Rahel Bürgi, Angela Gebert, H. Stamm, M. Lamprecht
Introduction The Swiss Sports Observatory has been conducting the national club survey since 1996. Every six years, the club managers of all sports clubs belonging to an association affiliated to Swiss Olympic are asked to complete a questionnaire. The survey is supported by Swiss Olympic, the Federal Office of Sport and other partners and provides information on the development of Swiss sports clubs, their structures and performance, as well as their strategies and prospects. The latest club survey was published at the end of 2023 (Bürgi et al., 2023). Methods The 2023 club survey is based on an online survey of 6,782 sports clubs. With a total of 18,229 sports clubs contacted, this results in a participation rate of 37.2%. The results were validated and their representativeness checked through various comparisons with other surveys (survey of the associations and the population surveys "Sport Schweiz 2020" and "Freiwilligen-Monitor"). Results The number of sports clubs - but not the number of active members - has fallen slightly in recent years. However, the large number of small clubs continues to characterize the Swiss club system. The high density of clubs ensures a wide range of activities, but also ties up a lot of resources and leads to increased fluctuation among members. The vast majority of active members as well as children and young people are active in medium-sized and large clubs. The number of active club members has remained stable for many years. There has been no decline in club memberships, but the clubs cannot profit from population growth and the sports boom. There are also significant changes in the club structure: clubs are growing among children but losing members among adults. This development has an impact on the recruitment of volunteers. Voluntary work therefore remains the foundation of club sport, but also the number one challenge. The problem cannot be solved with increased professionalization. Although there is more paid work in clubs today, the need for volunteers is still growing. Club budgets also place limits on professionalization. Staff cost is already the largest expense item today. The financial situation of Swiss sports clubs has not generally deteriorated in recent years. However, it has not been possible to tap into new sources of income either and membership fees cannot be increased at will. Discussion/Conclusion Overall, Swiss sports clubs have coped well with the various challenges of recent years. At the same time, the proportion of clubs facing problems that threaten their existence is increasing. Only with the active further development of club work and differentiated approaches to solutions, which help to meet the growing demands placed on clubs and the associated increased need for volunteers and paid staff, will clubs remain a central pillar of Swiss sport in the future (Lamprecht & Nagel, 2022). References Bürgi, R., Lamprecht, M., Gebert, A. & Stamm, H. P. (2023). Sportvereine in der Schweiz
引言 瑞士体育观察站自 1996 年起开始进行全国俱乐部调查。每六年，瑞士奥林匹克下属协会的所有体育俱乐部经理都要填写一份调查问卷。该调查得到了瑞士奥林匹克、联邦体育局和其他合作伙伴的支持，并提供了有关瑞士体育俱乐部的发展、结构和表现以及战略和前景的信息。最新的俱乐部调查报告于 2023 年底发布（Bürgi et al.总共联系了 18229 家体育俱乐部，参与率为 37.2%。通过与其他调查（协会调查、"Sport Schweiz 2020 "和 "Freiwilligen-Monitor "人口调查）的各种比较，对调查结果进行了验证，并检验了其代表性。然而，大量小型俱乐部仍然是瑞士俱乐部系统的特点。俱乐部的高密度确保了活动的广泛性，但也占用了大量资源，并导致会员之间的波动加剧。绝大多数活跃会员以及儿童和青少年都活跃在大中型俱乐部中。多年来，活跃的俱乐部会员人数一直保持稳定。俱乐部会员人数没有减少，但俱乐部无法从人口增长和体育繁荣中获利。俱乐部结构也发生了重大变化：儿童俱乐部的会员人数不断增加，但成人俱乐部的会员人数却在减少。这种发展对招募志愿者产生了影响。因此，志愿工作仍是俱乐部体育的基础，但也是头号挑战。这个问题无法通过提高专业化程度来解决。尽管如今俱乐部的有偿工作越来越多，但对志愿者的需求仍在增长。俱乐部预算也限制了专业化的发展。员工成本已经是当今最大的开支项目。近年来，瑞士体育俱乐部的财务状况总体上没有恶化。讨论/结论 总体而言，瑞士体育俱乐部很好地应对了近年来的各种挑战。同时，面临威胁其生存问题的俱乐部比例也在增加。只有积极进一步发展俱乐部工作，并采取不同的解决方法，帮助满足对俱乐部提出的日益增长的要求，以及与之相关的对志愿者和有偿工作人员需求的增加，俱乐部才能在未来继续成为瑞士体育的核心支柱（Lamprecht & Nagel，2022 年）。Sportvereine in der Schweiz 2022.Entwicklungen, Herausforderungen und Perspektiven [2022年瑞士的体育俱乐部：发展、挑战和前景]。Swiss Olympic.Lamprecht, M. & Nagel, S. (2022).Sportsoziologie：Einführung [体育社会学：导论]。Nomos.
{"title":"The development of Swiss sports clubs: Membership, volunteering, professionalization","authors":"Rahel Bürgi, Angela Gebert, H. Stamm, M. Lamprecht","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss010","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000The Swiss Sports Observatory has been conducting the national club survey since 1996. Every six years, the club managers of all sports clubs belonging to an association affiliated to Swiss Olympic are asked to complete a questionnaire. The survey is supported by Swiss Olympic, the Federal Office of Sport and other partners and provides information on the development of Swiss sports clubs, their structures and performance, as well as their strategies and prospects. The latest club survey was published at the end of 2023 (Bürgi et al., 2023).\u0000Methods\u0000The 2023 club survey is based on an online survey of 6,782 sports clubs. With a total of 18,229 sports clubs contacted, this results in a participation rate of 37.2%. The results were validated and their representativeness checked through various comparisons with other surveys (survey of the associations and the population surveys \"Sport Schweiz 2020\" and \"Freiwilligen-Monitor\").\u0000Results\u0000The number of sports clubs - but not the number of active members - has fallen slightly in recent years. However, the large number of small clubs continues to characterize the Swiss club system. The high density of clubs ensures a wide range of activities, but also ties up a lot of resources and leads to increased fluctuation among members. The vast majority of active members as well as children and young people are active in medium-sized and large clubs. The number of active club members has remained stable for many years. There has been no decline in club memberships, but the clubs cannot profit from population growth and the sports boom. There are also significant changes in the club structure: clubs are growing among children but losing members among adults. This development has an impact on the recruitment of volunteers. Voluntary work therefore remains the foundation of club sport, but also the number one challenge. The problem cannot be solved with increased professionalization. Although there is more paid work in clubs today, the need for volunteers is still growing. Club budgets also place limits on professionalization. Staff cost is already the largest expense item today. The financial situation of Swiss sports clubs has not generally deteriorated in recent years. However, it has not been possible to tap into new sources of income either and membership fees cannot be increased at will.\u0000Discussion/Conclusion\u0000Overall, Swiss sports clubs have coped well with the various challenges of recent years. At the same time, the proportion of clubs facing problems that threaten their existence is increasing. Only with the active further development of club work and differentiated approaches to solutions, which help to meet the growing demands placed on clubs and the associated increased need for volunteers and paid staff, will clubs remain a central pillar of Swiss sport in the future (Lamprecht & Nagel, 2022).\u0000References\u0000Bürgi, R., Lamprecht, M., Gebert, A. & Stamm, H. P. (2023). Sportvereine in der Schweiz ","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"489 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139860294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Peters, Xinlin Wang, Martin Dresler, Daniel Erlacher
