, neurological, psychiatric, and psychosomatic diseases. Exercise therapy is a highly evidence-based, low-side-effect component of prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation measures for almost all chronic diseases. It has a positive impact on pathogenesis, symptoms, fitness, quality of life, morbidity, and mortality of affected patients. The five-year academic training in sport science for exercise therapists conveys medical, theoretical knowledge, and practical skills on training and exercise, communication-related, sports-, and movement-related skills, as well as a profound education in scientific methodology. Consequently, the integration of exercise as therapeutic treatment into the healthcare system is highly indicated from a medical, societal and economic perspective. A new legal framework offering self-employment regulations for exercise therapists is required.
{"title":"Position statement regarding the current standing of exercise therapy in Austria (Positionspapier zur Situation der Trainingstherapie in Österreich)","authors":"Linda Katharina Rausch, Anita Birklbauer, Peter Federolf, Anne Hecksteden, Peter Hofmann, Josef Niebauer, Bernhard Reich, Florian Rieder, Sebastian Ruin, Jürgen Scharhag, Barbara Seebacher, Gunnar Treff, Harald Tschan, Barbara Wessner, Sabine Würth, Erich Müller","doi":"10.36950/2024.9ciss001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.9ciss001","url":null,"abstract":"In Austria, exercise therapy is an accredited profession that requires academic training on the university master’s level. However, exercise therapy is not listed in the service plans of health and medical insurance funds and is therefore not reimbursed as a health service for patients. \u0000This position paper aims to compile the scientific evidence of the efficacy and effectiveness of exercise therapy as a treatment component in medical care. It also informs about the skills and competencies that exercise therapists acquire during their university studies in sport science. Thus, the necessity to include exercise therapy as a health service for patients is argued. Additionally, legal parity for exercise therapists within the healthcare professions offering evidence-based treatment methods is advocated. \u0000Numerous studies confirm that exercise therapy clearly leads to improvements in musculoskeletal, internal, neurological, psychiatric, and psychosomatic diseases. Exercise therapy is a highly evidence-based, low-side-effect component of prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation measures for almost all chronic diseases. It has a positive impact on pathogenesis, symptoms, fitness, quality of life, morbidity, and mortality of affected patients. \u0000The five-year academic training in sport science for exercise therapists conveys medical, theoretical knowledge, and practical skills on training and exercise, communication-related, sports-, and movement-related skills, as well as a profound education in scientific methodology. \u0000Consequently, the integration of exercise as therapeutic treatment into the healthcare system is highly indicated from a medical, societal and economic perspective. A new legal framework offering self-employment regulations for exercise therapists is required.","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"21 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141343138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Valeria Galli, Tyler J. Cuthbert, Chakaveh Ahmadizadeh, Carlo Menon
Introduction Textile wearable systems for human movement monitoring are increasingly popular. However, few examples report on robustness to sweat, which is relevant for use in real life. Some reported the effect of artificial sweat like phosphate buffered saline (PBS; Lin et al., 2022) or simply moisture (Xu et al., 2020) on custom materials. We previously developed an all-textile wireless sensing platform with commercial conductive yarns and fabrics containing silver. There is no study on the effect of sweat on such materials, therefore we performed a preliminary study to account for moisture and potential oxydation of silver. Methods The textile sensing system is resonating RLC circuit, where the sensing part is a capacitive parallel plate strain sensor (C) located on a joint (knee). All components are textile based and contain silver. As the capacitive sensor stretches, capacitance increases and the resonance of the circuit fres decreases. This information is transmitted wirelessly via inductive coupling (Galli et al., 2023). We sprayed 1 ml of 0.1 M PBS solution on the textile capacitive sensor to simulate sweating, and applied mechanical strain before (damp state) and after air drying (dry state). The unmodified sensor (before the addition of any PBS) was also used as a baseline measure. First, we applied fixed strain (10%) with a universal testing machine; then, we tested the response of the sensorized pants when bending the knee. Results The resonance frequency of the textile sensing (RLC) circuit in the damp state was much lower than the baseline (14.85 ± 0.11 MHz vs 22.70 ± 0.12 MHz) as expected from the higher dielectric constant of water that increases the baseline capacitance of the sensor. As for the change in Δfres upon 10% strain (Δfres = fres,baseline - fres,stretch), interestingly a larger change was observed for the damp configuration as compared to the baseline and dried (1.08 ± 0.08 vs 0.79 ± 0.06 vs 0.66 ± 0.03 MHz). A similar behaviour was observed in the test with pants, where the response for flexion was Δfres = 1.58 MHz for the damp sensor and Δfres = 1.28 MHz for the dried sensor. Discussion/Conclusion This preliminary investigation showed promising results in terms of robustness of our system to artificial sweat, as there was a measurable response both in the damp and dried configurations. Further tests with different sweat amounts and rate are needed to determine the full functioning range, e.g., how much sweat is tolerated. References Galli, V., Sailapu, S. K., Cuthbert, T. J., Ahmadizadeh, C., Hannigan, B. C., & Menon, C. (2023). Passive and wireless all-textile wearable sensor system. Advanced Science 10(22), Article 2206665. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202206665 Lin, R., Kim, H.-J., Achavananthadith, S., Xiong, Z., Lee, J. K. W., Kong, Y. L., & Ho, J. S. (2022). Digitally-embroidered liquid metal electronic textiles for wearable wireless systems. Nature Communications, 13, Article 2190. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41
