J. Hanimann, Daniel P. Fitze, T. Götschi, Melanie Gloor, E.D. de Bruin, Katrien De Bock, Reto Sutter, Jörg Spörri
Introduction Patellar tendinopathy is frequent in adolescent athletes and particularly accentuated in competitive alpine skiers (Fröhlich et al., 2020). Tendinopathies are characterized by long disease histories, and whether they can be healed completely is an open question (Kettunen et al., 2002). Three-dimensional (3D) shear wave elastography (SWE) has proven valuable in the early detection of tendinopathies (Götschi et al., 2023). The aims of this study were to (1) describe the longitudinal progression of patellar tendon complaint prevalence in competitive alpine skiers during adolescence, (2) compare the SWV patterns of skiers that were symptomatic four years ago with those with no history of patellar tendon complaints and (3) analyse whether shear wave velocity (SWV) average values correlate with SWV coefficient of variation (CV). Methods Forty-seven subjects were analysed in this 4-year follow-up study regarding their patellar tendon complaints and SWV patterns. Symptomatic and asymptomatic skiers were identified by clinical examinations including the criteria of pain sensation under loading and palpation-induced pain. SWV was determined by ultrasound-based 3D SWE. Prevalence differences were assessed using Pearson’s χ2 tests. Group differences in the SWV patterns were analysed using unpaired sample t tests. Correlations between SWV average and CV values were analysed by means of Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results With proceeding adolescence, the prevalence of patellar tendon complaints significantly decreased from 29.8% at baseline assessment (13-16 years) to 12.7% at follow-up assessment (Pearson’s χ2 = 9.429; p = 0.002). Those skiers who were symptomatic at baseline but asymptomatic at the follow-up still had lower average SWV values and higher CVs than asymptomatic skiers with no history of patellar tendon complaints (p = 0.054 and p = 0.011, respectively). Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between the tendon SWV average values and their CVs (R = -0.55; p < 0.001). Discussion/Conclusion Despite the decreasing prevalence of patellar tendon complaints in youth competitive alpine skiers after their growth spurt, structural abnormalities appear to remain in asymptomatic subjects with a previous history of patellar tendinopathy, indicating potential long-term implications for mechanical tendon proprieties. The SWV average and CV values were negatively correlated, which underlines our hypothesis that a low SWV is associated with a high CV. This altogether may reflect the degenerative processes in patellar tendons affected by complaints in the early stages of a sports career. References Fröhlich, S., Peterhans, L., Stern, C., Frey, W. O., Sutter, R., & Spörri, J. (2020). Remarkably high prevalence of overuse-related knee complaints and MRI abnormalities in youth competitive alpine skiers: A descriptive investigation in 108 athletes aged 13-15 years. BMJ Open Sport & Exercice Medicine, 6(1), Aticle e0007
引言 髌骨肌腱病是青少年运动员的常见病，在高山滑雪竞技运动员中尤为突出（Fröhlich 等人，2020 年）。腱鞘病变的特点是病程长，能否完全治愈是一个未决问题（Kettunen 等人，2002 年）。三维（3D）剪切波弹性成像（SWE）已被证明对肌腱病的早期检测很有价值（Götschi 等人，2023 年）。本研究的目的是：(1) 描述青少年时期高山滑雪竞技运动员髌骨肌腱病变的纵向发展过程；(2) 比较四年前有症状的滑雪运动员和无髌骨肌腱病史的滑雪运动员的剪切波速度模式；(3) 分析剪切波速度 (SWV) 平均值是否与剪切波速度变异系数 (CV) 相关。方法 在这项为期 4 年的跟踪研究中，对 47 名受试者的髌腱不适症状和 SWV 模式进行了分析。有症状和无症状的滑雪者是通过临床检查确定的，检查标准包括负重时的疼痛感觉和触诊引起的疼痛。SWV通过基于超声波的三维SWE测定。患病率差异采用 Pearson's χ2 检验进行评估。采用非配对样本 t 检验分析 SWV 模式的组间差异。采用皮尔逊相关系数分析 SWV 平均值与 CV 值之间的相关性。结果 随着青春期的到来，髌腱不适的发生率从基线评估（13-16 岁）时的 29.8%显著下降到随访评估时的 12.7%（Pearson's χ2 = 9.429; p = 0.002）。与没有髌腱病史的无症状滑雪者相比，基线时有症状但随访时无症状的滑雪者的平均 SWV 值和 CV 值仍然较低（分别为 p = 0.054 和 p = 0.011）。此外，肌腱 SWV 平均值与 CV 之间存在明显的负相关（R = -0.55；p < 0.001）。讨论/结论 尽管青少年高山滑雪竞技运动员的髌骨肌腱病症发生率在其生长高峰期后有所下降，但在曾有过髌骨肌腱病史的无症状受试者中似乎仍存在结构异常，这表明对机械肌腱本体有潜在的长期影响。SWV 平均值和 CV 值呈负相关，这强调了我们的假设，即低 SWV 值与高 CV 值相关。这可能反映了髌骨肌腱的退行性过程，这些退行性过程在运动生涯的早期阶段会受到投诉的影响。参考文献 Fröhlich, S., Peterhans, L., Stern, C., Frey, W. O., Sutter, R., & Spörri, J. (2020)。青少年高山滑雪竞技运动员与过度使用相关的膝关节不适和核磁共振成像异常的显著高发率：对 108 名 13-15 岁运动员的描述性调查。https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000738 Götschi, T., Franchi, M. V., Schulz, N., Fröhlich, S., Frey, W. O., Snedeker, J. G., & Spörri, J. (2023)。青少年高山滑雪竞技运动员髌骨肌腱不适的区域三维剪切波速度模式改变--前瞻性病例对照研究》。https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2022.2088404 Kettunen, J. A., Kvist, M., Alanen, E., & Kujala, U. M. (2002)。男性运动员跳远膝的长期预后。前瞻性随访研究。美国运动医学杂志》，30（5），689-692。https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465020300051001。
{"title":"Patellar tendon complaints and shear wave velocity patterns in maturing alpine skiers","authors":"J. Hanimann, Daniel P. Fitze, T. Götschi, Melanie Gloor, E.D. de Bruin, Katrien De Bock, Reto Sutter, Jörg Spörri","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss046","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000Patellar tendinopathy is frequent in adolescent athletes and particularly accentuated in competitive alpine skiers (Fröhlich et al., 2020). Tendinopathies are characterized by long disease histories, and whether they can be healed completely is an open question (Kettunen et al., 2002). Three-dimensional (3D) shear wave elastography (SWE) has proven valuable in the early detection of tendinopathies (Götschi et al., 2023). The aims of this study were to (1) describe the longitudinal progression of patellar tendon complaint prevalence in competitive alpine skiers during adolescence, (2) compare the SWV patterns of skiers that were symptomatic four years ago with those with no history of patellar tendon complaints and (3) analyse whether shear wave velocity (SWV) average values correlate with SWV coefficient of variation (CV). \u0000Methods \u0000Forty-seven subjects were analysed in this 4-year follow-up study regarding their patellar tendon complaints and SWV patterns. Symptomatic and asymptomatic skiers were identified by clinical examinations including the criteria of pain sensation under loading and palpation-induced pain. SWV was determined by ultrasound-based 3D SWE. Prevalence differences were assessed using Pearson’s χ2 tests. Group differences in the SWV patterns were analysed using unpaired sample t tests. Correlations between SWV average and CV values were analysed by means of Pearson’s correlation coefficient. \u0000Results \u0000With proceeding adolescence, the prevalence of patellar tendon complaints significantly decreased from 29.8% at baseline assessment (13-16 years) to 12.7% at follow-up assessment (Pearson’s χ2 = 9.429; p = 0.002). Those skiers who were symptomatic at baseline but asymptomatic at the follow-up still had lower average SWV values and higher CVs than asymptomatic skiers with no history of patellar tendon complaints (p = 0.054 and p = 0.011, respectively). Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between the tendon SWV average values and their CVs (R = -0.55; p < 0.001). \u0000Discussion/Conclusion \u0000Despite the decreasing prevalence of patellar tendon complaints in youth competitive alpine skiers after their growth spurt, structural abnormalities appear to remain in asymptomatic subjects with a previous history of patellar tendinopathy, indicating potential long-term implications for mechanical tendon proprieties. The SWV average and CV values were negatively correlated, which underlines our hypothesis that a low SWV is associated with a high CV. This altogether may reflect the degenerative processes in patellar tendons affected by complaints in the early stages of a sports career. \u0000References \u0000Fröhlich, S., Peterhans, L., Stern, C., Frey, W. O., Sutter, R., & Spörri, J. (2020). Remarkably high prevalence of overuse-related knee complaints and MRI abnormalities in youth competitive alpine skiers: A descriptive investigation in 108 athletes aged 13-15 years. BMJ Open Sport & Exercice Medicine, 6(1), Aticle e0007","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"342 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139799228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sven Egger, M. Wälchli, Samuel Meyer, Wolfgang Taube