Introduction Lucid dreaming opens the possibility to rehearse sport skills within a dream while sleeping (Peters et al. 2023; Stumbrys et al. 2016). But so far, no induction techniques have been developed to induce reliable lucid dreams. One potential technique is to apply external stimulation while a person is sleeping in order to send a hint into the dream which might enhance lucidity in the ongoing dream. Several studies have tested dream incorporation rates (DIR) with different stimuli and different results (Schredl, 2018), but none with a larger sample size and a within-design. Furthermore, in this study we wanted to explore body related stimulations to evoke in future studies lucid dreams. Methods 10-Channel polysomnography and three different bodily stimulation methods were combined during three consecutive test nights with each night using one stimulation method (plus adaptation night). The three stimulation methods consisted of electrical forearm muscle stimulation (EMS), galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS), and haptic vibration stimulation (HS). During REM sleep, one of the three stimuli was presented or a sham condition was applied in a counterbalanced order. The stimuli were followed by REM awakenings, resulting in corresponding verbal dream reports. With the help of those reports, the translation from a physical arm movement, vestibular sensation and vibration into the dream environment was investigated using dream content analysis. Movement of the dream arm, balance related activity and tactile or somatosensory sensations targeted the dream incorporations of EMS, GVS and HS respectively. Results Movement of the arm was present in 23.2%, 8.1% and 23.5% of EMS, GVS and HS dreams respectively. Balance-related activity was present in 6.1%, 7.9% and 5.8% of EMS, GVS and HS dreams respectively. Finally, tactile and somatosensory sensations were present in 13.6%, 0% and 6.3% of the EMS, GVS and HS dreams respectively. After correcting for sham condition, tactile and somatosensory sensations on the EMS dreams seem to be the strongest incorporation effect upon stimulation. Discussion/Conclusion We tested dream incorporation of three different stimulation methods using a within-design on a larger sample size, a method that has never been attempted before. GVS appears unsuccessful in altering dream content, but this might be confounded due to challenges in methodology. EMS evokes the most dream incorporation in the scale of tactile and somatosensory dream content followed by HS. The investigation of the incorporation of external kinesthetic stimulation into dream content represents a fundamental contribution to various scientific fields and could foster future research on lucid dream induction, enabling the further exploration of sport practice in a sleep state. References Peters, E., Golembiewski, S., Erlacher, D., & Dresler, M. (2023). Extending mental practice to sleep: Enhancing motor skills through lucid dreaming. Medical Hypotheses, 17
{"title":"Dream incorporation of three different bodily stimuli","authors":"E. Peters, Xinlin Wang, Martin Dresler, Daniel Erlacher","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss006","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000Lucid dreaming opens the possibility to rehearse sport skills within a dream while sleeping (Peters et al. 2023; Stumbrys et al. 2016). But so far, no induction techniques have been developed to induce reliable lucid dreams. One potential technique is to apply external stimulation while a person is sleeping in order to send a hint into the dream which might enhance lucidity in the ongoing dream. Several studies have tested dream incorporation rates (DIR) with different stimuli and different results (Schredl, 2018), but none with a larger sample size and a within-design. Furthermore, in this study we wanted to explore body related stimulations to evoke in future studies lucid dreams.\u0000Methods\u000010-Channel polysomnography and three different bodily stimulation methods were combined during three consecutive test nights with each night using one stimulation method (plus adaptation night). The three stimulation methods consisted of electrical forearm muscle stimulation (EMS), galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS), and haptic vibration stimulation (HS). During REM sleep, one of the three stimuli was presented or a sham condition was applied in a counterbalanced order. The stimuli were followed by REM awakenings, resulting in corresponding verbal dream reports. With the help of those reports, the translation from a physical arm movement, vestibular sensation and vibration into the dream environment was investigated using dream content analysis. Movement of the dream arm, balance related activity and tactile or somatosensory sensations targeted the dream incorporations of EMS, GVS and HS respectively.\u0000Results\u0000Movement of the arm was present in 23.2%, 8.1% and 23.5% of EMS, GVS and HS dreams respectively. Balance-related activity was present in 6.1%, 7.9% and 5.8% of EMS, GVS and HS dreams respectively. Finally, tactile and somatosensory sensations were present in 13.6%, 0% and 6.3% of the EMS, GVS and HS dreams respectively. After correcting for sham condition, tactile and somatosensory sensations on the EMS dreams seem to be the strongest incorporation effect upon stimulation.\u0000Discussion/Conclusion\u0000We tested dream incorporation of three different stimulation methods using a within-design on a larger sample size, a method that has never been attempted before. GVS appears unsuccessful in altering dream content, but this might be confounded due to challenges in methodology. EMS evokes the most dream incorporation in the scale of tactile and somatosensory dream content followed by HS. The investigation of the incorporation of external kinesthetic stimulation into dream content represents a fundamental contribution to various scientific fields and could foster future research on lucid dream induction, enabling the further exploration of sport practice in a sleep state.\u0000References\u0000Peters, E., Golembiewski, S., Erlacher, D., & Dresler, M. (2023). Extending mental practice to sleep: Enhancing motor skills through lucid dreaming. Medical Hypotheses, 17","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"53 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139860465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sven Egger, M. Wälchli, Samuel Meyer, Wolfgang Taube
Introduction Recent findings have demonstrated that low-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulations (rTMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) impaired short-term consolidation of a balance task, underscoring the causal connection between M1 and the consolidation of balancing skills (Egger et al., 2023). However, the underlying neural mechanisms induced by rTMS and whether these adaptations endure over an extended period, encompassing multiple acquisition sessions, remain insufficiently elucidated (Censor & Cohen, 2011). So far, its is widely acknowledged that GABAergic processes play an important role for consolidation (Sanes & Donoghue, 2000), at the same time, are affected by learning balance skills (Mouthon & Taube, 2019; Taube et al., 2020). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of rTMS on GABA-mediated short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and to explore the role of M1 in the long-term consolidation of a balance task (i.e., across multiple acquisition sessions). Methods Thirty-one volunteers underwent six balance acquisition sessions on a rocker-board, each followed by either rTMS or sham rTMS based on group affiliation. During the first and last training session, SICI was measured twice; before the balance acquisition and after the application of rTMS or sham-rTMS to investigate potential short- and long-term adaptations in intracortical inhibition. Adaptations were assessed during the execution of the learned balance task and in a non-learning postural control task (i.e., stable upright stance). Results Regardless of group affiliation, all participants achieved comparable improvements within the balance acquisition sessions. However, consolidation varied between groups. In particular, between the third and the fourth acquisition session, as Tukey corrected post-hoc tests showed a significant decline in performance for the rTMS group (p = 0.006). Both short- (p = 0.014) and long-term (p = 0.038) adaptations in SICI were affected by rTMS: while the sham rTMS group upregulated SICI, rTMS led to reduced levels of inhibition. No neurophysiological effects were observed in the non-learning control task (upright stance). Discussion/Conclusion The interfering effect of rTMS on balance consolidation and on upregulation of SICI indicates that increased intracortical inhibition is an important mechanism to protect and engrave newly acquired motor memory. Importantly, adaptations in SICI were only apparent during the execution of the learned task. References Censor, N., & Cohen, L. G. (2011). Using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the underlying neural mechanisms of human motor learning and memory. The Journal of Physiology, 589(1), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2010.198077 Egger, S., Wälchli, M., Rüeger, E., & Taube, W. (2023). Short-term balance consolidation relies on the primary motor cortex: A rTMS study. Scientific Reports, 13, Article 5169. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-02
引言 最近的研究结果表明，对初级运动皮层（M1）进行低频重复磁刺激（rTMS）会损害平衡任务的短期巩固，这突出了M1与平衡技能巩固之间的因果联系（Egger等人，2023年）。然而，经颅磁刺激诱导的潜在神经机制，以及这些适应是否会持续较长时间，包括多个习得过程，仍未得到充分阐明（Censor 和 Cohen，2011 年）。迄今为止，人们普遍认为GABA能过程在巩固过程中发挥着重要作用（Sanes和Donoghue，2000年），同时也受到平衡技能学习的影响（Mouthon和Taube，2019年；Taube等人，2020年）。因此，本研究旨在调查经颅磁刺激对 GABA 介导的短间隔皮层内抑制（SICI）的影响，并探索 M1 在平衡任务的长期巩固（即跨越多个习得阶段）中的作用。方法 31名志愿者在摇摆板上进行了六次平衡习得训练，每次训练后都会根据小组归属进行经颅磁刺激或假经颅磁刺激。在第一堂和最后一堂训练课中，分别在平衡习得之前和经颅磁刺激或假经颅磁刺激之后测量两次 SICI，以研究皮层内抑制的潜在短期和长期适应性。在执行学习平衡任务和非学习姿势控制任务（即稳定的直立站姿）时对适应性进行评估。结果 无论属于哪个组，所有参与者在平衡学习过程中都取得了相当的进步。然而，各组之间的巩固情况有所不同。特别是在第三个和第四个习得环节之间，经 Tukey 校正的事后检验显示，经颅磁刺激组的成绩明显下降（p = 0.006）。经颅磁刺激对SICI的短期（p = 0.014）和长期（p = 0.038）适应性均有影响：假经颅磁刺激组提高了SICI，而经颅磁刺激组则降低了抑制水平。在非学习控制任务（直立站姿）中未观察到神经生理学效应。讨论/结论 经颅磁刺激对平衡巩固和 SICI 上调的干扰作用表明，皮层内抑制作用的增强是保护和刻画新获得的运动记忆的重要机制。重要的是，只有在执行所学任务时，SICI 的适应性才会显现出来。参考文献 Censor, N., & Cohen, L. G. (2011)。使用重复经颅磁刺激研究人类运动学习和记忆的潜在神经机制。https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2010.198077 Egger, S., Wälchli, M., Rüeger, E., & Taube, W. (2023)。短期平衡巩固依赖于初级运动皮层：经颅磁刺激研究。https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32065-x Mouthon, A., & Taube, W. (2019).皮质内抑制在姿势任务执行过程中增加，以应对平衡训练。https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.01.007 Sanes, J. N., & Donoghue, J. P. (2000).可塑性和初级运动皮层。https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.393 Taube, W., Gollhofer, A., & Lauber, B. (2020)。皮层抑制过程的训练、肌肉和任务特异性上调和下调。欧洲神经科学杂志》，51（6），1428-1440。 https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14538
{"title":"Repetitive magnetic stimuli over the motor cortex impair long-term consolidation of a balance task by suppressing up-regulation of intracortical inhibition","authors":"Sven Egger, M. Wälchli, Samuel Meyer, Wolfgang Taube","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss039","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000Recent findings have demonstrated that low-frequency repetitive magnetic stimulations (rTMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) impaired short-term consolidation of a balance task, underscoring the causal connection between M1 and the consolidation of balancing skills (Egger et al., 2023). However, the underlying neural mechanisms induced by rTMS and whether these adaptations endure over an extended period, encompassing multiple acquisition sessions, remain insufficiently elucidated (Censor & Cohen, 2011). So far, its is widely acknowledged that GABAergic processes play an important role for consolidation (Sanes & Donoghue, 2000), at the same time, are affected by learning balance skills (Mouthon & Taube, 2019; Taube et al., 2020). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of rTMS on GABA-mediated short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and to explore the role of M1 in the long-term consolidation of a balance task (i.e., across multiple acquisition sessions). \u0000Methods \u0000Thirty-one volunteers underwent six balance acquisition sessions on a rocker-board, each followed by either rTMS or sham rTMS based on group affiliation. During the first and last training session, SICI was measured twice; before the balance acquisition and after the application of rTMS or sham-rTMS to investigate potential short- and long-term adaptations in intracortical inhibition. Adaptations were assessed during the execution of the learned balance task and in a non-learning postural control task (i.e., stable upright stance). \u0000Results \u0000Regardless of group affiliation, all participants achieved comparable improvements within the balance acquisition sessions. However, consolidation varied between groups. In particular, between the third and the fourth acquisition session, as Tukey corrected post-hoc tests showed a significant decline in performance for the rTMS group (p = 0.006). Both short- (p = 0.014) and long-term (p = 0.038) adaptations in SICI were affected by rTMS: while the sham rTMS group upregulated SICI, rTMS led to reduced levels of inhibition. No neurophysiological effects were observed in the non-learning control task (upright stance). \u0000Discussion/Conclusion \u0000The interfering effect of rTMS on balance consolidation and on upregulation of SICI indicates that increased intracortical inhibition is an important mechanism to protect and engrave newly acquired motor memory. Importantly, adaptations in SICI were only apparent during the execution of the learned task. \u0000References \u0000Censor, N., & Cohen, L. G. (2011). Using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the underlying neural mechanisms of human motor learning and memory. The Journal of Physiology, 589(1), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2010.198077 \u0000Egger, S., Wälchli, M., Rüeger, E., & Taube, W. (2023). Short-term balance consolidation relies on the primary motor cortex: A rTMS study. Scientific Reports, 13, Article 5169. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-02","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"55 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139860590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction Reflective photoplethysmography (PPG) is the dominant method for heart rate (HR) monitoring consumer wearables. However, motion artifacts and sensor placement impact the accuracy of these HR measurements. Here, we present a study on how these two factors affect the accuracy of PPG-based HR measurements and compare them to ground-truth measurements from electrocardiography (ECG). Our study investigated these measurements in outdoor environments outside controlled laboratory settings. Methods Our study collected a dataset of 16 participants, each for 13 hours wearing four reflective PPG sensing devices placed at the forehead, sternum, ankle (supramalleolar), and wrist. Participants traveled by train from downtown Zurich to the Jungfraujoch railway station at 3,460 m above sea level in the mountains. PPG measurements were obtained using a MAX86141 optical analog front-end coupled with a green LED and photodiode from an SFH7072 module. Motion was quantified using two accelerometers (LIS2DH, ADXL355). A Lead I ECG was obtained by the device at the sternum using a MAX30003 biopotential sensor connected to gel electrodes on the chest. All devices were synchronized by aligning recorded signals post-hoc (33ms accuracy, Meier & Holz, 2023). The HR was extracted from the ECG by time-domain peak detection. The HR extraction from PPG was both performed by time-domain peak detection and frequency-domain analysis. The