导言用于人体运动监测的织物可穿戴系统越来越受欢迎。然而，很少有实例报告与现实生活中使用相关的汗液鲁棒性。有些报告了人工汗液（如磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS；Lin 等人，2022 年））或单纯湿气（Xu 等人，2020 年）对定制材料的影响。我们之前利用含银的商用导电纱线和织物开发了一种全织物无线传感平台。目前还没有关于汗液对此类材料影响的研究，因此我们进行了一项初步研究，以考虑湿度和银的潜在氧化作用。方法该纺织传感系统是共振 RLC 电路，其中传感部分是位于关节（膝关节）上的电容式平行板应变传感器（C）。所有组件均以纺织品为基础，并含有银。当电容式传感器拉伸时，电容增大，电路谐振减小。这些信息通过感应耦合进行无线传输（Galli 等人，2023 年）。我们在织物电容式传感器上喷洒了 1 毫升 0.1 M PBS 溶液以模拟出汗，并在风干前（潮湿状态）和风干后（干燥状态）施加机械应变。未修改的传感器（未添加任何 PBS 溶液）也被用作基线测量。首先，我们用万能试验机施加固定应变（10%）；然后，测试传感裤子在膝盖弯曲时的响应。结果 纺织品传感（RLC）电路在潮湿状态下的共振频率比基线低得多（14.85 ± 0.11 MHz vs 22.70 ± 0.12 MHz），这是由于水的介电常数较高，增加了传感器的基线电容。至于 10% 应变时 Δfres 的变化（Δfres = fres,基线 - fres,拉伸），有趣的是，与基线和干燥相比，潮湿配置的变化更大（1.08 ± 0.08 vs 0.79 ± 0.06 vs 0.66 ± 0.03 MHz）。在裤子测试中也观察到类似的情况，潮湿传感器的屈曲响应为 Δfres = 1.58 MHz，干燥传感器的屈曲响应为 Δfres = 1.28 MHz。还需要对不同的出汗量和出汗率进行进一步测试，以确定全部功能范围，例如可承受的出汗量。无源无线全织物可穿戴传感器系统。https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202206665Lin, R., Kim, H.-J., Achavananthadith, S., Xiong, Z., Lee, J. K. W., Kong, Y. L., & Ho, J. S. (2022).用于可穿戴无线系统的数字刺绣液态金属电子纺织品。https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29859-4Xu, L., Liu, Z., Zhai, H., Chen, X., Sun, R., Lyu, S., Fan, Y., Yi, Y., Chen, Z., Jin, L., Zhang, J., Li, Y., & Ye, T. T. (2020).用于应变传感的耐湿石墨烯染色羊毛织物。ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12(11), 13265-13274. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b20964
{"title":"Preliminary investigation of the effect of artificial sweat on a wearable textile sensing system","authors":"Valeria Galli, Tyler J. Cuthbert, Chakaveh Ahmadizadeh, Carlo Menon","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss086","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000Textile wearable systems for human movement monitoring are increasingly popular. However, few examples report on robustness to sweat, which is relevant for use in real life. Some reported the effect of artificial sweat like phosphate buffered saline (PBS; Lin et al., 2022) or simply moisture (Xu et al., 2020) on custom materials. We previously developed an all-textile wireless sensing platform with commercial conductive yarns and fabrics containing silver. There is no study on the effect of sweat on such materials, therefore we performed a preliminary study to account for moisture and potential oxydation of silver.\u0000Methods\u0000The textile sensing system is resonating RLC circuit, where the sensing part is a capacitive parallel plate strain sensor (C) located on a joint (knee). All components are textile based and contain silver. As the capacitive sensor stretches, capacitance increases and the resonance of the circuit fres decreases. This information is transmitted wirelessly via inductive coupling (Galli et al., 2023). We sprayed 1 ml of 0.1 M PBS solution on the textile capacitive sensor to simulate sweating, and applied mechanical strain before (damp state) and after air drying (dry state). The unmodified sensor (before the addition of any PBS) was also used as a baseline measure. First, we applied fixed strain (10%) with a universal testing machine; then, we tested the response of the sensorized pants when bending the knee.\u0000Results The resonance frequency of the textile sensing (RLC) circuit in the damp state was much lower than the baseline (14.85 ± 0.11 MHz vs 22.70 ± 0.12 MHz) as expected from the higher dielectric constant of water that increases the baseline capacitance of the sensor. As for the change in Δfres upon 10% strain (Δfres = fres,baseline - fres,stretch), interestingly a larger change was observed for the damp configuration as compared to the baseline and dried (1.08 ± 0.08 vs 0.79 ± 0.06 vs 0.66 ± 0.03 MHz). A similar behaviour was observed in the test with pants, where the response for flexion was Δfres = 1.58 MHz for the damp sensor and Δfres = 1.28 MHz for the dried sensor.\u0000Discussion/Conclusion\u0000This preliminary investigation showed promising results in terms of robustness of our system to artificial sweat, as there was a measurable response both in the damp and dried configurations. Further tests with different sweat amounts and rate are needed to determine the full functioning range, e.g., how much sweat is tolerated.\u0000References\u0000Galli, V., Sailapu, S. K., Cuthbert, T. J., Ahmadizadeh, C., Hannigan, B. C., & Menon, C. (2023). Passive and wireless all-textile wearable sensor system. Advanced Science 10(22), Article 2206665. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202206665\u0000Lin, R., Kim, H.-J., Achavananthadith, S., Xiong, Z., Lee, J. K. W., Kong, Y. L., & Ho, J. S. (2022). Digitally-embroidered liquid metal electronic textiles for wearable wireless systems. Nature Communications, 13, Article 2190. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"47 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140461377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caroline Heimhofer, Susanne Koblitz, M. Bächinger, Nicole Wenderoth
Introduction Motor fatigability is a limiting factor in any kind of setting, in which physical performance is required. Motor fatigability can be quantified through the decrease in movement speed, when low-force movements are performed repeatedly with maximal speed. In this study, we measure motor fatigability in healthy participants through fast finger tapping for 30s. Previous research has shown that the decrease in movement speed, also called motor slowing, is associated with a rise in brain activity, a reduction in surround inhibition in the primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1), and an increase in co-activation of antagonistic muscle groups involved in the movement (Bächinger et al., 2019). However, it remains an open question of whether motor slowing and the associated release of inhibition causes a reduction of signal-to-noise ratio for movement-specific information. Here, we aim to answer this question by assessing finger representations using representational similarity analysis (RSA) when participants perform fatiguing tapping with either the index or middle finger. We hypothesized that a reduction of movement-specific information would be associated with the index and middle finger representations in SM1 getting “blurred” over time due to a gradual break-down of surround inhibition. Thus, if the signal-to-noise ratio of movement-specific information decreases in parallel with motor slowing, we would expect finger representations to become more overlapping. Vice-versa, if the signal-to-noise ratio of movement-specific information increases despite motor slowing, we would expect sharper finger representation. Methods 26 healthy young