Introduction Recent findings have demonstrated that low-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulations (rTMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) impaired short-term consolidation of a balance task, underscoring the causal connection between M1 and the consolidation of balancing skills (Egger et al., 2023). However, the underlying neural mechanisms induced by rTMS and whether these adaptations endure over an extended period, encompassing multiple acquisition sessions, remain insufficiently elucidated (Censor & Cohen, 2011). So far, its is widely acknowledged that GABAergic processes play an important role for consolidation (Sanes & Donoghue, 2000), at the same time, are affected by learning balance skills (Mouthon & Taube, 2019; Taube et al., 2020). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of rTMS on GABA-mediated short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and to explore the role of M1 in the long-term consolidation of a balance task (i.e., across multiple acquisition sessions). Methods Thirty-one volunteers underwent six balance acquisition sessions on a rocker-board, each followed by either rTMS or sham rTMS based on group affiliation. During the first and last training session, SICI was measured twice; before the balance acquisition and after the application of rTMS or sham-rTMS to investigate potential short- and long-term adaptations in intracortical inhibition. Adaptations were assessed during the execution of the learned balance task and in a non-learning postural control task (i.e., stable upright stance). Results Regardless of group affiliation, all participants achieved comparable improvements within the balance acquisition sessions. However, consolidation varied between groups. In particular, between the third and the fourth acquisition session, as Tukey corrected post-hoc tests showed a significant decline in performance for the rTMS group (p = 0.006). Both short- (p = 0.014) and long-term (p = 0.038) adaptations in SICI were affected by rTMS: while the sham rTMS group upregulated SICI, rTMS led to reduced levels of inhibition. No neurophysiological effects were observed in the non-learning control task (upright stance). Discussion/Conclusion The interfering effect of rTMS on balance consolidation and on upregulation of SICI indicates that increased intracortical inhibition is an important mechanism to protect and engrave newly acquired motor memory. Importantly, adaptations in SICI were only apparent during the execution of the learned task. References Censor, N., & Cohen, L. G. (2011). Using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the underlying neural mechanisms of human motor learning and memory. The Journal of Physiology, 589(1), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2010.198077 Egger, S., Wälchli, M., Rüeger, E., & Taube, W. (2023). Short-term balance consolidation relies on the primary motor cortex: A rTMS study. Scientific Reports, 13, Article 5169. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-02
引言 最近的研究结果表明，对初级运动皮层（M1）进行低频重复磁刺激（rTMS）会损害平衡任务的短期巩固，这突出了M1与平衡技能巩固之间的因果联系（Egger等人，2023年）。然而，经颅磁刺激诱导的潜在神经机制，以及这些适应是否会持续较长时间，包括多个习得过程，仍未得到充分阐明（Censor 和 Cohen，2011 年）。迄今为止，人们普遍认为GABA能过程在巩固过程中发挥着重要作用（Sanes和Donoghue，2000年），同时也受到平衡技能学习的影响（Mouthon和Taube，2019年；Taube等人，2020年）。因此，本研究旨在调查经颅磁刺激对 GABA 介导的短间隔皮层内抑制（SICI）的影响，并探索 M1 在平衡任务的长期巩固（即跨越多个习得阶段）中的作用。方法 31名志愿者在摇摆板上进行了六次平衡习得训练，每次训练后都会根据小组归属进行经颅磁刺激或假经颅磁刺激。在第一堂和最后一堂训练课中，分别在平衡习得之前和经颅磁刺激或假经颅磁刺激之后测量两次 SICI，以研究皮层内抑制的潜在短期和长期适应性。在执行学习平衡任务和非学习姿势控制任务（即稳定的直立站姿）时对适应性进行评估。结果 无论属于哪个组，所有参与者在平衡学习过程中都取得了相当的进步。然而，各组之间的巩固情况有所不同。特别是在第三个和第四个习得环节之间，经 Tukey 校正的事后检验显示，经颅磁刺激组的成绩明显下降（p = 0.006）。经颅磁刺激对SICI的短期（p = 0.014）和长期（p = 0.038）适应性均有影响：假经颅磁刺激组提高了SICI，而经颅磁刺激组则降低了抑制水平。在非学习控制任务（直立站姿）中未观察到神经生理学效应。讨论/结论 经颅磁刺激对平衡巩固和 SICI 上调的干扰作用表明，皮层内抑制作用的增强是保护和刻画新获得的运动记忆的重要机制。重要的是，只有在执行所学任务时，SICI 的适应性才会显现出来。参考文献 Censor, N., & Cohen, L. G. (2011)。使用重复经颅磁刺激研究人类运动学习和记忆的潜在神经机制。https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2010.198077 Egger, S., Wälchli, M., Rüeger, E., & Taube, W. (2023)。短期平衡巩固依赖于初级运动皮层：经颅磁刺激研究。https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32065-x Mouthon, A., & Taube, W. (2019).皮质内抑制在姿势任务执行过程中增加，以应对平衡训练。https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.01.007 Sanes, J. N., & Donoghue, J. P. (2000).可塑性和初级运动皮层。https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.393 Taube, W., Gollhofer, A., & Lauber, B. (2020)。皮层抑制过程的训练、肌肉和任务特异性上调和下调。欧洲神经科学杂志》，51（6），1428-1440。 https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14538
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Ann Christin Schneider, Lisa Hillebrecht, Julia Schmid, C. Schindera, Eva Katharina Brack, V. Benzing
Introduction Children with cancer are at an increased risk for various physical and cognitive challenges due to their illness and its treatment. A concerning observation is that young cancer patients often lead sedentary or even lying lifestyles, clearly failing to meet the WHO’s recommendation of 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA) daily. This is alarming considering that PA is essential for physical and mental health, e.g., for the development of motor skills and cognitive functions (Bull et al., 2020). However, PA promotion in acute care in Swiss pediatric oncology units is hardly existent. Therefore, the aim of this project is to develop and conduct a physical activity program in a pediatric oncology unit and investigate its effects on cognitive and motor performance. Methods Part A of this project involved a qualitative study conducted at the Inselspital Bern’s pediatric oncology unit, aiming to design a tailored PA therapy program. This part included patient interviews and staff surveys. Part B, which is ongoing, focuses on a forthcoming two-arm multicenter crossover-controlled trial. This trial will compare the exercise therapy and PA counseling (intervention group in Bern, n = 40) with standard treatment (control group in Basel, n = 40). Participants will be aged 6-18 years, newly diagnosed with cancer and undergoing cytotoxictreatment for at least six weeks. The 12-week program will consist of thrice-weekly, 45-minute sessions of individualized exercise, aligned with the SK2-guidelines, NAOK, and international Pediatric Oncology Exercise Guidelines (Götte et al., 2022; Wurz et al., 2021). The sessions will focus on motor skills and cognitively challenging PA. In addition, children will receive 4 exercise counseling sessions. To evaluate the study, there will be three measurement points (once at admission, after twelve weeks of intervention and one follow-up after six months). The outcome measures include motor and cognitive performance, physiological and psychosocial functioning. Results Initial findings from the qualitative study indicate a strong patient and staff interest in exercise therapy. The study also provided valuable insights for developing and implementing the intervention. Discussion/conclusion The results will reveal important insights relevant to research and practice. Adopting a research perspective, the results will shed light on the effects of PA on cognitive performance in acute cancer care. Adopting a more applied perspective, PA has been neglected in Swiss pediatric oncology units so far. Therefore, this study may contribute to proof the effectiveness of PA for childhood cancer patients and thus help implementing it in standard care in the long term. References Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., Carty, C., Chaput, J.-P., Chastin, S., Chou, R., Dempsey, P. C., DiPietro, L., Ekelund, U., Firth, J., Friedenreich, C. M., Garcia, L., Gichu, M., Jago, R