HR was computed every 5 seconds (30 seconds window size) resulting in 152,000 HR measurements across the whole dataset. Results The forehead and chest locations exhibited the highest HR measurement accuracy (median error 7.1% and 7.7%, respectively), while lower accuracies were observed for ankle and wrist placements (9.9% and 18.4% error). At rest, all median errors were below 5% while movements influenced readings at all locations negatively. Adjusted for motion, the HR obtained from the forehead sensor was most accurate. In terms of processing method, time-domain analysis produced better accuracy during periods of low motion while frequency-domain analysis was more reliable during movements. Discussion/Conclusion The accuracy of PPG-based HR measurements in uncontrolled outdoor settings is affected both by body location and motion artifacts with a clear ranking of site suitability: forehead >> chest >> ankle >> wrist. This is consistent with prior studies in controlled environments, though our study found a higher impact of motion than body location on HR accuracy (Longmore et al., 2019). This may be because participants’ motions in uncontrolled environments are more irregular and diverse, resulting in deteriorated signal quality. Our study shows the importance of further investigations in everyday conditions on the path toward more reliable PPG-based HR monitoring in wearable devices. References Longmore, S. K., Lui, G. Y., Naik, G., Breen, P. P., Jalaludin, B., & Gargiulo, G. D. (2019). A comparison of reflective photopl
导言 反射式血压计（PPG）是消费类可穿戴设备进行心率（HR）监测的主要方法。然而，运动伪影和传感器位置会影响这些心率测量的准确性。在此，我们就这两个因素如何影响基于 PPG 的心率测量的准确性进行了研究，并将其与心电图（ECG）的地面实况测量结果进行了比较。我们的研究调查了在受控实验室环境之外的室外环境中进行的这些测量。方法 我们的研究收集了 16 位参与者的数据集，每位参与者佩戴四个反射式 PPG 传感装置 13 小时，分别置于前额、胸骨、脚踝（踝上）和手腕处。参与者乘坐火车从苏黎世市中心前往海拔 3460 米的少女峰火车站。PPG 测量是使用 MAX86141 光学模拟前端和一个绿色 LED 以及 SFH7072 模块的光电二极管进行的。通过两个加速度计（LIS2DH、ADXL355）对运动进行量化。胸骨处的设备通过与胸部凝胶电极相连的 MAX30003 生物电位传感器获取 I 导联心电图。所有设备均通过事后对齐记录信号实现同步（精确度为 33 毫秒，Meier & Holz，2023 年）。心率是通过时域峰值检测从心电图中提取的。通过时域峰值检测和频域分析从 PPG 中提取心率。心率每 5 秒计算一次（窗口大小为 30 秒），因此整个数据集的心率测量值为 152,000 次。结果 前额和胸部位置的心率测量准确率最高（中位数误差分别为 7.1% 和 7.7%），而脚踝和手腕位置的测量准确率较低（误差分别为 9.9% 和 18.4%）。在静息状态下，所有中位误差都低于 5%，而运动对所有位置的读数都有负面影响。经运动调整后，前额传感器获得的心率最为准确。就处理方法而言，时域分析在低运动时的准确性更高，而频域分析在运动时的准确性更高。讨论/结论 在不受控制的室外环境中，基于 PPG 的心率测量的准确性同时受到身体位置和运动伪影的影响，其适用部位有明显的排序：前额 >> 胸部 >> 脚踝 >> 手腕。这与之前在受控环境中进行的研究一致，尽管我们的研究发现运动比身体位置对心率准确性的影响更大（Longmore 等人，2019 年）。这可能是因为参与者在非受控环境中的运动更加不规则和多样化，导致信号质量下降。我们的研究表明，在可穿戴设备中进行更可靠的基于 PPG 的心率监测的道路上，在日常条件下开展进一步调查非常重要。参考文献 Longmore, S. K., Lui, G. Y., Naik, G., Breen, P. P., Jalaludin, B., & Gargiulo, G. D. (2019).用于检测不同解剖位置的心率、血氧饱和度和呼吸频率的反射式光心动图比较。https://doi.org/10.3390/s19081874 Meier, M., & Holz, C. (2023).BMAR：基于气压和运动的跨设备离线信号同步对齐和细化。ACM 交互、移动、可穿戴和泛在技术论文集》，7(2)，第 69 条。 https://doi.org/10.1145/3596268
{"title":"Assessing the accuracy of photoplethysmography for wearable heart rate monitoring based on body location and body motion in uncontrolled outdoor environments","authors":"Manuel Meier, Christian Holz","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss059","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000Reflective photoplethysmography (PPG) is the dominant method for heart rate (HR) monitoring consumer wearables. However, motion artifacts and sensor placement impact the accuracy of these HR measurements. Here, we present a study on how these two factors affect the accuracy of PPG-based HR measurements and compare them to ground-truth measurements from electrocardiography (ECG). Our study investigated these measurements in outdoor environments outside controlled laboratory settings. \u0000Methods \u0000Our study collected a dataset of 16 participants, each for 13 hours wearing four reflective PPG sensing devices placed at the forehead, sternum, ankle (supramalleolar), and wrist. Participants traveled by train from downtown Zurich to the Jungfraujoch railway station at 3,460 m above sea level in the mountains. PPG measurements were obtained using a MAX86141 optical analog front-end coupled with a green LED and photodiode from an SFH7072 module. Motion was quantified using two accelerometers (LIS2DH, ADXL355). A Lead I ECG was obtained by the device at the sternum using a MAX30003 biopotential sensor connected to gel electrodes on the chest. All devices were synchronized by aligning recorded signals post-hoc (33ms accuracy, Meier & Holz, 2023). The HR was extracted from the ECG by time-domain peak detection. The HR extraction from PPG was both performed by time-domain peak detection and frequency-domain analysis. The HR was computed every 5 seconds (30 seconds window size) resulting in 152,000 HR measurements across the whole dataset. \u0000Results \u0000The forehead and chest locations exhibited the highest HR measurement accuracy (median error 7.1% and 7.7%, respectively), while lower accuracies were observed for ankle and wrist placements (9.9% and 18.4% error). At rest, all median errors were below 5% while movements influenced readings at all locations negatively. Adjusted for motion, the HR obtained from the forehead sensor was most accurate. In terms of processing method, time-domain analysis produced better accuracy during periods of low motion while frequency-domain analysis was more reliable during movements. \u0000Discussion/Conclusion \u0000The accuracy of PPG-based HR measurements in uncontrolled outdoor settings is affected both by body location and motion artifacts with a clear ranking of site suitability: forehead >> chest >> ankle >> wrist. This is consistent with prior studies in controlled environments, though our study found a higher impact of motion than body location on HR accuracy (Longmore et al., 2019). This may be because participants’ motions in uncontrolled environments are more irregular and diverse, resulting in deteriorated signal quality. Our study shows the importance of further investigations in everyday conditions on the path toward more reliable PPG-based HR monitoring in wearable devices. \u0000References \u0000Longmore, S. K., Lui, G. Y., Naik, G., Breen, P. P., Jalaludin, B., & Gargiulo, G. D. (2019). A comparison of reflective photopl","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139860748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laurie Schwab, Philipp Röthlin, Roberta Antonini Philippe, Stephan Horvath
Introduction Beliefs about the instrumental effects of maltreatment are a factor explaining abuse in sports. The availability of a valid and reliable German scale measuring these beliefs is essential for a better understanding of the concept. This article introduces and validates the German version of the Perceived Instrumental Effects of Maltreatment in Sport scale (PIEMS-G-14). Methods Study 1 examines the translation and evaluation of the scale structure, the development of a short version (PIEMS-G-6), and both the full and short versions’ construct validity and reliability in a sample of youth sports coaches (n = 628). Studies 2 (n = 444) and 3 (n = 423) focus on cross-validating the structure of the PIEMS-G-14 and PIEMS-G-6 in two independent samples of youth sports coaches and provide further evidence of the construct validity and reliability of the scales. Results Despite a reduction in the number of items compared to the original instrument, the PIEMS-G-14 exhibited robust measurement capabilities. The PIEMS-G-6, also demonstrated promising psychometric properties in assessing coaches’ beliefs about the instrumental effects of maltreatment. The reliability and validity of both the PIEMS-G-14 and PIEMS-G-6 were further supported by rigorous examination with two independent samples, providing compelling evidence of their construct validity. Discussion/Conclusion The PIEMS-G-14 and PIEMS-G-6 are suitable for use in assessing beliefs about the instrumental effects of maltreatment in German-speaking sports contexts.