participants performed a motor slowing task during functional MRI. The participants performed 30s of maximal speed finger tapping with the index and the middle finger, alternating between trials. To quantify motor slowing from the behaviour, we performed a linear regression analysis. For the first-level general linear model of the fMRI data, the fingers were regressed separately and the 30s of tapping were further split into 3 x 10s regressors (time bin 1, bin 2, bin 3). We performed RSA separately on each 10s regressor for the anatomically defined regions of interest M1 and S1 hand area (Diedrichsen et al., 2013; Walther et al., 2016) and therefore obtained a dissimilarity measure for each time bin. A mixed effects model with the factor time was used to test whether dissimilarity changed across time bins. Results On the behavioural level, motor slowing could be observed, as tapping speed significantly decreased in each finger over time (F(1, 76) >= 5.78, p <=.05). Concerning the dissimilarity measure, we found an increase over time for S1 as well as M1 (F(2, 50) >= 17.41, p <=.001). Discussion/Conclusion We conclude that the finger representations in the sensorimotor cortex become more distinct with motor slowing. This suggests that the signal-to-noise ratio of movement-specific information is increased,
引言 在任何需要身体表现的环境中，运动疲劳都是一个限制因素。当以最大速度反复进行低力度运动时，运动疲劳性可以通过运动速度的下降来量化。在本研究中，我们通过快速敲击手指 30 秒来测量健康参与者的运动疲劳度。以往的研究表明，运动速度的降低（也称为运动减慢）与大脑活动的上升、初级感觉运动皮层（SM1）环绕抑制的降低以及参与运动的拮抗肌群共同激活的增加有关（Bächinger 等人，2019 年）。然而，运动减慢和与之相关的抑制释放是否会导致运动特异性信息的信噪比降低，这仍然是一个未决问题。在此，我们旨在通过使用表征相似性分析（RSA）评估参与者用食指或中指进行疲劳敲击时的手指表征来回答这个问题。我们假设，运动特异性信息的减少将与食指和中指在 SM1 中的表征随着时间的推移而变得 "模糊 "有关，这是由于环绕抑制逐渐瓦解所致。因此，如果运动特异性信息的信噪比随着运动减慢而降低，我们就会预期手指表征会变得更加重叠。反之亦然，如果特定运动信息的信噪比在运动减慢的情况下仍然增加，我们就会认为手指表征更加清晰。方法 26 名健康的年轻参与者在功能磁共振成像中执行了一项运动减慢任务。参与者用食指和中指以最大速度敲击手指 30 秒钟，每次试验交替进行。为了从行为中量化运动迟缓，我们进行了线性回归分析。在 fMRI 数据的一级一般线性模型中，手指被分别回归，30 秒钟的敲击时间被进一步分割成 3 x 10 秒钟的回归因子（时间分段 1、分段 2、分段 3）。我们针对解剖学上定义的 M1 和 S1 手部感兴趣区域（Diedrichsen 等人，2013 年；Walther 等人，2016 年），分别对每个 10 秒回归因子进行了 RSA，从而获得了每个时间仓的异质性测量。使用带有时间因子的混合效应模型来检验不同时间分段的相似性是否发生变化。结果 在行为层面上，可以观察到运动减慢，随着时间的推移，每个手指的敲击速度都显著下降（F(1, 76) >= 5.78, p = 17.41, p <=.001）。讨论/结论 我们的结论是，随着运动速度减慢，感觉运动皮层中的手指表征变得更加明显。这表明运动特异性信息的信噪比增加了，有可能补偿了疲劳引起的脊髓上变化。参考文献 Bächinger, M., Lehner, R., Thomas, F., Hanimann, S., Balsters, J., & Wenderoth, N. (2019)。eLife, 8, Article e46750. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.46750 Diedrichsen, J., Wiestler, T., & Krakauer, J. W. (2013)。手指单独运动的两个不同同侧皮层表征。https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs120 Walther, A., Nili, H., Ejaz, N., Alink, A., Kriegeskorte, N., & Diedrichsen, J. (2016)。用于多体素模式分析的异质性测量的可靠性。NeuroImage, 137, 188-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.012
{"title":"Finger-specific representations are sharpened during a fatiguing motor task","authors":"Caroline Heimhofer, Susanne Koblitz, M. Bächinger, Nicole Wenderoth","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss048","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000Motor fatigability is a limiting factor in any kind of setting, in which physical performance is required. Motor fatigability can be quantified through the decrease in movement speed, when low-force movements are performed repeatedly with maximal speed. In this study, we measure motor fatigability in healthy participants through fast finger tapping for 30s. Previous research has shown that the decrease in movement speed, also called motor slowing, is associated with a rise in brain activity, a reduction in surround inhibition in the primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1), and an increase in co-activation of antagonistic muscle groups involved in the movement (Bächinger et al., 2019). However, it remains an open question of whether motor slowing and the associated release of inhibition causes a reduction of signal-to-noise ratio for movement-specific information. Here, we aim to answer this question by assessing finger representations using representational similarity analysis (RSA) when participants perform fatiguing tapping with either the index or middle finger. We hypothesized that a reduction of movement-specific information would be associated with the index and middle finger representations in SM1 getting “blurred” over time due to a gradual break-down of surround inhibition. Thus, if the signal-to-noise ratio of movement-specific information decreases in parallel with motor slowing, we would expect finger representations to become more overlapping. Vice-versa, if the signal-to-noise ratio of movement-specific information increases despite motor slowing, we would expect sharper finger representation. \u0000Methods \u000026 healthy young participants performed a motor slowing task during functional MRI. The participants performed 30s of maximal speed finger tapping with the index and the middle finger, alternating between trials. To quantify motor slowing from the behaviour, we performed a linear regression analysis. For the first-level general linear model of the fMRI data, the fingers were regressed separately and the 30s of tapping were further split into 3 x 10s regressors (time bin 1, bin 2, bin 3). We performed RSA separately on each 10s regressor for the anatomically defined regions of interest M1 and S1 hand area (Diedrichsen et al., 2013; Walther et al., 2016) and therefore obtained a dissimilarity measure for each time bin. A mixed effects model with the factor time was used to test whether dissimilarity changed across time bins. \u0000Results \u0000On the behavioural level, motor slowing could be observed, as tapping speed significantly decreased in each finger over time (F(1, 76) >= 5.78, p <=.05). Concerning the dissimilarity measure, we found an increase over time for S1 as well as M1 (F(2, 50) >= 17.41, p <=.001). \u0000Discussion/Conclusion \u0000We conclude that the finger representations in the sensorimotor cortex become more distinct with motor slowing. This suggests that the signal-to-noise ratio of movement-specific information is increased,","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"36 S1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139798897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction In Europe, more than 60 million people practice sport in a club. Through the consumption behaviour of this large number of sport club members, organised sport not only has positive impacts, but can be deleterious to the environment, for example through travel behaviour or the destruction of natural habitats caused by sport activities and required infrastructure (McCullough et al., 2020). National sport federations, which represent sport clubs and engage in sport policy issues, could be crucial when it comes to taking measures concerning the environmental sustainability of and through organised sport. However, sport federations are traditionally committed to the interests of their members and sport as their core business (Thiel & Mayer, 2009). Therefore, this study addresses the extent to which environmental policies are set on agendas in national sport federations and which drivers are relevant for the agenda setting of such policies. Methods To gain a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of these questions, we conducted an explorative qualitative multiple case study with eight Swiss sport federations. To investigate the agenda-setting process in sport organisations, we employed the multiple streams approach by Kingdon (1984). Results The developed conceptual framework shows that whereas nature conservation policies were primarily driven by national regulations, climate protection policies were pushed by engaged functionaries of the federations. Functional issues (as opposed to normative arguments), sponsor and member interests, practices of other federations and societal developments could further facilitate or impede the agenda setting of all types of environmental policies. Discussion/Conclusion This study provides valuable insights into the drivers of the agenda setting of environmental policies in national sport federations. Furthermore, it outlines the fit and limitations of the multiple streams approach according to Kingdon (1984) to explain agenda setting processes in national sport federations and extends it by external factors to gain a more holistic perspective of the phenomenon. Understanding drivers in the agenda setting of environmental policies in national sport federations is especially important because it is a prerequisite for the subsequent decision making and implementation of such policies and can help to shape the response of the organised sport to environmental challenges. References Kingdon, J. W. (1984). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. Little Brown and Co. McCullough, B. P., Orr, M., & Watanabe, N. M. (2020). Measuring externalities: The imperative next step to sustainability assessment in sport. Journal of Sport Management, 34(5), 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0254 Thiel, A., & Mayer, J. (2009). Characteristics of voluntary sports clubs management: A sociological perspective. European Sport Management Quarterly, 9(1), 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740802461744
引言 在欧洲，有 6000 多万人在俱乐部从事体育运动。通过大量体育俱乐部成员的消费行为，有组织的体育运动不仅会对环境产生积极影响，还可能对环境造成危害，例如，体育活动和所需基础设施造成的旅行行为或对自然栖息地的破坏（McCullough 等人，2020 年）。国家体育联合会代表体育俱乐部并参与体育政策问题，在采取措施实现有组织体育的环境可持续发展方面至关重要。然而，体育联合会历来致力于维护其成员的利益，并将体育作为其核心业务（Thiel 和 Mayer，2009 年）。因此，本研究探讨了各国体育联合会在多大程度上将环境政策列入议程，以及哪些驱动因素与此类政策的议程设置相关。研究方法 为了全面深入地了解这些问题，我们对瑞士八个体育联合会进行了多案例定性探索性研究。为了研究体育组织的议程设置过程，我们采用了 Kingdon（1984 年）的多流方法。结果 所制定的概念框架表明，自然保护政策主要是由国家法规推动的，而气候保护政策则是由各联合会的职能部门推动的。职能问题（相对于规范性论点）、发起人和成员的利益、其他联合会的做法以及社会发展都会进一步促进或阻碍各类环境政策的议程设置。讨论/结论 本研究为各国体育联合会制定环境政策议程的驱动因素提供了宝贵的见解。此外，本研究还概述了 Kingdon（1984 年）提出的多流方法在解释国家体育联合会议程设置过程中的适用性和局限性，并通过外部因素对其进行了扩展，以获得对这一现象的更全面的视角。了解国家体育联合会环境政策议程制定过程中的驱动因素尤为重要，因为它是后续决策和实施此类政策的先决条件，并有助于形成有组织的体育运动对环境挑战的回应。参考文献 Kingdon, J. W. (1984).议程、替代方案和公共政策》。Little Brown and Co.McCullough, B. P., Orr, M., & Watanabe, N. M. (2020).衡量外部性：体育可持续性评估势在必行的下一步。https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0254 Thiel, A., & Mayer, J. (2009).志愿体育俱乐部管理的特点：社会学视角。欧洲体育管理季刊》，9（1），81-98。 https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740802461744
{"title":"What makes national sport federations consider environmental sustainability? A conceptual framework on the agenda setting process based on a multiple case study","authors":"Sara Piller, Siegfried Nagel","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss065","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000In Europe, more than 60 million people practice sport in a club. Through the consumption behaviour of this large number of sport club members, organised sport not only has positive impacts, but can be deleterious to the environment, for example through travel behaviour or the destruction of natural habitats caused by sport activities and required infrastructure (McCullough et al., 2020). National sport federations, which represent sport clubs and engage in sport policy issues, could be crucial when it comes to taking measures concerning the environmental sustainability of and through organised sport. However, sport federations are traditionally committed to the interests of their members and sport as their core business (Thiel & Mayer, 2009). Therefore, this study addresses the extent to which environmental policies are set on agendas in national sport federations and which drivers are relevant for the agenda setting of such policies. \u0000Methods \u0000To gain a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of these questions, we conducted an explorative qualitative multiple case study with eight Swiss sport federations. To investigate the agenda-setting process in sport organisations, we employed the multiple streams approach by Kingdon (1984). \u0000Results \u0000The developed conceptual framework shows that whereas nature conservation policies were primarily driven by national regulations, climate protection policies were pushed by engaged functionaries of the federations. Functional issues (as opposed to normative arguments), sponsor and member interests, practices of other federations and societal developments could further facilitate or impede the agenda setting of all types of environmental policies. \u0000Discussion/Conclusion \u0000This study provides valuable insights into the drivers of the agenda setting of environmental policies in national sport federations. Furthermore, it outlines the fit and limitations of the multiple streams approach according to Kingdon (1984) to explain agenda setting processes in national sport federations and extends it by external factors to gain a more holistic perspective of the phenomenon. Understanding drivers in the agenda setting of environmental policies in national sport federations is especially important because it is a prerequisite for the subsequent decision making and implementation of such policies and can help to shape the response of the organised sport to environmental challenges. \u0000References \u0000Kingdon, J. W. (1984). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. Little Brown and Co. \u0000McCullough, B. P., Orr, M., & Watanabe, N. M. (2020). Measuring externalities: The imperative next step to sustainability assessment in sport. Journal of Sport Management, 34(5), 393–402. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0254 \u0000Thiel, A., & Mayer, J. (2009). Characteristics of voluntary sports clubs management: A sociological perspective. European Sport Management Quarterly, 9(1), 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740802461744","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"347 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139799242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Wälchli, Craig Tokuno, B. Lauber, Wolfgang Taube