导言癌症儿童因其疾病和治疗而面临各种身体和认知挑战的风险增加。一个令人担忧的现象是，年幼的癌症患者往往过着久坐不动甚至躺着的生活方式，显然达不到世界卫生组织建议的每天 60 分钟中度到剧烈运动（PA）的要求。考虑到体力活动对身心健康至关重要，例如对运动技能和认知功能的发展至关重要，这种情况令人担忧（Bull 等人，2020 年）。然而，在瑞士儿科肿瘤科的急症护理中，几乎不存在促进 PA 的活动。因此，本项目的目的是在儿科肿瘤科制定并实施一项体育锻炼计划，并研究其对认知和运动表现的影响。方法 本项目的 A 部分包括在伯尔尼 Inselspital 儿科肿瘤科开展的一项定性研究，旨在设计一项量身定制的体育锻炼治疗计划。该部分包括患者访谈和员工调查。B 部分正在进行中，重点是即将开展的一项双臂多中心交叉对照试验。该试验将对运动疗法和 PA 咨询（伯尔尼的干预组，n = 40）与标准治疗（巴塞尔的对照组，n = 40）进行比较。参与者年龄在 6-18 岁之间，刚被诊断出患有癌症，正在接受至少六周的细胞毒治疗。这项为期 12 周的计划将包括每周三次、每次 45 分钟的个性化运动，与 SK2 指南、NAOK 和国际儿科肿瘤运动指南（Götte 等人，2022 年；Wurz 等人，2021 年）保持一致。课程将侧重于运动技能和具有认知挑战性的 PA。此外，儿童还将接受 4 次运动辅导。为了对研究进行评估，将有三个测量点（一次在入院时，一次在干预 12 周后，一次在 6 个月后的随访中）。结果定性研究的初步结果表明，患者和医务人员对运动疗法有着浓厚的兴趣。讨论/结论研究结果将揭示与研究和实践相关的重要见解。从研究的角度来看，研究结果将阐明在急性癌症护理中运动疗法对认知能力的影响。从应用的角度来看，迄今为止，PA 在瑞士儿科肿瘤科一直被忽视。因此，这项研究可能有助于证明 PA 对儿童癌症患者的有效性，从而有助于将其长期纳入标准护理中。参考文献Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P.、Cardon，G.，Carty，C.，Chaput，J.-P.，Chastin，S.，Chou，R.，Dempsey，P.C.，DiPietro，L.，Ekelund，U.，Firth，J.、Friedenreich, C. M., Garcia, L., Gichu, M., Jago, R., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Lambert, E., Leitzmann, M., ... & Willumsen, J. F. (2020).世界卫生组织 2020 年体育活动和久坐行为指南》。https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955Götte, M., Gauß, G., Dirksen, U., Driever, P. H., Basu, O., Baumann, F. T., Wiskemann, J., Boos, J., & Kesting, S. V. (2022).多学科网络 ActiveOncoKids 儿科肿瘤运动指南：基于共识的建议。https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.29953Wurz, A., McLaughlin, E., Lategan, C., Chamorro Viña, C., Grimshaw, S. L., Hamari, L., Götte, M., Kesting, S., Rossi, F., van der Torre, P., Guilcher, G. M. T., McIntyre, K., & Culos-Reed, S. N. (2021)。国际儿科肿瘤运动指南（iPOEG）》。Translational Behavioral Medicine, 11(10), 1915-1922. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibab028
{"title":"«KiKli Fit» – The effects of a specifically designed physical activity program on cognitive and motor performance in children with cancer: A multicenter crossover trial","authors":"Ann Christin Schneider, Lisa Hillebrecht, Julia Schmid, C. Schindera, Eva Katharina Brack, V. Benzing","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss017","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000Children with cancer are at an increased risk for various physical and cognitive challenges due to their illness and its treatment. A concerning observation is that young cancer patients often lead sedentary or even lying lifestyles, clearly failing to meet the WHO’s recommendation of 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA) daily. This is alarming considering that PA is essential for physical and mental health, e.g., for the development of motor skills and cognitive functions (Bull et al., 2020). However, PA promotion in acute care in Swiss pediatric oncology units is hardly existent. Therefore, the aim of this project is to develop and conduct a physical activity program in a pediatric oncology unit and investigate its effects on cognitive and motor performance.\u0000Methods\u0000Part A of this project involved a qualitative study conducted at the Inselspital Bern’s pediatric oncology unit, aiming to design a tailored PA therapy program. This part included patient interviews and staff surveys. Part B, which is ongoing, focuses on a forthcoming two-arm multicenter crossover-controlled trial. This trial will compare the exercise therapy and PA counseling (intervention group in Bern, n = 40) with standard treatment (control group in Basel, n = 40). Participants will be aged 6-18 years, newly diagnosed with cancer and undergoing cytotoxictreatment for at least six weeks. The 12-week program will consist of thrice-weekly, 45-minute sessions of individualized exercise, aligned with the SK2-guidelines, NAOK, and international Pediatric Oncology Exercise Guidelines (Götte et al., 2022; Wurz et al., 2021). The sessions will focus on motor skills and cognitively challenging PA. In addition, children will receive 4 exercise counseling sessions. To evaluate the study, there will be three measurement points (once at admission, after twelve weeks of intervention and one follow-up after six months). The outcome measures include motor and cognitive performance, physiological and psychosocial functioning.\u0000Results\u0000Initial findings from the qualitative study indicate a strong patient and staff interest in exercise therapy. The study also provided valuable insights for developing and implementing the intervention.\u0000Discussion/conclusion\u0000The results will reveal important insights relevant to research and practice. Adopting a research perspective, the results will shed light on the effects of PA on cognitive performance in acute cancer care. Adopting a more applied perspective, PA has been neglected in Swiss pediatric oncology units so far. Therefore, this study may contribute to proof the effectiveness of PA for childhood cancer patients and thus help implementing it in standard care in the long term.\u0000References\u0000Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., Carty, C., Chaput, J.-P., Chastin, S., Chou, R., Dempsey, P. C., DiPietro, L., Ekelund, U., Firth, J., Friedenreich, C. M., Garcia, L., Gichu, M., Jago, R","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"94 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139801306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jan M. Anderegg, Stefanie L. Brefin, Claudio R. Nigg, David Koschnick, Claudia Paul, S. Ketelhut
Introduction Systematic assessment of load and recovery in athletes is essential for effectively adjusting various training demands and their corresponding recovery measures (Kellmann et al., 2018), thereby reducing the risk of nonfunctional overreaching, overtraining, and potential subsequent injuries and illnesses (Bourdon et al., 2017; Kellmann et al., 2018; Taylor et al., 2012). The information obtained from the assessment can support athletes, coaching staff, and their medical teams in the tightrope act between performance optimisation and injury risk reduction. The expert consensus in the field of load and recovery monitoring and other research emphasises the importance of employing a multivariate approach for assessing load and recovery (Bourdon et al., 2017; Kellmann et al., 2018). Various physiological and psychological measures should be used for this purpose (Heidari et al., 2019). In team sports, it is also required that these assessments be carried out quickly, non-invasively, and with minimal added burden on the athletes (Thorpe et al., 2017). In this research project, we developed a web application-based Load and Recovery Score (LRS) and evaluated its relationship with established load parameters. It is assumed that specific training and match load variables correlate negatively with the following day’s LRS when controlled for intra-subject variability. Methods 78 female and male athletes from the U18, U19 and U21 teams of the Swiss soccer club “BSC Young Boys” were selectively recruited. 