{"title":"The Perceived Instrumental Effects of Maltreatment in Sport (PIEMS) scale: Translation, (cross-)validation, and short-form development of the German version","authors":"Laurie Schwab, Philipp Röthlin, Roberta Antonini Philippe, Stephan Horvath","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss070","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000Beliefs about the instrumental effects of maltreatment are a factor explaining abuse in sports. The availability of a valid and reliable German scale measuring these beliefs is essential for a better understanding of the concept. This article introduces and validates the German version of the Perceived Instrumental Effects of Maltreatment in Sport scale (PIEMS-G-14). \u0000Methods \u0000Study 1 examines the translation and evaluation of the scale structure, the development of a short version (PIEMS-G-6), and both the full and short versions’ construct validity and reliability in a sample of youth sports coaches (n = 628). Studies 2 (n = 444) and 3 (n = 423) focus on cross-validating the structure of the PIEMS-G-14 and PIEMS-G-6 in two independent samples of youth sports coaches and provide further evidence of the construct validity and reliability of the scales. \u0000Results \u0000Despite a reduction in the number of items compared to the original instrument, the PIEMS-G-14 exhibited robust measurement capabilities. The PIEMS-G-6, also demonstrated promising psychometric properties in assessing coaches’ beliefs about the instrumental effects of maltreatment. The reliability and validity of both the PIEMS-G-14 and PIEMS-G-6 were further supported by rigorous examination with two independent samples, providing compelling evidence of their construct validity. \u0000Discussion/Conclusion \u0000The PIEMS-G-14 and PIEMS-G-6 are suitable for use in assessing beliefs about the instrumental effects of maltreatment in German-speaking sports contexts.","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"10 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139858241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alice Fornaciari, Chakaveh Ahmadizadeh, Valeria Galli, C. Menon
Introduction Monitoring biomechanics is crucial in sports and rehabilitation, and frontal knee angle is of special interest in these applications. Current solutions – optical motion capture (OMC), or inertial measurement units suits – are costly, spatially constrained, and impractical for use in daily life. Textile-based wearable systems are a valuable alternative for unobtrusive movement monitoring. Textile-based wearables for knee angle monitoring have mostly been used for sagittal angle prediction, however, frontal knee angle measurement is more challenging. We investigated the design and performance of a smart garment for the detection of knee joint angles in three planes during different activities. Methods We equipped a pair of tight pants with four helical auxetic yarn capacitive strain sensors (Cuthbert et al., 2022) placed close to the knees. The exact positioning was optimized with an OMC study: markers were placed in potential sensor locations (Gholami et al., 2019) and the pairs of markers whose distance had the highest mutual information with knee angles were selected for sensor placement. A healthy participant performed walking and turning around, and knee ab/adduction activities wearing the sensorized prototype. The latter activity emphasized knee motion in the frontal and transverse planes. The capacitances from the sensors were recorded with a custom electronics board that transmitted data wirelessly to a smartphone. Multiple regression algorithms were implemented to predict knee angles from the strain sensors data, with the ground truth obtained from the OMC data recorded simultaneously during the experiments. Results The optimal sensor placements were above the kneecaps, orientated as the vastus medialis and the rectus femoris. Xgboost regression algorithm yielded best performance for walking with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 10.79°, 3.77°, and 2.49° for the sagittal, frontal, and transverse angles, respectively. Linear regression performed the best for knee ab/adduction with RMSEs of 8.96°, 6.33°, and 1.58° for the sagittal, frontal, and transverse angles (Fornaciari, 2023). Discussion/Conclusion The smart garment system was overall able to track the knee angle in three planes. The larger errors, compared with previous works (Gholami et al., 2019), reported for the walking and turning around movement are likely because of high variations in the movements of the participants during turning around. Additionally, the proposed system showed capability to monitor frontal and transverse angles with an average RMSE of 3.5°. The larger error values of the sagittal angles are likely because of higher range of motion in that plane. The proposed system allows for continuous and unobtrusive knee angle monitoring outside of the laboratory settings in the comfortable form factor of smart clothing. References Cuthbert, T. J., Hannigan, B. C., Roberjot, P., Shokurov, A. V., & Menon, C. (2022). HACS: Helical auxetic yarn capaciti
引言 监测生物力学对运动和康复至关重要，而膝关节前角在这些应用中尤为重要。目前的解决方案--光学运动捕捉（OMC）或惯性测量单元套装--成本高昂、空间受限，在日常生活中使用不切实际。基于纺织品的可穿戴系统是进行非侵入式运动监测的重要替代方案。用于膝关节角度监测的纺织品可穿戴设备大多用于矢状角预测，但膝关节正面角度测量更具挑战性。我们研究了一种智能服装的设计和性能，用于在不同活动中检测三个平面的膝关节角度。方法 我们在一条紧身裤上安装了四个螺旋辅助纱电容式应变传感器（Cuthbert 等人，2022 年），放置在膝盖附近。具体位置通过 OMC 研究进行了优化：在潜在的传感器位置放置标记（Gholami 等人，2019 年），并选择与膝关节角度互信息最大的标记对放置传感器。一名健康的受试者佩戴传感原型进行了行走、转身和膝关节屈伸活动。后一种活动强调膝关节在正面和横向平面上的运动。传感器的电容由定制电子板记录，该电子板可将数据无线传输到智能手机。根据应变传感器的数据和实验期间同时记录的 OMC 数据获得的基本事实，采用多元回归算法预测膝关节角度。结果 传感器的最佳位置在膝盖骨上方，方向为内侧阔肌和股直肌。Xgboost 回归算法在行走方面表现最佳，矢状角、正面角和横向角的均方根误差（RMSE）分别为 10.79°、3.77° 和 2.49°。线性回归在膝关节外展/内收方面表现最佳，矢状角、额角和横向角的均方根误差分别为 8.96°、6.33°和 1.58°（Fornaciari，2023 年）。讨论/结论 智能服装系统总体上能够在三个平面上跟踪膝关节角度。与之前的研究（Gholami 等人，2019 年）相比，行走和转身动作的误差较大，这可能是因为参与者在转身时动作变化较大。此外，拟议系统还显示出监测正面和横向角度的能力，平均有效误差为 3.5°。矢状角的误差值较大，可能是因为该平面的运动范围较大。建议的系统可以在实验室以外的环境中，利用智能服装的舒适外形，对膝关节角度进行连续、不显眼的监测。参考文献 Cuthbert, T. J., Hannigan, B. C., Roberjot, P., Shokurov, A. V., & Menon, C. (2022).HACS：灵敏度超过理论极限的螺旋辅助纱电容式应变传感器。Advanced materials, 35(10) Article 2209321. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202209321 Fornaciari, A. (2023).用于下肢运动监测的可穿戴技术[硕士论文]。米兰理工大学。Gholami, M., Rezaei, A., Cuthbert, T. J., Napier, C., & Menon, C. (2019).使用基于织物的可穿戴传感器和深度卷积神经网络监测跑步时的下半身运动学。Sensors, 19(23), Article 5325. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235325
{"title":"Textile wearable system for knee angle monitoring in three planes","authors":"Alice Fornaciari, Chakaveh Ahmadizadeh, Valeria Galli, C. Menon","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss043","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction \u0000Monitoring biomechanics is crucial in sports and rehabilitation, and frontal knee angle is of special interest in these applications. Current solutions – optical motion capture (OMC), or inertial measurement units suits – are costly, spatially constrained, and impractical for use in daily life. Textile-based wearable systems are a valuable alternative for unobtrusive movement monitoring. Textile-based wearables for knee angle monitoring have mostly been used for sagittal angle prediction, however, frontal knee angle measurement is more challenging. We investigated the design and performance of a smart garment for the detection of knee joint angles in three planes during different activities. \u0000Methods \u0000We equipped a pair of tight pants with four helical auxetic yarn capacitive strain sensors (Cuthbert et al., 2022) placed close to the knees. The exact positioning was optimized with an OMC study: markers were placed in potential sensor locations (Gholami et al., 2019) and the pairs of markers whose distance had the highest mutual information with knee angles were selected for sensor placement. A healthy participant performed walking and turning around, and knee ab/adduction activities wearing the sensorized prototype. The latter activity emphasized knee motion in the frontal and transverse planes. The capacitances from the sensors were recorded with a custom electronics board that transmitted data wirelessly to a smartphone. Multiple regression algorithms were implemented to predict knee angles from the strain sensors data, with the ground truth obtained from the OMC data recorded simultaneously during the experiments. \u0000Results \u0000The optimal sensor placements were above the kneecaps, orientated as the vastus medialis and the rectus femoris. Xgboost regression algorithm yielded best performance for walking with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 10.79°, 3.77°, and 2.49° for the sagittal, frontal, and transverse angles, respectively. Linear regression performed the best for knee ab/adduction with RMSEs of 8.96°, 6.33°, and 1.58° for the sagittal, frontal, and transverse angles (Fornaciari, 2023). \u0000Discussion/Conclusion \u0000The smart garment system was overall able to track the knee angle in three planes. The larger errors, compared with previous works (Gholami et al., 2019), reported for the walking and turning around movement are likely because of high variations in the movements of the participants during turning around. Additionally, the proposed system showed capability to monitor frontal and transverse angles with an average RMSE of 3.5°. The larger error values of the sagittal angles are likely because of higher range of motion in that plane. The proposed system allows for continuous and unobtrusive knee angle monitoring outside of the laboratory settings in the comfortable form factor of smart clothing. \u0000References \u0000Cuthbert, T. J., Hannigan, B. C., Roberjot, P., Shokurov, A. V., & Menon, C. (2022). HACS: Helical auxetic yarn capaciti","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"83 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139798854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fabian Studer, Sara Seiler, Anna Siffert, L. C. Dapp, V. Gashaj, C. Herrmann
Summary Youth and Sport (Y+S) constitutes Switzerland’s most extensive sports support system, encompassing over 90 sports within a state-subsidized and content-regulated training system. Upholding the quality of sports activities necessitates effective (appealing and high-quality) education for Y+S instructors. The Y+S education model transmits teaching content for high-quality Y+S activities through the “Teaching” domain of action, which closely aligns with contemporary instructional quality research. We developed the Y+S evaluation instrument to systematically evaluate this field of action in practical scenarios. This questionnaire digitally surveys children and youth participating in Y+S activities, employing items to assess four fields of action. We realized a nationwide quantitative validation study based on three qualitative pilot studies. Two surveys were administered to N = 1,230 (53.7% female; M = 13.99 years, SD = 2.36) and N = 851 (53.7% female; M = 13.96 years, SD = 2.18) children and youths. We conducted confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to assess the factorial validity and reliability of the developed Y+S evaluation instrument. Following systematic item reduction, CFAs consistently demonstrated good model fits. All four fields of action with their 17 recommendations for action were represented by 51 items, attesting to the validity and reliability of the evaluation instrument. In conclusion, a validated evaluation instrument is now available in German, French, and Italian and will be implemented annually to assess Y+S activities in Switzerland moving forward.