Introduction The evidence for changes in intracortical inhibition when executing two tasks simultaneously (i.e., dual tasking) is ambiguous as decreased (Corp et al., 2014) and increased (Corp et al., 2016) inhibition were reported. One way to bring more light into this question is to tests the effect of a single task training (STT) and a dual task training (DTT) on the short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) during a single balancing task and two different dual tasks in healthy young adults. Methods Twenty-nine healthy young adults were randomly separated into two groups participating in STT (n = 15) or DTT (n = 14) consisting of 6 training sessions within 3 weeks. Before and after the training, a single task (balancing on a rocker board) was performed at two resistance levels (easy and hard). Additionally to the single task, either a cognitive (2-back number recall) or a motor (balancing a ball on a hand-held tray) dual task was executed simultaneously. During execution of these three tasks, SICI was measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation over the motor cortical area representing the right tibialis anterior. Results Training improvements in balance performance were group and task-specific over time (p = .018). While the STT group improved more in the single balance task (12.3% vs. 6.6% DTT), the DTT group had more sway reductions in the motor dual task condition (13.7% vs. 4.5% STT). Similar statistical outcome (p = .034) was observed for the dual task costs (DTC). There was a tendence for SICI (p = .075), mainly indicating higher increase in SICI for the DTT group in the motor dual task (16.0% vs. 5.8% STT). During the execution of the single balance task, the group-specific adaptations in SICI were less pronounced (13.7% DTT vs. 16.2% STT). When analyzing the SICI dual task difference (Δ) from single to dual task, SICI is altered group and task specific (p = .011). The DTT group could increase the dual task difference in SICI in the dual motor condition (Δ 3.2%), whereas the STT group had a decrease (Δ -9.6%). Discussion/Conclusion The results of this study show that DTT causes gains in balance performance and increases in SICI when the secondary task is also a motor task, but not when the second task is a cognitive one. STT is particularly beneficial in the single task. It is therefore assumed that intracortical inhibition is important during the simultaneous performance of two motor tasks, while intracortical inhibition was not modulated in a group-specific manner by the additional cognitive task. References Corp, D. T., Lum, J. A. G., Tooley, G. A., & Pearce, A. J. (2014). Corticospinal activity during dual tasking: A systematic review and meta-analysis of TMS literature from 1995 to 2013. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 43, 74-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.017 Corp, D. T., Rogers, M. A., Youssef, G. J., & Pearce, A. J. (2016). The effect of dual-task difficulty on the inhibition of the mot
导言：关于同时执行两项任务（即双重任务）时皮层内抑制作用变化的证据并不明确，因为有报道称抑制作用会降低（Corp等人，2014年），也有报道称抑制作用会增强（Corp等人，2016年）。要想更深入地了解这一问题，一种方法是测试单一任务训练（STT）和双重任务训练（DTT）对健康青壮年在单一平衡任务和两种不同的双重任务中短间歇皮层内抑制（SICI）的影响。方法 将 29 名健康青壮年随机分为两组，分别参加 STT（15 人）或 DTT（14 人），在 3 周内进行 6 次训练。训练前后，在两种阻力水平（简单和困难）下进行单项训练（在摇摇板上保持平衡）。除单一任务外，还同时执行认知（2-back 数字记忆）或运动（在手持托盘上平衡球）双重任务。在执行这三个任务期间，通过经颅磁刺激代表右胫前肌的运动皮层区域来测量 SICI。结果 随着时间的推移，训练对平衡能力的提高具有组别和任务特异性（p = .018）。STT 组在单一平衡任务中的改善幅度更大（12.3% vs. 6.6% DTT），而 DTT 组在运动双重任务条件下的摇摆减少幅度更大（13.7% vs. 4.5% STT）。在双重任务成本（DTC）方面也观察到了类似的统计结果（p = 0.034）。SICI 有上升趋势（p = 0.075），主要表明在运动双重任务中，DTT 组的 SICI 上升较高（16.0% 对 5.8% STT）。在执行单一平衡任务时，特定组别的 SICI 适应性不太明显（DTT 组为 13.7% 对 STT 组为 16.2%）。在分析从单一任务到双重任务的 SICI 双重任务差异 (Δ)时，SICI 的改变具有组别和任务特异性（p = .011）。在双运动条件下，DTT 组可以增加 SICI 的双任务差异（Δ 3.2%），而 STT 组则有所减少（Δ -9.6%）。讨论/结论 本研究结果表明，当第二项任务也是运动任务时，DTT 可提高平衡能力并增加 SICI，但当第二项任务是认知任务时，DTT 不会提高平衡能力并增加 SICI。STT 对单一任务尤其有益。因此可以推测，在同时完成两项运动任务时，皮层内抑制非常重要，而额外的认知任务并不会以特定组别的方式调节皮层内抑制。参考文献 Corp, D. T., Lum, J. A. G., Tooley, G. A., & Pearce, A. J. (2014).双重任务时的皮层脊髓活动：1995-2013年TMS文献的系统回顾和荟萃分析。https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.017 Corp, D. T., Rogers, M. A., Youssef, G. J., & Pearce, A. J. (2016)。双重任务难度对运动皮层抑制的影响。实验脑研究》，234, 443-452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4479-2
{"title":"The effect of single and dual task training on the intracortical inhibition in healthy young adults","authors":"M. Wälchli, Craig Tokuno, B. Lauber, Wolfgang Taube","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss081","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000The evidence for changes in intracortical inhibition when executing two tasks simultaneously (i.e., dual tasking) is ambiguous as decreased (Corp et al., 2014) and increased (Corp et al., 2016) inhibition were reported. One way to bring more light into this question is to tests the effect of a single task training (STT) and a dual task training (DTT) on the short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) during a single balancing task and two different dual tasks in healthy young adults. \u0000Methods \u0000Twenty-nine healthy young adults were randomly separated into two groups participating in STT (n = 15) or DTT (n = 14) consisting of 6 training sessions within 3 weeks. Before and after the training, a single task (balancing on a rocker board) was performed at two resistance levels (easy and hard). Additionally to the single task, either a cognitive (2-back number recall) or a motor (balancing a ball on a hand-held tray) dual task was executed simultaneously. During execution of these three tasks, SICI was measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation over the motor cortical area representing the right tibialis anterior. \u0000Results \u0000Training improvements in balance performance were group and task-specific over time (p = .018). While