71 players (32.4% female) with an average age of 17.9 years (SD = 1.2) were monitored over a minimum period of 35 days. A repeated-measure design by means of a five-to-seven-week prospective longitudinal data collection was used in this study. The dependent variable (LRS) and four other independent load variables were repeatedly measured over time in the same athletes. The LRS comprises eight subscales integrated into an interval-scaled score ranging from 0 to 120. A higher score indicates a better recovery state and lower loads. The players recorded values for these eight different subscales daily using the web application. The subscales include questions drawn from various previously validated questionnaires related to the player’s 1) Physical capability, 2) General state of regeneration, 3) Muscular stress, 4) Fatigue, 5) Mood, and 6) Sleep quality, contributing to the recovery component of the score. Additionally, there are two load subscales pertaining to the player’s 7) Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and their 8) Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio (ACWR). The entries are either directly recorded on an ordinal scale (0-6) or are converted to conform to this scale level. Daily logs are incorporated into the different subscale values using a specific algorithm. The algorithm is informed by current research recommendations and is a proprietary business secret. The independent variables included the subjective Player- and Trainer – Session Rating of Perc
{"title":"Load and recovery monitoring in Swiss top-level youth soccer players: Exploring the associations of a new web application-based score with recognised load measures","authors":"Jan M. Anderegg, Stefanie L. Brefin, Claudio R. Nigg, David Koschnick, Claudia Paul, S. Ketelhut","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss020","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000Systematic assessment of load and recovery in athletes is essential for effectively adjusting various training demands and their corresponding recovery measures (Kellmann et al., 2018), thereby reducing the risk of nonfunctional overreaching, overtraining, and potential subsequent injuries and illnesses (Bourdon et al., 2017; Kellmann et al., 2018; Taylor et al., 2012). The information obtained from the assessment can support athletes, coaching staff, and their medical teams in the tightrope act between performance optimisation and injury risk reduction. The expert consensus in the field of load and recovery monitoring and other research emphasises the importance of employing a multivariate approach for assessing load and recovery (Bourdon et al., 2017; Kellmann et al., 2018). Various physiological and psychological measures should be used for this purpose (Heidari et al., 2019). In team sports, it is also required that these assessments be carried out quickly, non-invasively, and with minimal added burden on the athletes (Thorpe et al., 2017). In this research project, we developed a web application-based Load and Recovery Score (LRS) and evaluated its relationship with established load parameters. It is assumed that specific training and match load variables correlate negatively with the following day’s LRS when controlled for intra-subject variability.\u0000Methods\u000078 female and male athletes from the U18, U19 and U21 teams of the Swiss soccer club “BSC Young Boys” were selectively recruited. 71 players (32.4% female) with an average age of 17.9 years (SD = 1.2) were monitored over a minimum period of 35 days. A repeated-measure design by means of a five-to-seven-week prospective longitudinal data collection was used in this study. The dependent variable (LRS) and four other independent load variables were repeatedly measured over time in the same athletes. The LRS comprises eight subscales integrated into an interval-scaled score ranging from 0 to 120. A higher score indicates a better recovery state and lower loads. The players recorded values for these eight different subscales daily using the web application. The subscales include questions drawn from various previously validated questionnaires related to the player’s 1) Physical capability, 2) General state of regeneration, 3) Muscular stress, 4) Fatigue, 5) Mood, and 6) Sleep quality, contributing to the recovery component of the score. Additionally, there are two load subscales pertaining to the player’s 7) Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and their 8) Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio (ACWR). The entries are either directly recorded on an ordinal scale (0-6) or are converted to conform to this scale level. Daily logs are incorporated into the different subscale values using a specific algorithm. The algorithm is informed by current research recommendations and is a proprietary business secret. The independent variables included the subjective Player- and Trainer – Session Rating of Perc","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"57 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139801661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guia Tagliapietra, Tom Citherlet, Antoine Raberin, Giorgio Manferdelli, B. Krumm, Benjamin J. Narang, N. Bourdillon, T. Debevec, Guido Giardini, Grégoire P. Millet
Introduction The acute mountain sickness (AMS) prevalence increases with altitude; i.e.,10-25% at 2,500 m and 50-85% at ~5,000 m (Bärtsch & Swenson, 2013). Women are more likely affected by AMS than men (Richalet et al., 2012). AMS can affect exercise performance. However, the effects of the menstrual cycle (MC) on physiological responses to exercise and on tolerance to high-altitude (HA) remain underexplored. It has been reported that ovarian hormones stimulate ventilation in normoxic conditions (Saaresranta & Polo, 2002). Early findings suggest that running economy is lower in the mid-luteal (ML) compared to the early-follicular (EF) phase in normoxia (Goldsmith & Glaister, 2020). However, cycling efficiency at HA has not been explored yet. Thus, we investigated the effects of acute HA exposure on ventilatory responses at rest and during exercise in healthy females during two different phases of their MC. Methods Sixteen eumenorrheic women (age: 33 ± 7 yr; MC length: 27 ± 2 days; not taking any hormonal contraceptive) took part in this study. First, over a 6-month period, the participants’ MC were monitored using a calendar method. Then, they reached the Torino Hut (3,375 m) by cable car and spent one night at HA on two different MC phases; i.e., during the early-follicular (EF; MC day 4 ± 1) and the mid-luteal (ML; day 20 ± 2) phases. Each time, they underwent a submaximal (1.2 W/kg) test on a cycle ergometer ~17 h after arrival at HA. In addition to this, participants filled in two questionnaires, the Lake Louise AMS Score and the Groningen Sleep Quality Scale, ~16 h after arrival at HA. Results Resting ventilation was significantly higher during EF compared to ML (15.2 ± 1.9 vs. 13.2 ± 2.5 L/min, p = 0.039), while no differences were found for ventilation during exercise (53.9 ± 13.2 vs. 53.5 ± 13.4 L/min, p = 0.695), cycling efficiency (21.7 ± 0.0% vs. 19.8 ± 0.0%, p = 0.244), saturation at rest (92.4 ± 1.3 vs. 91.3 ± 3.2%, p = 0.142) and during exercise (87.2 ± 5.7 vs. 89.0 ± 4.0%, p = 0.528). Moreover, no differences in the Lake Louise AMS (2.2 ± 1.5 vs. 1.7 ± 1.5, p = 0.266) or Groningen (8.0 ± 3.3 vs. 7.5 ± 3.4, p = 0.668) scores were noted between the two MC phases. Discussion/Conclusion Despite a slightly higher resting ventilation during EF, when both oestrogens and progesterone are at their lowest levels, there were no differences in ventilatory responses to exercise and in AMS between the different phases of the MC. Consequently, there is currently very little evidence to aptly recommend a specific MC phase for mountaineering or any other HA activities (Burtscher et al., 2023). Further investigations are requested to assess whether other physiological responses to HA may be influenced by hormonal variations. References Bärtsch, P., & Swenson, E. R. (2013). Acute high-altitude illnesses. New England Journal of Medicine, 368, 2294–2302. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1214870 Burtscher, J., Raberin, A., Brocherie, F., Malates