{"title":"Development and validation of an evaluation instrument for assessing the quality of teaching and learning in Swiss children’s and youth sports","authors":"Fabian Studer, Sara Seiler, Anna Siffert, L. C. Dapp, V. Gashaj, C. Herrmann","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss075","url":null,"abstract":"Summary \u0000Youth and Sport (Y+S) constitutes Switzerland’s most extensive sports support system, encompassing over 90 sports within a state-subsidized and content-regulated training system. Upholding the quality of sports activities necessitates effective (appealing and high-quality) education for Y+S instructors. The Y+S education model transmits teaching content for high-quality Y+S activities through the “Teaching” domain of action, which closely aligns with contemporary instructional quality research. We developed the Y+S evaluation instrument to systematically evaluate this field of action in practical scenarios. This questionnaire digitally surveys children and youth participating in Y+S activities, employing items to assess four fields of action. \u0000We realized a nationwide quantitative validation study based on three qualitative pilot studies. Two surveys were administered to N = 1,230 (53.7% female; M = 13.99 years, SD = 2.36) and N = 851 (53.7% female; M = 13.96 years, SD = 2.18) children and youths. We conducted confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to assess the factorial validity and reliability of the developed Y+S evaluation instrument. Following systematic item reduction, CFAs consistently demonstrated good model fits. All four fields of action with their 17 recommendations for action were represented by 51 items, attesting to the validity and reliability of the evaluation instrument. \u0000In conclusion, a validated evaluation instrument is now available in German, French, and Italian and will be implemented annually to assess Y+S activities in Switzerland moving forward.","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"253 6‐8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139799485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Timothée Popesco, Quentin Gardet, Jonathan Bossard, N. Maffiuletti, N. Place
Introduction Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is an innovative and effective (re)training strategy to improve or restore neuromuscular function (Maffiuletti et al., 2018). Contractions induced by NMES differ in many aspects from voluntary contractions, as motor unit (MU) recruitment is random, synchronous and spatially fixed (mostly superficial; Maffiuletti, 2010). Consequently, several limitations, such as higher fatigability (Vanderthommen et al., 1999) and discomfort (Delitto et al., 1992) might restrain its clinical implementation. The use of specific stimulation parameters may partly overcome these limitations. Indeed, the use of wide pulses (≥ 1 ms) delivered at low stimulation intensity leads to a preferential recruitment of Ia sensory axons (Veale et al., 1973) which may promote MU central (reflexive) recruitment. Furthermore, the high stimulation frequencies (> 80 Hz) would facilitate the temporal summation of post-synaptic excitatory potentials and reflexively activate spinal motoneurons through Ia afferents (Dideriksen et al., 2015), which may increase force production. Another potential advantage of wide pulse high frequency (WPHF) NMES is that low stimulation intensities are required to limit antidromic collision, and these lower intensities are associated with less discomfort (Delitto et al., 1992). Therefore, by stimulating at intensities expected to generate ~10% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force, WPHF NMES induces, in some individuals, a progressive increase in force during the stimulation, called ‘extra force’. It can reach up to 80% of the MVC force in plantar flexors (Neyroud et al., 2018) but the response to WPHF NMES in other muscle groups is less documented. Extra force is usually accompanied by a prolongation of the surface electromyographic (EMG) activity after cessation of the stimulation, also called ‘sustained EMG activity’ which is interpreted as MU recruited through the central pathway (Neyroud et al, 2018). The main aim of the present study was to explore the effect of varying stimulation parameters on the NMES-evoked force and sustained EMG activity in the plantar flexors, knee extensors and elbow flexors. It was hypothesized that the plantar flexors would show higher centrally-mediated responses to NMES than knee extensors and elbow flexors, especially with large pulse duration. Methods Sixteen volunteers, 2 women and 14 men (29 ± 6 yr, 177 ± 6 cm, 74 ± 11 kg) participated to three experimental sessions - one for each muscle group - in a randomized order. The experimental protocol was similar for the three muscle groups and included twelve 10-s NMES trains separated by at least 2 min of rest and delivered at an intensity set initially to evoke 10% of the maximal voluntary contraction force. Stimulation trains were randomly delivered with a combination of frequencies (20, 50, 100 and 147 Hz) and pulse durations (0.2, 1 and 2 ms). Force was collected using specific isometric ergometers and
{"title":"Effects of pulse width and frequency on evoked responses in electrostimulation: comparison between three muscle groups","authors":"Timothée Popesco, Quentin Gardet, Jonathan Bossard, N. Maffiuletti, N. Place","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss022","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is an innovative and effective (re)training strategy to improve or restore neuromuscular function (Maffiuletti et al., 2018). Contractions induced by NMES differ in many aspects from voluntary contractions, as motor unit (MU) recruitment is random, synchronous and spatially fixed (mostly superficial; Maffiuletti, 2010). Consequently, several limitations, such as higher fatigability (Vanderthommen et al., 1999) and discomfort (Delitto et al., 1992) might restrain its clinical implementation. The use of specific stimulation parameters may partly overcome these limitations. Indeed, the use of wide pulses (≥ 1 ms) delivered at low stimulation intensity leads to a preferential recruitment of Ia sensory axons (Veale et al., 1973) which may promote MU central (reflexive) recruitment. Furthermore, the high stimulation frequencies (> 80 Hz) would facilitate the temporal summation of post-synaptic excitatory potentials and reflexively activate spinal motoneurons through Ia afferents (Dideriksen et al., 2015), which may increase force production. Another potential advantage of wide pulse high frequency (WPHF) NMES is that low stimulation intensities are required to limit antidromic collision, and these lower intensities are associated with less discomfort (Delitto et al., 1992). Therefore, by stimulating at intensities expected to generate ~10% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force, WPHF NMES induces, in some individuals, a progressive increase in force during the stimulation, called ‘extra force’. It can reach up to 80% of the MVC force in plantar flexors (Neyroud et al., 2018) but the response to WPHF NMES in other muscle groups is less documented. Extra force is usually accompanied by a prolongation of the surface electromyographic (EMG) activity after cessation of the stimulation, also called ‘sustained EMG activity’ which is interpreted as MU recruited through the central pathway (Neyroud et al, 2018). The main aim of the present study was to explore the effect of varying stimulation parameters on the NMES-evoked force and sustained EMG activity in the plantar flexors, knee extensors and elbow flexors. It was hypothesized that the plantar flexors would show higher centrally-mediated responses to NMES than knee extensors and elbow flexors, especially with large pulse duration.\u0000Methods\u0000Sixteen volunteers, 2 women and 14 men (29 ± 6 yr, 177 ± 6 cm, 74 ± 11 kg) participated to three experimental sessions - one for each muscle group - in a randomized order. The experimental protocol was similar for the three muscle groups and included twelve 10-s NMES trains separated by at least 2 min of rest and delivered at an intensity set initially to evoke 10% of the maximal voluntary contraction force. Stimulation trains were randomly delivered with a combination of frequencies (20, 50, 100 and 147 Hz) and pulse durations (0.2, 1 and 2 ms). Force was collected using specific isometric ergometers and ","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"78 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139800453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Violetta Oblinger-Peters, Kristoffer Henriksen, Noora J. Ronkainen