the STT group improved more in the single balance task (12.3% vs. 6.6% DTT), the DTT group had more sway reductions in the motor dual task condition (13.7% vs. 4.5% STT). Similar statistical outcome (p = .034) was observed for the dual task costs (DTC). There was a tendence for SICI (p = .075), mainly indicating higher increase in SICI for the DTT group in the motor dual task (16.0% vs. 5.8% STT). During the execution of the single balance task, the group-specific adaptations in SICI were less pronounced (13.7% DTT vs. 16.2% STT). When analyzing the SICI dual task difference (Δ) from single to dual task, SICI is altered group and task specific (p = .011). The DTT group could increase the dual task difference in SICI in the dual motor condition (Δ 3.2%), whereas the STT group had a decrease (Δ -9.6%). \u0000Discussion/Conclusion \u0000The results of this study show that DTT causes gains in balance performance and increases in SICI when the secondary task is also a motor task, but not when the second task is a cognitive one. STT is particularly beneficial in the single task. It is therefore assumed that intracortical inhibition is important during the simultaneous performance of two motor tasks, while intracortical inhibition was not modulated in a group-specific manner by the additional cognitive task. \u0000References \u0000Corp, D. T., Lum, J. A. G., Tooley, G. A., & Pearce, A. J. (2014). Corticospinal activity during dual tasking: A systematic review and meta-analysis of TMS literature from 1995 to 2013. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 43, 74-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.017 \u0000Corp, D. T., Rogers, M. A., Youssef, G. J., & Pearce, A. J. (2016). The effect of dual-task difficulty on the inhibition of the mot","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"286 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139799371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction In Switzerland, sporting activity among girls and young women has increased in recent years. In comparison, however, boys and young men continue to show a higher level of sporting activity at every age level and in all language regions (Lamprecht et al., 2021). As physical education (PE) lessons are an important socialisation factor for extracurricular sports activities, the question arises as to how PE is taught in Switzerland to do justice to the genders. To date, there has been little scientific research in Switzerland into which cantons implement coeducational PE and which legal or regulatory bases they rely on. Due to this research gap, this contribution will analyse which cantons implement coeducational PE and to what extent these can be linked to the legal bases or language-regional curricula. Methods With the help of a document analysis of the current legal and regulatory bases as well as the three language-regional curricula a national inventory of the existing guidelines is conducted. Furthermore, a qualitative survey of all cantonal school offices analyses the current situation regarding coeducational PE lessons in compulsory education in Switzerland. Results The results indicate that there are level-specific, cantonal, and language-regional differences. Language cultural differences are particularly evident at lower secondary school level, since in the German-speaking cantons PE lessons are mostly mono-educational and in the French and Italian-speaking cantons they are usually coeducational (Hayoz, under review). Discussion In the German-speaking cantons, especially for lower secondary level, the organisational recommendations given in these curricula are used by the municipalities and schools to make and legitimise their decisions. This recommendation can be critically reflected upon and discussed regarding the holistic educational goals of compulsory schooling, as the aim is to provide competence-orientated PE lessons and to promote interdisciplinary skills. According to Alfermann (1992), it must be questioned why precisely this differentiation feature – and no other heterogeneity feature – is used to divide the existing classes. Although performance is a constitutive characteristic for schools and for sport in general, performance is merely one “pedagogical perspective” among many for PE lessons (Frohn, 2019). Conclusion In order to analyse the specific didactic implementation of mono- and coeducational teaching in PE and to better understand the language-cultural differences, further national studies would be necessary at both local as well as school level. References Alfermann, D. (1992). Koedukation im Sportunterricht [Co-education in physical education]. Sportwissenschaft, 22(3), 323–343. Frohn, J. (2019). Geschlechter(re)konstruktionen im Sportunterricht aus Schüler*innensicht – eine Längsschnittstudie [Gender (re)constructions in physical education from the students’ perspective – A longitudinal study]. In J. Fro
导言近年来，瑞士女孩和年轻女性的体育活动有所增加。然而，相比之下，男孩和青年男子在各个年龄段和所有语言地区的体育活动水平仍然较高（Lamprecht 等人，2021 年）。由于体育课是课外体育活动的重要社会化因素，因此出现了这样一个问题：在瑞士，体育课是如何教授的，以实现两性公平？迄今为止，瑞士对哪些州实施男女同校体育课以及它们所依据的法律或法规基础几乎没有进行过科学研究。由于存在这一研究空白，本文将分析哪些州实施了男女同校体育，以及这些州在多大程度上与法律依据或语言地区课程相关联。方法通过对现行法律法规依据和三个语言地区课程的文件分析，对现有指导方针进行了全国性清点。此外，还对各州的学校办公室进行了一项定性调查，分析了瑞士义务教育中男女同校体育课的现 状。语言文化差异在初中阶段尤为明显，因为在德语州，体育课大多为单一教育，而在法语和意大利语州，体育课通常为男女同校（Hayoz，正在审查）。这项建议可以在义务教育的整体教育目标方面进行批判性的反思和讨论，因为其目的是提供以能力为导向的体育课和促进跨学科技能。Alfermann (1992)认为，必须质疑的是，为什么恰恰是这一差异特征--而不是其他异 质特征--被用来划分现有的班级。尽管成绩是学校和整个体育运动的一个构成特征，但成绩只是体育课众多 "教学视角 "中的一个（Frohn，2019 年）。结论为了分析体育单科教学和男女同校教学的具体教学实施情况，更好地理解语言文化差异，有必要在地方和学校层面开展进一步的国家研究。Koedukation im Sportunterricht [Co-education in physical education].Sportwissenschaft, 22(3), 323-343.Frohn, J. (2019).Geschlechter(re)konstruktionen im Sportunterricht aus Schüler*innensicht - eine Längsschnittstudie [Gender (re)constructions in physical education from the students' perspective - A longitudinal study].In J. Frohn, E. Gramespacher & J. Süßenbach (Eds.), Stand und Perspektiven der sportwissenschaftlichen Geschlechterforschung (Vol. 279, pp. 79-85).Feldhaus.Hayoz, C. (under review).Koedukation im Bewegungs- und Sportunterricht in der Schweiz - eine nationale Bestandsaufnahme der gesetzlichen Grundlagen und ihrer Implementation [瑞士体育课和运动课中的男女混合教育--对法律依据及其实施情况的全国性调查]。Zeitschrift für sportpädagogische Forschung.Lamprecht, M., Bürgi, R., Gebert, A., & Stamm, H. P. (2021).Sport Schweiz 2020：Kinder- und Jugendbericht [Sport Switzerland 2020: Report on Children and Young People]。Bundesamt für Sport.