引言 急性高山反应（AMS）的发病率随着海拔高度的增加而增加，即海拔 2,500 米时为 10-25%，海拔约 5,000 米时为 50-85%（Bärtsch 和 Swenson，2013 年）。女性比男性更容易受到 AMS 的影响（Richalet 等人，2012 年）。AMS 会影响运动表现。然而，月经周期（MC）对运动生理反应和高海拔（HA）耐受性的影响仍未得到充分探索。据报道，卵巢激素会刺激常氧条件下的通气（Saaresranta 和 Polo，2002 年）。早期研究结果表明，在常氧状态下，黄体中期（ML）的跑步经济性低于卵泡早期（EF）（Goldsmith 和 Glaister，2020 年）。然而，尚未对 HA 阶段的骑行效率进行研究。因此，我们研究了急性 HA 暴露对健康女性在 MC 的两个不同阶段休息和运动时通气反应的影响。方法 16 名闭经女性（年龄：33 ± 7 岁；MC 长度：27 ± 2 天；未服用任何荷尔蒙避孕药）参加了这项研究。首先，在为期 6 个月的时间内，使用日历法对参与者的 MC 进行监测。然后，他们乘坐缆车到达都灵小屋（海拔 3,375 米），并在两个不同的 MC 期，即早期卵泡期（EF；MC 第 4 ± 1 天）和中期黄体期（ML；第 20 ± 2 天），在 HA 度过一晚。每次，参与者在到达医管局约17小时后，都要在自行车测力计上进行一次亚极限（1.2 W/kg）测试。此外，参与者还在抵达医管局约 16 小时后填写了两份问卷，即路易斯湖 AMS 评分和格罗宁根睡眠质量量表。结果 EF 期间的静息通气量明显高于 ML 期间（15.2 ± 1.9 vs. 13.2 ± 2.5 L/min，p = 0.039），而运动期间的通气量则无差异（53.9 ± 13.2 vs. 53.5 ± 13.4 L/min，p = 0.039）。5 ± 13.4 L/min，p = 0.695）、循环效率（21.7 ± 0.0% vs. 19.8 ± 0.0%，p = 0.244）、静息时饱和度（92.4 ± 1.3 vs. 91.3 ± 3.2%，p = 0.142）和运动时饱和度（87.2 ± 5.7 vs. 89.0 ± 4.0%，p = 0.528）均无差异。此外，路易斯湖 AMS（2.2 ± 1.5 vs. 1.7 ± 1.5，p = 0.266）和格罗宁根 AMS（8.0 ± 3.3 vs. 7.5 ± 3.4，p = 0.668）得分在两个 MC 阶段之间没有差异。讨论/结论 尽管在雌激素和孕激素水平最低的 EF 期，静息通气量稍高，但 MC 的不同阶段对运动和 AMS 的通气反应没有差异。因此，目前几乎没有证据可以为登山或任何其他医管局活动推荐一个特定的 MC 阶段（Burtscher 等人，2023 年）。我们需要进一步调查，以评估对 HA 的其他生理反应是否会受到荷尔蒙变化的影响。参考文献 Bärtsch, P., & Swenson, E. R. (2013)。急性高海拔疾病。https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1214870 Burtscher, J., Raberin, A., Brocherie, F., Malatesta, D., Manferdelli, G., Citherlet, T., Krumm, B., Bourdillon, N., Antero, J., Rasica, L., Burtscher, M. & Millet, G. P. (2023)。山地运动和缺氧训练/调节中的女性建议。运动医学》。https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-023-01970-6 Goldsmith, E., & Glaister, M. (2020)。月经周期对跑步经济性的影响。https://doi.org/10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10229-9 Richalet, J.-P., Larmignat, P., Poitrine, E., Letournel, M., & Canouï-Poitrine, F. (2012)。严重高海拔疾病的生理风险因素：前瞻性队列研究。https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201108-1396OC Saaresranta, T., & Polo, O. (2002)。激素与呼吸》。美国胸科医师学会》，122（6），2165-2182。 https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.122.6.2165
{"title":"The effects of the menstrual cycle on the physiological responses to exercise in eumenorrheic women at high-altitude","authors":"Guia Tagliapietra, Tom Citherlet, Antoine Raberin, Giorgio Manferdelli, B. Krumm, Benjamin J. Narang, N. Bourdillon, T. Debevec, Guido Giardini, Grégoire P. Millet","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss077","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000The acute mountain sickness (AMS) prevalence increases with altitude; i.e.,10-25% at 2,500 m and 50-85% at ~5,000 m (Bärtsch & Swenson, 2013). Women are more likely affected by AMS than men (Richalet et al., 2012). AMS can affect exercise performance. However, the effects of the menstrual cycle (MC) on physiological responses to exercise and on tolerance to high-altitude (HA) remain underexplored. It has been reported that ovarian hormones stimulate ventilation in normoxic conditions (Saaresranta & Polo, 2002). Early findings suggest that running economy is lower in the mid-luteal (ML) compared to the early-follicular (EF) phase in normoxia (Goldsmith & Glaister, 2020). However, cycling efficiency at HA has not been explored yet. Thus, we investigated the effects of acute HA exposure on ventilatory responses at rest and during exercise in healthy females during two different phases of their MC. \u0000Methods \u0000Sixteen eumenorrheic women (age: 33 ± 7 yr; MC length: 27 ± 2 days; not taking any hormonal contraceptive) took part in this study. First, over a 6-month period, the participants’ MC were monitored using a calendar method. Then, they reached the Torino Hut (3,375 m) by cable car and spent one night at HA on two different MC phases; i.e., during the early-follicular (EF; MC day 4 ± 1) and the mid-luteal (ML; day 20 ± 2) phases. Each time, they underwent a submaximal (1.2 W/kg) test on a cycle ergometer ~17 h after arrival at HA. In addition to this, participants filled in two questionnaires, the Lake Louise AMS Score and the Groningen Sleep Quality Scale, ~16 h after arrival at HA. \u0000Results \u0000Resting ventilation was significantly higher during EF compared to ML (15.2 ± 1.9 vs. 13.2 ± 2.5 L/min, p = 0.039), while no differences were found for ventilation during exercise (53.9 ± 13.2 vs. 53.5 ± 13.4 L/min, p = 0.695), cycling efficiency (21.7 ± 0.0% vs. 19.8 ± 0.0%, p = 0.244), saturation at rest (92.4 ± 1.3 vs. 91.3 ± 3.2%, p = 0.142) and during exercise (87.2 ± 5.7 vs. 89.0 ± 4.0%, p = 0.528). Moreover, no differences in the Lake Louise AMS (2.2 ± 1.5 vs. 1.7 ± 1.5, p = 0.266) or Groningen (8.0 ± 3.3 vs. 7.5 ± 3.4, p = 0.668) scores were noted between the two MC phases. \u0000Discussion/Conclusion \u0000Despite a slightly higher resting ventilation during EF, when both oestrogens and progesterone are at their lowest levels, there were no differences in ventilatory responses to exercise and in AMS between the different phases of the MC. Consequently, there is currently very little evidence to aptly recommend a specific MC phase for mountaineering or any other HA activities (Burtscher et al., 2023). Further investigations are requested to assess whether other physiological responses to HA may be influenced by hormonal variations. \u0000References \u0000Bärtsch, P., & Swenson, E. R. (2013). Acute high-altitude illnesses. New England Journal of Medicine, 368, 2294–2302. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1214870 \u0000Burtscher, J., Raberin, A., Brocherie, F., Malates","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139801791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Schilling, R. Weibel, E. Giannouli, D. Infanger, A. Sofios, S. Gisler, C. Röcke, T. Rantanen, E. Portegijs, C. Schuster-Amft, A. Mai, A. Schmidt-Trucksäss, T. Hinrichs
Background Ample evidence supports the health benefits of low-intensity physical activity such as walking, which is universally accessible and impacted by neighbourhood environmental factors like green spaces and availability of local amenities. Aim The MOBITEC-Routes project will investigate the effects of an individualized GIS-based walking intervention on physical and psychosocial functioning in mobility-limited older adults. Methods A randomized controlled trial to promote habitual walking will take place. The sample will include 130 inactive, chronically ill, mobility-limited older adults. The intervention will combine professional consultations with map-based planning and behaviour change techniques derived from the Health Action Process Approach. Results Expected outcomes include increase in participants’ daily step count, physical activity levels, physical function, life space mobility, self-efficacy, social participation, and quality of life. Conclusion MOBITEC-Routes is poised to offer new insights into personalized GIS-based interventions’ effectiveness in improving mobility and overall well-being in older adults with mobility impairments.