Introduction Athletes’ heart-felt stories about their experiences in elite sport almost naturally evoke the notion of meaning. However, although various scholars and practitioners have suggested the concept of meaning to the sport psychology audience in the past two decades (e.g., Beckmann, 2023; Ravizza, 2002; Ronkainen & Nesti, 2020), its study in this discipline is still in the early stages compared to established psychological scholarship on the topic. To promote meaning as a complementary lens for research and applied work in sport psychology, the presentation aims to introduce the concept informed by psychological inquiry, and to synthesize and critically comment on the extant scholarship. For this, the wider meaning in life literature will be drawn on to give an overview of components, sources, pathways, and qualities of meaning and set it apart from the related concept of purpose. Methods A narrative review of 15 studies on meaning (n = 10) and purpose (n = 5) from elite sport contexts was conducted. Results The scholarship on meaning and purpose in elite sport revealed itself diverse in terms of employed study designs (quantitative, qualitative), methodologies and theoretical frameworks (e.g., narrative inquiry, phenomenology), conceptualizations of meaning and purpose (e.g., existential meaning, purpose in coaching), interpretations of meaning (intrapsychic or relational), and topics researched in relation to it (e.g., forced migration, injury experiences). To date the literature base on meaning and purpose in elite sport is characterized by fragmentation and largely imprecise use of the concept. Discussion/Conclusion To assist future empirical research and increase conceptual clarity of meaning in elite sport, sport psychology should integrate knowledge from its parent discipline psychology. Additionally, to make the somewhat abstract notion of meaning tangible for sport practitioners, more applied questions must be addressed. Through this, meaning could offer a truly holistic approach to well-being and mental health research and practice in sport. Importantly, “working” with meaning requires personal positioning, since conceiving of meaning as performance enhancement tool or as existential concern has major implications for how it is investigated and for how or whether it should be increased. References Beckmann, J. (2023). Meaning and meaninglessness in elite sport. In I. Nixdorf, R. Nixdorf, J. Beckmann, S. Martin, & T. Macintyre (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Mental Health in Elite Sport (pp. 31–44). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003099345-5 Ravizza, K. (2002). A philosophical construct: A framework for performance enhancement. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 33, 4–18. Ronkainen, N. J. & Nesti, M. S. (2019). Meaning and Spirituality in Sport and Exercise: Psychological Perspectives. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315102412
导言：运动员讲述他们在精英体育运动中的经历，这些发自内心的故事几乎自然而然地唤起了 "意义 "的概念。然而，尽管在过去的二十年中，已有多位学者和实践者向运动心理学受众提出了 "意义 "这一概念（例如，Beckmann, 2023; Ravizza, 2002; Ronkainen & Nesti, 2020），但与有关该主题的成熟心理学学术研究相比，该学科对 "意义 "的研究仍处于早期阶段。为了将 "意义 "作为运动心理学研究和应用工作的补充视角加以推广，本报告旨在通过心理学研究介绍这一概念，并对现有的学术研究进行综合和批判性评论。为此，我们将借鉴更广泛的生命意义文献，对意义的组成、来源、途径和品质进行概述，并将其与相关的目的概念区分开来。方法我们对精英体育背景下的 15 项关于意义（10 项）和目的（5 项）的研究进行了叙事回顾、在采用的研究设计（定量、定性）、方法和理论框架（如叙事调查、现象学）、意义和目的的概念化（如存在的意义、教练的目的）、对意义的解释（心理内部或关系）以及与之相关的研究主题（如被迫迁移、受伤经历）方面，揭示了其多样性。迄今为止，有关精英体育运动的意义和目的的文献基础的特点是支离破碎，对这一概念的使用在很大程度上并不精确。讨论/结论为了帮助未来的实证研究并提高精英体育运动意义概念的清晰度，运动心理学应整合其母体学科心理学的知识。此外，为了使体育从业人员能够理解意义这一略显抽象的概念，必须解决更多的应用问题。这样，"意义 "就能为体育运动中的幸福感和心理健康研究与实践提供一种真正全面的方法。重要的是，意义 "工作 "需要个人定位，因为将意义视为提高成绩的工具或存在的关切，对如何研究意义以及如何或是否应增加意义具有重大影响。精英体育中的意义与无意义。In I. Nixdorf, R. Nixdorf, J. Beckmann, S. Martin, & T. Macintyre (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Mental Health in Elite Sport (pp. 31-44).https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003099345-5Ravizza, K. (2002).A philosophical construct：A philosophical construct: A framework for performance enhancement.International Journal of Sport Psychology, 33, 4-18.Ronkainen, N. J. & Nesti, M. S. (2019).体育锻炼中的意义与灵性：Psychological Perspectives.Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315102412
{"title":"Meaning in elite sport – A narrative review of scholarship in sport psychology","authors":"Violetta Oblinger-Peters, Kristoffer Henriksen, Noora J. Ronkainen","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss002","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000Athletes’ heart-felt stories about their experiences in elite sport almost naturally evoke the notion of meaning. However, although various scholars and practitioners have suggested the concept of meaning to the sport psychology audience in the past two decades (e.g., Beckmann, 2023; Ravizza, 2002; Ronkainen & Nesti, 2020), its study in this discipline is still in the early stages compared to established psychological scholarship on the topic. To promote meaning as a complementary lens for research and applied work in sport psychology, the presentation aims to introduce the concept informed by psychological inquiry, and to synthesize and critically comment on the extant scholarship. For this, the wider meaning in life literature will be drawn on to give an overview of components, sources, pathways, and qualities of meaning and set it apart from the related concept of purpose.\u0000Methods\u0000A narrative review of 15 studies on meaning (n = 10) and purpose (n = 5) from elite sport contexts was conducted.\u0000Results\u0000The scholarship on meaning and purpose in elite sport revealed itself diverse in terms of employed study designs (quantitative, qualitative), methodologies and theoretical frameworks (e.g., narrative inquiry, phenomenology), conceptualizations of meaning and purpose (e.g., existential meaning, purpose in coaching), interpretations of meaning (intrapsychic or relational), and topics researched in relation to it (e.g., forced migration, injury experiences). To date the literature base on meaning and purpose in elite sport is characterized by fragmentation and largely imprecise use of the concept.\u0000Discussion/Conclusion\u0000To assist future empirical research and increase conceptual clarity of meaning in elite sport, sport psychology should integrate knowledge from its parent discipline psychology. Additionally, to make the somewhat abstract notion of meaning tangible for sport practitioners, more applied questions must be addressed. Through this, meaning could offer a truly holistic approach to well-being and mental health research and practice in sport. Importantly, “working” with meaning requires personal positioning, since conceiving of meaning as performance enhancement tool or as existential concern has major implications for how it is investigated and for how or whether it should be increased.\u0000References\u0000Beckmann, J. (2023). Meaning and meaninglessness in elite sport. In I. Nixdorf, R. Nixdorf, J. Beckmann, S. Martin, & T. Macintyre (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Mental Health in Elite Sport (pp. 31–44). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003099345-5\u0000Ravizza, K. (2002). A philosophical construct: A framework for performance enhancement. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 33, 4–18. \u0000Ronkainen, N. J. & Nesti, M. S. (2019). Meaning and Spirituality in Sport and Exercise: Psychological Perspectives. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315102412","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139800620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kai Biedermann, Gian-Andri Baumann, Mattia Nolé, Christina M. Spengler, F. Beltrami
Introduction High performance modern shoes reduce energy expenditure and improve performance, however, these gains may also stem from differences in perceived effort. Humans tend to weigh negative information more heavily than positive information, which could influence perception of effort when different shoes are tested sequentially. This study aimed to determine the existence of negativity bias on different measures of perception when alternating running shoes. Methods Eleven well-trained male athletes [age: 28 ± 6 years, weight: 68 ± 5 kg, height: 179 ± 5 cm, peak oxygen consumption: 65 ± 4 ml O2･kg-1･min-1] performed three lab visits: a familiarization day with an incremental test followed by two experimental days (track and treadmill, in balanced order). On each day, participants performed four sets of two 5-min runs at 16km･h-1 (5-min breaks in-between) alternating between On Cloudrunner (entry-level, EL) and Cloudboom Echo 3 (high-performance, HP). The order of the shoes was changed every set (i.e, EL-HP or HP-EL). After each run, participants reported their perception of effort (both on a 100-mm Visual Analog Scale [VAS] and on a 1-10 Borg Scale) and shoe comfort (VAS). Heart rate and gas exchange were monitored using a chest sensor and a metabolic cart. Differences in ratings between EL-HP and HP-EL were compared using paired t-tests. Results In combined data of track and treadmill, the physiological response and perception of effort were significantly lower while perception of comfort was significantly higher with HP compared to EL. On the treadmill, the absolute value of the change in perceived effort (VAS) was lower for EL-HP compared with HP-EL (0.6 ± 0.5 mm vs. 1.0 ± 0.7 mm, p = 0.013), but not on the track (EL-HP 0.5 ± 0.5 mm vs. HP-EL 0.6 ± 0.3 mm, p = 0.602). Absolute changes of effort (Borg) were neither affected by shoe order on the treadmill (EL-HP 0.7 ± 0.4 pts vs. HP-EL 0.8 ± 0.7 pts, p = 0.699) nor on the track (EL-HP 0.5 ± 0.4 pts vs. HP-EL 0.7 ± 0.6 pts, p = 0.452). Similarly, ratings of shoe comfort were neither affected by shoe order on the treadmill (EL-HP 1.8 ± 1.1 mm vs. HP-EL 1.4 ± 1.0 mm, p = 0.086) nor on the track (EL-HP 1.5 ± 1.1 mm vs. HP-EL 1.6 ± 1.0 mm, p = 0.674). Discussion/Conclusion Changes in perceived effort (VAS) assessed during treadmill running were nearly two times larger when switching from EL to HP than vice-versa, supporting the presence of a negativity bias in this specific condition, which could be related to the higher resolution of VAS scales compared with Borg. Possibly, the lack of negativity bias on the track resulted from an overall reduced rating of effort compared with treadmill, which left less room for differences. These findings suggest that it would be beneficial to include a control shoe worn before and between the tested shoes of interest to mitigate any potential negativity bias in tests when determining perceived effort on a treadmill with different shoes.