{"title":"Coeducation in physical education in Switzerland – A national inventory of the legal basis and its implementation","authors":"Christelle Hayoz","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss007","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000In Switzerland, sporting activity among girls and young women has increased in recent years. In comparison, however, boys and young men continue to show a higher level of sporting activity at every age level and in all language regions (Lamprecht et al., 2021). As physical education (PE) lessons are an important socialisation factor for extracurricular sports activities, the question arises as to how PE is taught in Switzerland to do justice to the genders.\u0000To date, there has been little scientific research in Switzerland into which cantons implement coeducational PE and which legal or regulatory bases they rely on. Due to this research gap, this contribution will analyse which cantons implement coeducational PE and to what extent these can be linked to the legal bases or language-regional curricula.\u0000Methods\u0000With the help of a document analysis of the current legal and regulatory bases as well as the three language-regional curricula a national inventory of the existing guidelines is conducted. Furthermore, a qualitative survey of all cantonal school offices analyses the current situation regarding coeducational PE lessons in compulsory education in Switzerland.\u0000Results\u0000The results indicate that there are level-specific, cantonal, and language-regional differences. Language cultural differences are particularly evident at lower secondary school level, since in the German-speaking cantons PE lessons are mostly mono-educational and in the French and Italian-speaking cantons they are usually coeducational (Hayoz, under review).\u0000Discussion\u0000In the German-speaking cantons, especially for lower secondary level, the organisational recommendations given in these curricula are used by the municipalities and schools to make and legitimise their decisions. This recommendation can be critically reflected upon and discussed regarding the holistic educational goals of compulsory schooling, as the aim is to provide competence-orientated PE lessons and to promote interdisciplinary skills. According to Alfermann (1992), it must be questioned why precisely this differentiation feature – and no other heterogeneity feature – is used to divide the existing classes. Although performance is a constitutive characteristic for schools and for sport in general, performance is merely one “pedagogical perspective” among many for PE lessons (Frohn, 2019).\u0000Conclusion\u0000In order to analyse the specific didactic implementation of mono- and coeducational teaching in PE and to better understand the language-cultural differences, further national studies would be necessary at both local as well as school level.\u0000References\u0000Alfermann, D. (1992). Koedukation im Sportunterricht [Co-education in physical education]. Sportwissenschaft, 22(3), 323–343.\u0000Frohn, J. (2019). Geschlechter(re)konstruktionen im Sportunterricht aus Schüler*innensicht – eine Längsschnittstudie [Gender (re)constructions in physical education from the students’ perspective – A longitudinal study]. In J. Fro","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"241 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139799696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction A healthy heart does not beat like a metronome because it shows characteristics of complex non-linear oscillations and mathematical chaos, together with the existence of resonance in the cardiorespiratory system (Shaffer et al., 2014). On one swing, the inhalation causes an increase of the heart rate, while the opposite effect is during exhaling, thus having variability properties in the inter-beat intervals. By utilizing this effect of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, resonance frequency (RF) gives insight into the respiratory rate at which this resonance is amplified in the heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration systems (Shaffer & Meehan, 2020). The aim of this systematic review was to examine the effects of resonance frequency in Slow-Paced Breathing (SPB) studies, as well as the relation between RF and anthropological measures of gender, height, and age. Methods We systematically reviewed the literature regarding the role of resonance frequency in the SPB research using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) evidence-based reporting checklist and a Participants, Index Test, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study Design (PICOS) framework (PROSPERO Registration Number CRD42021253009). We included SPB studies with experimental and quasi-experimental designs, conducted on healthy populations that determined individual RF in the breathing protocols, with no specific criteria on gender, age restrictions, or publication year. Additionally, interventions combining RF SPB with biofeedback monitoring were included. Outcomes of the included studies included any psychological or physiological findings. Altogether, 17 studies (n = 810 participants) were assessed for risk of bias with The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist (Moola et al., 2015). Results Overall, positive effects on psychological constructs like attention control, executive functioning, sleep quality, psychological relaxation, mindful awareness, self-compassion, vigor, self-efficacy, mood, depression, anxiety, and stress have been reported. Physiologically, RF breathing caused a more coherent heart rhythm pattern with high amplitude oscillation, while lowering systolic pressure, decreasing HF power, HR beats per minute, a-amylase and cortisol stress biomarkers, and increasing the average baroreflex gain, SpO2, and LF power. The scarcity of reported data and analysis concerning the effects of anthropological data do not give a strong claim to the existence of height, gender, and age influences, but there is a notion that height and RF are negatively correlated, while men have lower RF than women. Discussion/Conclusion We conclude the overall beneficial effects of RF breathing on psychological and physiological systems. Namely, improved attention control, executive functioning, sleep quality with fewer disturbances, and psychological relaxation, increased mindful awareness, self-compassion, vigor, and self-eff
, Sfetcu, R., Currie, M., Lisy, K., Tufanaru, C., Qureshi, R., Mattis, P., & Mu, P. (2015)。开展关联（病因学）系统综述：乔安娜-布里格斯研究所的方法。国际循证医疗保健杂志》，13（3），163-169。https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000064。