{"title":"Increasing habitual walking in mobility-limited older adults through a personalized GIS-based intervention","authors":"R. Schilling, R. Weibel, E. Giannouli, D. Infanger, A. Sofios, S. Gisler, C. Röcke, T. Rantanen, E. Portegijs, C. Schuster-Amft, A. Mai, A. Schmidt-Trucksäss, T. Hinrichs","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss068","url":null,"abstract":"Background \u0000Ample evidence supports the health benefits of low-intensity physical activity such as walking, which is universally accessible and impacted by neighbourhood environmental factors like green spaces and availability of local amenities. \u0000Aim \u0000The MOBITEC-Routes project will investigate the effects of an individualized GIS-based walking intervention on physical and psychosocial functioning in mobility-limited older adults. \u0000Methods \u0000A randomized controlled trial to promote habitual walking will take place. The sample will include 130 inactive, chronically ill, mobility-limited older adults. The intervention will combine professional consultations with map-based planning and behaviour change techniques derived from the Health Action Process Approach. \u0000Results \u0000Expected outcomes include increase in participants’ daily step count, physical activity levels, physical function, life space mobility, self-efficacy, social participation, and quality of life. \u0000Conclusion \u0000MOBITEC-Routes is poised to offer new insights into personalized GIS-based interventions’ effectiveness in improving mobility and overall well-being in older adults with mobility impairments.","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"109 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139802173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raphael Stieger, Romano Keller-Meier, Grazia Lang, Siegfried Nagel
Introduction Sports clubs in Switzerland face increasing expectations and challenges from internal and external stakeholders. Therefore, more and more sports clubs professionalise their structures and processes, e.g., by establishing a club office with (part-time) employees. Since there is little knowledge in the sports management literature about the causes, forms and consequences of establishing a club office, this study answers the following research questions based on the multi-level framework from Nagel et al. (2015): Why and how do Swiss sports clubs establish a club office? What are the consequences of establishing a club office? Methods We selected five Swiss sports clubs in the context of a multiple case study design (Yin, 2014). Case selection aimed to include sports clubs of varying sizes, sports and professionalisation types. Data were collected through document analysis, expert interviews with decision-makers and focus groups with club members. Data were analysed using causation coding (Miles et al., 2014). Results Findings show different causes for establishing a club office. The main reason was to relieve volunteer board members. The various causes imply different roles and responsibilities of the established club office. While in some sports clubs, the club office is primarily responsible for administrative tasks, in others, it is also responsible for sponsorship. This circumstance explains why some sports clubs did not have to increase their membership fees to finance the club office because they could increase their sponsorship revenue. Although the club office staff is paid in all sports clubs, the volume of work varies. However, the paid staff often works more than agreed (“volunteer professionals”). Regarding the consequences, all sports clubs that established a club office are satisfied with their decision. Positive consequences are that a “place to go” was created for internal and external stakeholders, and many club processes are more efficient now. However, establishing a club office with (part-time) employees raises the question of strategic and operational responsibilities and decision-making power. Discussion/Conclusion The findings offer several implications for sports clubs that want to establish a club office. At the same time, the study provides further research perspectives. First, it might be insightful to analyse if there are any relevant differences in whether a sports club transforms its secretariat into a club office or establishes a club office for the first time. Second, there are further changes regarding the organisational structures and processes that are worth looking at when analysing the establishment of a club office, such as creating an executive/management board or employing a (paid) CEO. To conclude, it might be interesting to analyse sports clubs that have established a club office but shut it down after a while. References Miles, M. B., Hubermann, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative Data An
引言 瑞士的体育俱乐部面临着来自内部和外部利益相关者越来越高的期望和挑战。因此，越来越多的体育俱乐部将其结构和流程专业化，例如设立俱乐部办公室，并配备（兼职）员工。由于体育管理文献对设立俱乐部办公室的原因、形式和后果知之甚少，本研究基于 Nagel 等人（2015 年）的多层次框架，回答了以下研究问题：瑞士体育俱乐部为何以及如何建立俱乐部办公室？建立俱乐部办公室的后果是什么？方法我们在多重案例研究设计（Yin，2014 年）的背景下选择了五家瑞士体育俱乐部。案例选择的目的是纳入不同规模、运动项目和职业化类型的体育俱乐部。我们通过文件分析、与决策者的专家访谈以及与俱乐部成员的焦点小组收集数据。数据分析采用因果关系编码法（Miles et al.主要原因是为了减轻志愿理事的负担。不同的原因意味着成立俱乐部办公室的角色和职责各不相同。在一些体育俱乐部中，俱乐部办公室主要负责行政工作，而在另一些体育俱乐部中，它还负责赞助工作。这就解释了为什么有些体育俱乐部不必增加会员费来为俱乐部办公室提供资金，因为他们可以增加赞助收入。虽然所有体育俱乐部的俱乐部办公室工作人员都领取工资，但工作量各不相同。不过，领薪人员的工作量往往比同意的人员（"志愿专业人员"）要多。关于后果，所有设立俱乐部办公室的体育俱乐部都对自己的决定感到满意。积极的结果是，为内部和外部利益相关者创建了一个 "去处"，许多分会流程现在更有效率了。但是，由（兼职）员工建立分会办公室会引发战略和运营责任以及决策权的问题。 讨论/结论 研究结果为希望建立分会办公室的体育分会提供了一些启示。同时，本研究还提供了进一步的研究视角。首先，分析体育俱乐部是将其秘书处转变为俱乐部办事处，还是首次设立俱乐部办事处，是否存在相关差异，可能会很有启发。其次，在分析成立俱乐部办事处时，组织结构和程序方面的进一步变化也值得研究，如成立执行/管理委员会或聘用（有偿）首席执行官。最后，对那些成立了俱乐部办公室，但一段时间后又将其关闭的体育俱乐部进行分析可能会很有意义。定性数据分析。A Methods Sourcebook (3rd ed.).SAGE.Nagel, S., Schlesinger, T., Bayle, E., & Giauque, D. (2015).体育联合会的职业化--分析形式、原因和后果的多层次框架》。European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(4), 407-433. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2015.1062990Yin, R. K. (2014).Case Study Research：Design and Methods (5th ed.).SAGE.
{"title":"Professionalisation and governance in Swiss sports clubs – Establishing a club office","authors":"Raphael Stieger, Romano Keller-Meier, Grazia Lang, Siegfried Nagel","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss011","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000Sports clubs in Switzerland face increasing expectations and challenges from internal and external stakeholders. Therefore, more and more sports clubs professionalise their structures and processes, e.g., by establishing a club office with (part-time) employees. Since there is little knowledge in the sports management literature about the causes, forms and consequences of establishing a club office, this study answers the following research questions based on the multi-level framework from Nagel et al. (2015): Why and how do Swiss sports clubs establish a club office? What are the consequences of establishing a club office?\u0000Methods\u0000We selected five Swiss sports clubs in the context of a multiple case study design (Yin, 2014). Case selection aimed to include sports clubs of varying sizes, sports and professionalisation types. Data were collected through document analysis, expert interviews with decision-makers and focus groups with club members. Data were analysed using causation coding (Miles et al., 2014).\u0000Results\u0000Findings show different causes for establishing a club office. The main reason was to relieve volunteer board members. The various causes imply different roles and responsibilities of the established club office. While in some sports clubs, the club office is primarily responsible for administrative tasks, in others, it is also responsible for sponsorship. This circumstance explains why some sports clubs did not have to increase their membership fees to finance the club office because they could increase their sponsorship revenue. Although the club office staff is paid in all sports clubs, the volume of work varies. However, the paid staff often works more than agreed (“volunteer professionals”). Regarding the consequences, all sports clubs that established a club office are satisfied with their decision. Positive consequences are that a “place to go” was created for internal and external stakeholders, and many club processes are more efficient now. However, establishing a club office with (part-time) employees raises the question of strategic and operational responsibilities and decision-making power.\u0000Discussion/Conclusion\u0000The findings offer several implications for sports clubs that want to establish a club office. At the same time, the study provides further research perspectives. First, it might be insightful to analyse if there are any relevant differences in whether a sports club transforms its secretariat into a club office or establishes a club office for the first time. Second, there are further changes regarding the organisational structures and processes that are worth looking at when analysing the establishment of a club office, such as creating an executive/management board or employing a (paid) CEO. To conclude, it might be interesting to analyse sports clubs that have established a club office but shut it down after a while.