导言高性能的现代运动鞋可以减少能量消耗并提高运动成绩，然而，这些收益也可能来自于感知努力程度的差异。与正面信息相比，人类倾向于更多地考虑负面信息，这可能会影响对不同鞋子进行连续测试时的努力感知。本研究旨在确定在交替穿着跑鞋时，不同感知测量指标是否存在消极偏差：年龄：28 ± 6 岁，体重：68 ± 5 千克，身高：179 ± 5 厘米，峰值耗氧量：65 ± 4 毫升氧气：65 ± 4 ml O2・kg-1・min-1]进行了三次实验室访问：熟悉增量测试日，然后是两个实验日（跑道和跑步机，顺序均衡）。在每一天，参与者以 16 公里/小时-1 的速度进行四组两次 5 分钟的跑步（中间休息 5 分钟），交替使用 On Cloudrunner（入门级，EL）和 Cloudboom Echo 3（高性能，HP）。每组跑鞋的顺序有所改变（即 EL-HP 或 HP-EL）。每次跑步后，参与者都要报告他们对努力程度（100 毫米视觉模拟量表[VAS]和 1-10 伯格量表）和鞋子舒适度（VAS）的感受。使用胸部传感器和代谢车监测心率和气体交换。使用配对 t 检验比较了 EL-HP 和 HP-EL 之间的评分差异。结果在跑道和跑步机的综合数据中，HP 与 EL 相比，生理反应和费力感明显降低，而舒适感明显提高。在跑步机上，与 HP-EL 相比，EL-HP 的体力感知变化（VAS）绝对值较低（0.6 ± 0.5 mm vs. 1.0 ± 0.7 mm，p = 0.013），但在跑道上则不然（EL-HP 0.5 ± 0.5 mm vs. HP-EL 0.6 ± 0.3 mm，p = 0.602）。在跑步机上（EL-HP 0.7 ± 0.4 pts vs. HP-EL 0.8 ± 0.7 pts，p = 0.699）和在赛道上（EL-HP 0.5 ± 0.4 pts vs. HP-EL 0.7 ± 0.6 pts，p = 0.452），用力（Borg）的绝对变化既不受鞋子顺序的影响。同样，在跑步机上（EL-HP 1.8 ± 1.1 mm vs. HP-EL 1.4 ± 1.0 mm，p = 0.086）和赛道上（EL-HP 1.5 ± 1.1 mm vs. HP-EL 1.6 ± 1.0 mm，p = 0.674），鞋子舒适度的评分也不受鞋子顺序的影响。讨论/结论在跑步机上跑步时，从EL转换到HP时所评估的感知努力（VAS）的变化几乎是反之的两倍，这支持了在这种特定条件下存在的消极偏差，这可能与VAS量表的分辨率高于Borg量表有关。赛道上缺乏消极性偏差可能是由于与跑步机相比，对努力程度的总体评价有所降低，从而减少了差异的空间。这些研究结果表明，在使用不同的鞋在跑步机上确定感知用力时，在相关测试鞋之前和之间穿上对照鞋，以减少测试中任何潜在的消极偏差，将是有益的。
{"title":"The order of running shoes and how it influences the perception of effort and comfort","authors":"Kai Biedermann, Gian-Andri Baumann, Mattia Nolé, Christina M. Spengler, F. Beltrami","doi":"10.36950/2024.2ciss028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36950/2024.2ciss028","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000High performance modern shoes reduce energy expenditure and improve performance, however, these gains may also stem from differences in perceived effort. Humans tend to weigh negative information more heavily than positive information, which could influence perception of effort when different shoes are tested sequentially. This study aimed to determine the existence of negativity bias on different measures of perception when alternating running shoes.\u0000Methods\u0000Eleven well-trained male athletes [age: 28 ± 6 years, weight: 68 ± 5 kg, height: 179 ± 5 cm, peak oxygen consumption: 65 ± 4 ml O2･kg-1･min-1] performed three lab visits: a familiarization day with an incremental test followed by two experimental days (track and treadmill, in balanced order). On each day, participants performed four sets of two 5-min runs at 16km･h-1 (5-min breaks in-between) alternating between On Cloudrunner (entry-level, EL) and Cloudboom Echo 3 (high-performance, HP). The order of the shoes was changed every set (i.e, EL-HP or HP-EL). After each run, participants reported their perception of effort (both on a 100-mm Visual Analog Scale [VAS] and on a 1-10 Borg Scale) and shoe comfort (VAS). Heart rate and gas exchange were monitored using a chest sensor and a metabolic cart. Differences in ratings between EL-HP and HP-EL were compared using paired t-tests.\u0000Results\u0000In combined data of track and treadmill, the physiological response and perception of effort were significantly lower while perception of comfort was significantly higher with HP compared to EL. On the treadmill, the absolute value of the change in perceived effort (VAS) was lower for EL-HP compared with HP-EL (0.6 ± 0.5 mm vs. 1.0 ± 0.7 mm, p = 0.013), but not on the track (EL-HP 0.5 ± 0.5 mm vs. HP-EL 0.6 ± 0.3 mm, p = 0.602). Absolute changes of effort (Borg) were neither affected by shoe order on the treadmill (EL-HP 0.7 ± 0.4 pts vs. HP-EL 0.8 ± 0.7 pts, p = 0.699) nor on the track (EL-HP 0.5 ± 0.4 pts vs. HP-EL 0.7 ± 0.6 pts, p = 0.452). Similarly, ratings of shoe comfort were neither affected by shoe order on the treadmill (EL-HP 1.8 ± 1.1 mm vs. HP-EL 1.4 ± 1.0 mm, p = 0.086) nor on the track (EL-HP 1.5 ± 1.1 mm vs. HP-EL 1.6 ± 1.0 mm, p = 0.674).\u0000Discussion/Conclusion\u0000Changes in perceived effort (VAS) assessed during treadmill running were nearly two times larger when switching from EL to HP than vice-versa, supporting the presence of a negativity bias in this specific condition, which could be related to the higher resolution of VAS scales compared with Borg. Possibly, the lack of negativity bias on the track resulted from an overall reduced rating of effort compared with treadmill, which left less room for differences. These findings suggest that it would be beneficial to include a control shoe worn before and between the tested shoes of interest to mitigate any potential negativity bias in tests when determining perceived effort on a treadmill with different shoes.","PeriodicalId":415194,"journal":{"name":"Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS)","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139801023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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