{"title":"The role of resonance frequency in slow-paced breathing: Systematic review","authors":"Božo Vukojević, Christian Vater, Sylvain Laborde","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss080","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000A healthy heart does not beat like a metronome because it shows characteristics of complex non-linear oscillations and mathematical chaos, together with the existence of resonance in the cardiorespiratory system (Shaffer et al., 2014). On one swing, the inhalation causes an increase of the heart rate, while the opposite effect is during exhaling, thus having variability properties in the inter-beat intervals. By utilizing this effect of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, resonance frequency (RF) gives insight into the respiratory rate at which this resonance is amplified in the heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration systems (Shaffer & Meehan, 2020). The aim of this systematic review was to examine the effects of resonance frequency in Slow-Paced Breathing (SPB) studies, as well as the relation between RF and anthropological measures of gender, height, and age. \u0000Methods \u0000We systematically reviewed the literature regarding the role of resonance frequency in the SPB research using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) evidence-based reporting checklist and a Participants, Index Test, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study Design (PICOS) framework (PROSPERO Registration Number CRD42021253009). We included SPB studies with experimental and quasi-experimental designs, conducted on healthy populations that determined individual RF in the breathing protocols, with no specific criteria on gender, age restrictions, or publication year. Additionally, interventions combining RF SPB with biofeedback monitoring were included. Outcomes of the included studies included any psychological or physiological findings. Altogether, 17 studies (n = 810 participants) were assessed for risk of bias with The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist (Moola et al., 2015). \u0000Results \u0000Overall, positive effects on psychological constructs like attention control, executive functioning, sleep quality, psychological relaxation, mindful awareness, self-compassion, vigor, self-efficacy, mood, depression, anxiety, and stress have been reported. Physiologically, RF breathing caused a more coherent heart rhythm pattern with high amplitude oscillation, while lowering systolic pressure, decreasing HF power, HR beats per minute, a-amylase and cortisol stress biomarkers, and increasing the average baroreflex gain, SpO2, and LF power. The scarcity of reported data and analysis concerning the effects of anthropological data do not give a strong claim to the existence of height, gender, and age influences, but there is a notion that height and RF are negatively correlated, while men have lower RF than women. \u0000Discussion/Conclusion \u0000We conclude the overall beneficial effects of RF breathing on psychological and physiological systems. Namely, improved attention control, executive functioning, sleep quality with fewer disturbances, and psychological relaxation, increased mindful awareness, self-compassion, vigor, and self-eff","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"82 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139800406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Peters, Xinlin Wang, Martin Dresler, Daniel Erlacher
Introduction Lucid dreaming opens the possibility to rehearse sport skills within a dream while sleeping (Peters et al. 2023; Stumbrys et al. 2016). But so far, no induction techniques have been developed to induce reliable lucid dreams. One potential technique is to apply external stimulation while a person is sleeping in order to send a hint into the dream which might enhance lucidity in the ongoing dream. Several studies have tested dream incorporation rates (DIR) with different stimuli and different results (Schredl, 2018), but none with a larger sample size and a within-design. Furthermore, in this study we wanted to explore body related stimulations to evoke in future studies lucid dreams. Methods 10-Channel polysomnography and three different bodily stimulation methods were combined during three consecutive test nights with each night using one stimulation method (plus adaptation night). The three stimulation methods consisted of electrical forearm muscle stimulation (EMS), galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS), and haptic vibration stimulation (HS). During REM sleep, one of the three stimuli was presented or a sham condition was applied in a counterbalanced order. The stimuli were followed by REM awakenings, resulting in corresponding verbal dream reports. With the help of those reports, the translation from a physical arm movement, vestibular sensation and vibration into the dream environment was investigated using dream content analysis. Movement of the dream arm, balance related activity and tactile or somatosensory sensations targeted the dream incorporations of EMS, GVS and HS respectively. Results Movement of the arm was present in 23.2%, 8.1% and 23.5% of EMS, GVS and HS dreams respectively. Balance-related activity was present in 6.1%, 7.9% and 5.8% of EMS, GVS and HS dreams respectively. Finally, tactile and somatosensory sensations were present in 13.6%, 0% and 6.3% of the EMS, GVS and HS dreams respectively. After correcting for sham condition, tactile and somatosensory sensations on the EMS dreams seem to be the strongest incorporation effect upon stimulation. Discussion/Conclusion We tested dream incorporation of three different stimulation methods using a within-design on a larger sample size, a method that has never been attempted before. GVS appears unsuccessful in altering dream content, but this might be confounded due to challenges in methodology. EMS evokes the most dream incorporation in the scale of tactile and somatosensory dream content followed by HS. The investigation of the incorporation of external kinesthetic stimulation into dream content represents a fundamental contribution to various scientific fields and could foster future research on lucid dream induction, enabling the further exploration of sport practice in a sleep state. References Peters, E., Golembiewski, S., Erlacher, D., & Dresler, M. (2023). Extending mental practice to sleep: Enhancing motor skills through lucid dreaming. Medical Hypotheses, 17
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