\u0000References\u0000Miles, M. B., Hubermann, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative Data An","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"358 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139858294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction A collaborative international guideline recommends physical exercise (PE) for the secondary prevention of mild neurocognitive disorder (mNCD; Veronese et al., 2023). PE is proposed to promote brain plasticity, maintain or increase cognitive reserve, and alleviate the pathological state in individuals with mNCD, which is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of proteins, excessive oxidative stress, metabolic disorder, and neuroinflammation within the brain (Lu et al., 2023). Individuals with mNCD often also have disrupted self-regulatory capacity to flexibly adapt to daily life challenges. This capacity is supported by the central autonomic network (CAN), which can be viewed as an integrated component of an internal regulatory system in which the brain controls visceromotor, neuroendocrine, and behavioral responses that are critical for goal-directed behavior, adaptability, and health (Thayer, 2009). To maximize the effectiveness of secondary prevention of mNCD, interventions should be designed to also target this network specifically. This could be achieved by combining motor-cognitive training with resonance breathing guided by heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV-BF). HRV-BF training aims to increase cardiac autonomic control, enhance homeostatic regulation, and regulate emotional state. It is effective in improving cardiac autonomic control, cognitive functioning (in particular executive functions), and emotional regulation (i.e., by decreasing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress) across different age groups and clinical populations (Laborde et al., 2022; Lehrer et al., 2020). Evidence also supports a causal role of cardiac autonomic control in modulating plasma Alzheimer’s disease-related biomarkers (Min et al., 2023). Although HRV-BF has been suggested as a complementary treatment (Lehrer et al., 2020), its combination with motor-cognitive training remains to be investigated. Methods We systematically designed, developed, and evaluated a novel training concept (called ‘Brain-IT’) specifically for older adults with mNCD. It addresses the mechanism of action described above. The projects’ methodology (Manser & de Bruin, 2021) followed the guidelines of the Medical Research Council for the development and evaluation of complex interventions as well as the Multidisciplinary Iterative Design of Exergames (MIDE) - Framework. The Brain-IT project was structured in three phases. In phase 1, we systematically combined a comprehensive literature synthesis (Manser & de Bruin, 2021) with qualitative research including primary end users (older adults with mNCD), secondary end users (physiotherapists, occupational therapists, healthcare professionals), exergaming researchers, as well as experts from the exergaming industry (Manser et al., 2023) to specify a set of design requirements for the Brain-IT training concept. In phase 2, possible concepts were co-designed and elaborated based on the set of design requirements defined i
脑-IT 训练概念是通过标准化训练特征、结构和内容，将基于运动认知的外显子训练与心率变异-脑电信号训练相结合的应用指南，可通过不同的硬件和软件解决方案实施。概括地说，脑-IT 训练包括基于运动认知训练的个性化和个体化的多领域同步运动认知训练，其中包含认知任务和心率变异-脑电频训练。训练以缺陷为导向，重点关注以下神经认知领域：(1) 学习和记忆；(2) 执行功能；(3) 复杂注意力；(4) 视觉空间技能。每位学员每周接受 5 次训练，每次训练时间≥ 24 分钟，因此每周训练时间≥ 120 分钟。所有训练课程均计划在参与者家中进行。在这个项目中，我们使用了 Dividat AG、Polar 和 Kubios Oy 的技术来实现我们的训练理念。在试验性 RCT 中，我们发现 Brain-IT 培训是可行的（平均坚持率和达标率分别为 85.0% 和 84.1%），也是可用的（平均系统可用性量表 = 71.7 ± 15.4）。此外，还观察到高水平的外显游戏乐趣、外显游戏乐趣的增加、训练动机的内化（分别为 p = 0.03，r = 0.75 和 p = 0.03，r = 0.74）以及可接受的感知有用性。第三阶段正在进行中。迄今为止，共有 41 名参与者参与了该研究，其中 2 人在测量前撤回同意书，2 人在干预期间退出（每组 1 人），29 人（72.6 ± 9.3 岁；24.1% 为女性）成功完成了研究。初步数据表明，干预组在整体认知功能（F(1, 29) = 4.692, p = 0.039, partial η2 = 0.153）以及即时（F(1, 29) = 6.501, p = 0.018, partial η2 = 0.213）和延迟（F(1, 29) = 5.227, p = 0.031, partial η2 = 0.179）口头回忆方面具有明显的效果，且效果大小较大。其余的（动力不足的）统计分析显示，干预组没有显著效果，但在描述性统计中出现了有利于干预组的小到中等效果的有利变化，特别是在生活质量方面。通过应用 MIDE 框架，我们采用了结构化、迭代和循证的方法，从而确定了外显子游戏设计的多个关键要求，以及可能被忽视或忽略的训练内容。最终形成了以用户为中心、个性化和高度创新的培训理念，这种理念是可行的、可用的，并得到了 mNCD 患者的高度认可。有关干预效果的初步数据令人鼓舞，表明该训练显著改善了整体认知功能、言语即刻记忆和延迟记忆，并具有较大的效应大小，而且往往有利于提高生活质量。要对脑-IT 训练概念的有效性做出结论，还需要进行全面的确认性随机对照优越性试验。参考文献Laborde, S., Aelle, M. S., Borges, U., Dosseville, F., Hosang, T. J., Iskra, M., Mosley, E., Salvotti, C., Spolverator, L., Zammit, N., & Javelle, F. (2022)。自愿慢速呼吸对心率和心率变异性的影响：系统综述与荟萃分析》。https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104711Lehrer, P., Kaur, K., Sharma, A., Shah, K., Huseby, R., Bhavsar, J., Sgobba, P., & Zhang, Y. (2020)。心率变异性生物反馈改善情绪和身体健康及表现：系统综述与元分析》。https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-020-09466-zLu, Y., Bu, F.-Q., Wang, F., Liu, L., Zhang, S., Wang, G., & Hu, X.-Y. (2023).(2023).运动诱导改善认知功能障碍的分子机制研究进展。https://doi.org/10.1186/s40035-023-00341-5Manser, P., Adcock-Omlin, M., & de Bruin, E. D. (2023).为患有轻度神经认知障碍的老年人设计基于外显子游戏的训练干预的考虑因素：定性研究，包括与专家和医护人员的焦点小组讨论，以及对患者的个人半结构式深度访谈。https://doi.org/10.2196/37616Manser, P., & de Bruin, E. D. (2021).发挥最佳效果：为患有轻度神经认知障碍的老年人设计和开发外部游戏--方法论论文 .https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.734012Manser, P., Michels, L. (2021).
{"title":"Brain-IT: Targeting the brain using information technology for secondary prevention of mild neurocognitive disorder","authors":"P. Manser, E.D. de Bruin","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss021","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000A collaborative international guideline recommends physical exercise (PE) for the secondary prevention of mild neurocognitive disorder (mNCD; Veronese et al., 2023). PE is proposed to promote brain plasticity, maintain or increase cognitive reserve, and alleviate the pathological state in individuals with mNCD, which is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of proteins, excessive oxidative stress, metabolic disorder, and neuroinflammation within the brain (Lu et al., 2023). Individuals with mNCD often also have disrupted self-regulatory capacity to flexibly adapt to daily life challenges. This capacity is supported by the central autonomic network (CAN), which can be viewed as an integrated component of an internal regulatory system in which the brain controls visceromotor, neuroendocrine, and behavioral responses that are critical for goal-directed behavior, adaptability, and health (Thayer, 2009). To maximize the effectiveness of secondary prevention of mNCD, interventions should be designed to also target this network specifically. This could be achieved by combining motor-cognitive training with resonance breathing guided by heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV-BF). HRV-BF training aims to increase cardiac autonomic control, enhance homeostatic regulation, and regulate emotional state. It is effective in improving cardiac autonomic control, cognitive functioning (in particular executive functions), and emotional regulation (i.e., by decreasing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress) across different age groups and clinical populations (Laborde et al., 2022; Lehrer et al., 2020). Evidence also supports a causal role of cardiac autonomic control in modulating plasma Alzheimer’s disease-related biomarkers (Min et al., 2023). Although HRV-BF has been suggested as a complementary treatment (Lehrer et al., 2020), its combination with motor-cognitive training remains to be investigated.\u0000Methods\u0000We systematically designed, developed, and evaluated a novel training concept (called ‘Brain-IT’) specifically for older adults with mNCD. It addresses the mechanism of action described above. The projects’ methodology (Manser & de Bruin, 2021) followed the guidelines of the Medical Research Council for the development and evaluation of complex interventions as well as the Multidisciplinary Iterative Design of Exergames (MIDE) - Framework. The Brain-IT project was structured in three phases. In phase 1, we systematically combined a comprehensive literature synthesis (Manser & de Bruin, 2021) with qualitative research including primary end users (older adults with mNCD), secondary end users (physiotherapists, occupational therapists, healthcare professionals), exergaming researchers, as well as experts from the exergaming industry (Manser et al., 2023) to specify a set of design requirements for the Brain-IT training concept. In phase 2, possible concepts were co-designed and elaborated based on the set of design requirements defined i","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"24 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139861203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nadège Zanou, Vincent Gremeaux, Nicolas Place, R. Lepers
Introduction This study aimed at examining the cardiorespiratory and muscular adaptations following 12 weeks of detraining and retraining in a 53-year-old endurance master athlete. Methods Data were collected before and after detraining and after retraining. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was evaluated during maximal cycling exercise. Proteins involved in muscle contraction, mitochondrial function and glycolysis were investigated using western blot analysis. Results VO2max decreased by 7% after detraining and was 5% greater than baseline after retraining. Detraining induced an important increase in the ryanodine receptor type 1 protein levels (RyR1, +44%) with a decrease in the protein levels of its stabilizer FKBP12 (-24%). We observed a 138% increase in the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum ATPase 1 protein and a 42% increase in the myosin heavy chain fast-twitch protein in response to detraining, suggesting transformation towards a more glycolytic phenotype. This was associated with depressed levels of the mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins, while the expression of the mitochondrial dynamic proteins appeared stimulated. Twelve weeks of retraining reversed almost all the alterations observed in muscle proteins, but specifically increased mitochondrial biogenesis, OXPHOS and antioxidant defense proteins as well as the glucose transporter 4 (Glut -4, +36%) and hexokinase (+100%) proteins levels compared to baseline. The mitochondrial dynamic proteins were further increased with the retraining. Discussion/Conclusion These data provide novel information on cardiorespiratory and muscular plasticity suggesting that highly endurance-trained athletes might show substantial muscular adaptations while retrained after a detraining period and call for more extensive clinical trials.
{"title":"Cardiovascular and muscular plasticity in an endurance-master athlete following 12 weeks of detraining and retraining: A case study.","authors":"Nadège Zanou, Vincent Gremeaux, Nicolas Place, R. Lepers","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss084","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000This study aimed at examining the cardiorespiratory and muscular adaptations following 12 weeks of detraining and retraining in a 53-year-old endurance master athlete. \u0000Methods \u0000Data were collected before and after detraining and after retraining. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was evaluated during maximal cycling exercise. Proteins involved in muscle contraction, mitochondrial function and glycolysis were investigated using western blot analysis. \u0000Results \u0000VO2max decreased by 7% after detraining and was 5% greater than baseline after retraining. Detraining induced an important increase in the ryanodine receptor type 1 protein levels (RyR1, +44%) with a decrease in the protein levels of its stabilizer FKBP12 (-24%). We observed a 138% increase in the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum ATPase 1 protein and a 42% increase in the myosin heavy chain fast-twitch protein in response to detraining, suggesting transformation towards a more glycolytic phenotype. This was associated with depressed levels of the mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) proteins, while the expression of the mitochondrial dynamic proteins appeared stimulated. Twelve weeks of retraining reversed almost all the alterations observed in muscle proteins, but specifically increased mitochondrial biogenesis, OXPHOS and antioxidant defense proteins as well as the glucose transporter 4 (Glut -4, +36%) and hexokinase (+100%) proteins levels compared to baseline. The mitochondrial dynamic proteins were further increased with the retraining. \u0000Discussion/Conclusion \u0000These data provide novel information on cardiorespiratory and muscular plasticity suggesting that highly endurance-trained athletes might show substantial muscular adaptations while retrained after a detraining period and call for more extensive clinical trials.","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"38 2-3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139861677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Ritsche, M. Franchi, Jörg Spörri, Martin Keller, Neil J. Cronin, Oliver Faude
Introduction Lower limb muscle strength is an important predictor of sports performance, injury risk and frailty in ageing. The strength of a muscle is determined by its geometry and neuronal factors. Muscle geometry can be subdivided into architecture and morphology. Muscle morphology describes shape characteristics such as anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA), thickness or volume (Maden-Wilkinson et al., 2021). Muscle architecture is determined by muscle fascicle length and the insertion angle of the muscle fascicles in the aponeuroses and describes the orientation of the muscle fibers relative to their force generation axis (Lieber & Friden, 2000). Muscle geometry is associated to physical performance and strength in humans (Maden-Wilkinson et al., 2021; Werkhausen et al., 2022) and is therefore a main research interest. A cost-effective and participant friendly method to validly and reliably assess muscle geometry is ultrasonography. However, a major limitation of ultrasonography is the subjectivity of image acquisition and the time-consuming image analysis (Ritsche et al., 2021; Ritsche, Wirth, et al., 2022; Ritsche et al., 2023). Moreover, image characteristics are massively influenced by the ultrasonography device used (Ritsche, Schmid, et al., 2022) as well as the muscle region scanned (Monte & Franchi, 2023). This poses constraints on the generalizability of existing automated image analysis approaches. The goal of this series of studies is therefore to optimize the ultrasonography acquisition and data analysis procedures by developing open-source software packages. Secondly, we aim to apply these methods in a sports performance context and describe the relevance of muscle geometry. Methods To streamline the time-consuming and subjective process of image analysis, we developed open-source and user-friendly software packages for muscle geometry analysis in lower limb muscles. We developed a semi-automated algorithm “ACSAuto” for assisted analysis of muscle ACSA using common image filtering processes (Ritsche et al., 2021). Given the limited generalizability and required user input of this approach, we developed two fully automated software applications, “DeepACSA” and “DL_Track_US”, using convolutional neural networks for more time efficient and robust analysis of lower limb muscle geometry (Ritsche et al., 2023; Ritsche, Wirth, et al., 2022; Ritsche et al., in press). We compared the predictions in an unseen test set to the current state-of-the-art, manual analysis, in order to evaluate the performance of our algorithms. To broaden the application of ultrasonography for evaluating muscle geometry in a sports context, we investigated the validity of a low-cost mobile ultrasonography device compared to a high-end counterpart in assessing various muscle architectural parameters in healthy adults (Ritsche, Schmid, et al., 2022).The mobile ultrasonography setup consisted of a smartphone and a portable probe, enabling practitioners high fle
{"title":"Muscle geometry and its relevance for sports performance? A perspective of current findings and future opportunities","authors":"P. Ritsche, M. Franchi, Jörg Spörri, Martin Keller, Neil J. Cronin, Oliver Faude","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss023","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000Lower limb muscle strength is an important predictor of sports performance, injury risk and frailty in ageing. The strength of a muscle is determined by its geometry and neuronal factors. Muscle geometry can be subdivided into architecture and morphology. Muscle morphology describes shape characteristics such as anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA), thickness or volume (Maden-Wilkinson et al., 2021). Muscle architecture is determined by muscle fascicle length and the insertion angle of the muscle fascicles in the aponeuroses and describes the orientation of the muscle fibers relative to their force generation axis (Lieber & Friden, 2000). Muscle geometry is associated to physical performance and strength in humans (Maden-Wilkinson et al., 2021; Werkhausen et al., 2022) and is therefore a main research interest. A cost-effective and participant friendly method to validly and reliably assess muscle geometry is ultrasonography. However, a major limitation of ultrasonography is the subjectivity of image acquisition and the time-consuming image analysis (Ritsche et al., 2021; Ritsche, Wirth, et al., 2022; Ritsche et al., 2023). Moreover, image characteristics are massively influenced by the ultrasonography device used (Ritsche, Schmid, et al., 2022) as well as the muscle region scanned (Monte & Franchi, 2023). This poses constraints on the generalizability of existing automated image analysis approaches. The goal of this series of studies is therefore to optimize the ultrasonography acquisition and data analysis procedures by developing open-source software packages. Secondly, we aim to apply these methods in a sports performance context and describe the relevance of muscle geometry.\u0000Methods\u0000To streamline the time-consuming and subjective process of image analysis, we developed open-source and user-friendly software packages for muscle geometry analysis in lower limb muscles. We developed a semi-automated algorithm “ACSAuto” for assisted analysis of muscle ACSA using common image filtering processes (Ritsche et al., 2021). Given the limited generalizability and required user input of this approach, we developed two fully automated software applications, “DeepACSA” and “DL_Track_US”, using convolutional neural networks for more time efficient and robust analysis of lower limb muscle geometry (Ritsche et al., 2023; Ritsche, Wirth, et al., 2022; Ritsche et al., in press). We compared the predictions in an unseen test set to the current state-of-the-art, manual analysis, in order to evaluate the performance of our algorithms.\u0000To broaden the application of ultrasonography for evaluating muscle geometry in a sports context, we investigated the validity of a low-cost mobile ultrasonography device compared to a high-end counterpart in assessing various muscle architectural parameters in healthy adults (Ritsche, Schmid, et al., 2022).The mobile ultrasonography setup consisted of a smartphone and a portable probe, enabling practitioners high fle","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"51 1-2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139861731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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