Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1215/15982661-11056768
Wang Lang
This study focuses on the agony of married New Women, as well as the emerging New Man, in the 1920s and 1930s. While the New Woman in love has attracted considerable scholarly attention, the dilemma of New Women after marriage remains mostly ignored. Relying on literary works as well as articles in newspapers and periodicals, this essay attributes the New Woman's acute dissatisfaction to the uncontested gendered division of labor and the discontinuity between romantic relationships and institutionalized marriage. Intellectuals proposed communal childcare as the solution to the New Woman's dilemma; however, this still left the gendered labor division intact. This essay identifies the traditional role of the New Woman in the family and observes the emergence of xianfu liangfu (賢夫良父, “good husband and wise father”), a counterpart to xianqi liangmu (賢妻良母, “good wife and wise mother”). This understudied discourse demands equal responsibility at home and an attentive fatherhood from men.
{"title":"The Traditional New Woman and Emerging New Man in Republican China","authors":"Wang Lang","doi":"10.1215/15982661-11056768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/15982661-11056768","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study focuses on the agony of married New Women, as well as the emerging New Man, in the 1920s and 1930s. While the New Woman in love has attracted considerable scholarly attention, the dilemma of New Women after marriage remains mostly ignored. Relying on literary works as well as articles in newspapers and periodicals, this essay attributes the New Woman's acute dissatisfaction to the uncontested gendered division of labor and the discontinuity between romantic relationships and institutionalized marriage. Intellectuals proposed communal childcare as the solution to the New Woman's dilemma; however, this still left the gendered labor division intact. This essay identifies the traditional role of the New Woman in the family and observes the emergence of xianfu liangfu (賢夫良父, “good husband and wise father”), a counterpart to xianqi liangmu (賢妻良母, “good wife and wise mother”). This understudied discourse demands equal responsibility at home and an attentive fatherhood from men.","PeriodicalId":41529,"journal":{"name":"Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141041517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1215/15982661-11056786
Seunghyun Han
This essay examines Chosŏn monarchs’ patronage of the Nongsŏ Yi clan, a representative Ming descent group in Chosŏn, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The clan claimed its descent from Li Rusong and Rumei, the commanders of the Ming expeditionary forces during the Imjin War. This essay investigates the bureaucratic advancement of Li Rusong and Rumei's descendants, closely analyzing the monarchs’ roles in making the clan a military yangban family and the obstacles that constrained such royal endeavors. It will also illuminate the close relationship between the intensification of Ming loyalism and the surging bureaucratic fortunes of the Nongsŏ Yi clan, placing special emphasis on how the rulers made use of Ming loyalist rituals to nurture the careers of the Nongsŏ Yi. This study also examines the bureaucratic vicissitudes of the Nongsŏ Yi during the nineteenth century, when the rulers exhibited a diminished interest in boosting Ming loyalism. This essay will also shed light on the status of Ming loyalism and the changing nature of rulership in nineteenth-century Chosŏn.
{"title":"Royal Authority, Ritual, and the Bureaucratic Career of the Descendants of Li Rusong and Rumei in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Chosŏn","authors":"Seunghyun Han","doi":"10.1215/15982661-11056786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/15982661-11056786","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This essay examines Chosŏn monarchs’ patronage of the Nongsŏ Yi clan, a representative Ming descent group in Chosŏn, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The clan claimed its descent from Li Rusong and Rumei, the commanders of the Ming expeditionary forces during the Imjin War. This essay investigates the bureaucratic advancement of Li Rusong and Rumei's descendants, closely analyzing the monarchs’ roles in making the clan a military yangban family and the obstacles that constrained such royal endeavors. It will also illuminate the close relationship between the intensification of Ming loyalism and the surging bureaucratic fortunes of the Nongsŏ Yi clan, placing special emphasis on how the rulers made use of Ming loyalist rituals to nurture the careers of the Nongsŏ Yi. This study also examines the bureaucratic vicissitudes of the Nongsŏ Yi during the nineteenth century, when the rulers exhibited a diminished interest in boosting Ming loyalism. This essay will also shed light on the status of Ming loyalism and the changing nature of rulership in nineteenth-century Chosŏn.","PeriodicalId":41529,"journal":{"name":"Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141035976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1215/15982661-11056759
Shengyu Wang
Focusing on the issue of psychological portrayal, this essay examines two early twentieth-century rebuttals of Liaozhai's Records of the Strange published in newly founded Chinese fiction magazines. Although the two rebuttals lend themselves easily to a didactic interpretation, the essay argues that their demystification of the supernatural is equally in service of literary representation of individualized subjectivity endowed with interiority. Besides aligning itself with the ongoing efforts to recover alternative forms of modernity repressed by the May Fourth discourse, this essay endeavors to contribute to a fuller understanding of the diversity of ideologies, forms, and styles in so-called new fiction.
{"title":"Anatomy of the Superstitious Mind: Subjectivity and Interiority in Two Early Twentieth-Century Rebuttals to Liaozhai's Records of the Strange","authors":"Shengyu Wang","doi":"10.1215/15982661-11056759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/15982661-11056759","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Focusing on the issue of psychological portrayal, this essay examines two early twentieth-century rebuttals of Liaozhai's Records of the Strange published in newly founded Chinese fiction magazines. Although the two rebuttals lend themselves easily to a didactic interpretation, the essay argues that their demystification of the supernatural is equally in service of literary representation of individualized subjectivity endowed with interiority. Besides aligning itself with the ongoing efforts to recover alternative forms of modernity repressed by the May Fourth discourse, this essay endeavors to contribute to a fuller understanding of the diversity of ideologies, forms, and styles in so-called new fiction.","PeriodicalId":41529,"journal":{"name":"Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141048563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1215/15982661-11056777
Tan Jing 譚靜, Bao Xiangfei 包向飛
The connotation of suwenxue 俗文學 has an inextricable relationship with a particular view of literature. Different views of literature have their respective prescribed values, which bring different understandings of suwenxue and different evaluations of its status in literary history. Rather than defining suwenxue based on its external features, this article examines it from three representative literary views: the Chinese traditional literary view, the literary view under the Tang-Song transition hypothesis, and Zheng Zhenduo's 鄭振鐸 (1898–1958) literary view. The Chinese traditional literary view centers on articulating Confucian emotions and conveying the Confucian Dao. Accordingly, suwenxue falls within the scope of unorthodox literature and has a lower literary status. The progressive historical view of the Tang-Song transition hypothesis—that suwenxue originated from poetry and prose— represents the direction of literary development and should be accorded high status. Finally, Zheng Zhenduo takes suwenxue as a literary discipline, a fresh and original view that expands the territory of Chinese literature.
{"title":"On Suwenxue 俗文學 and Its Status under Different Literary Views","authors":"Tan Jing 譚靜, Bao Xiangfei 包向飛","doi":"10.1215/15982661-11056777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/15982661-11056777","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The connotation of suwenxue 俗文學 has an inextricable relationship with a particular view of literature. Different views of literature have their respective prescribed values, which bring different understandings of suwenxue and different evaluations of its status in literary history. Rather than defining suwenxue based on its external features, this article examines it from three representative literary views: the Chinese traditional literary view, the literary view under the Tang-Song transition hypothesis, and Zheng Zhenduo's 鄭振鐸 (1898–1958) literary view. The Chinese traditional literary view centers on articulating Confucian emotions and conveying the Confucian Dao. Accordingly, suwenxue falls within the scope of unorthodox literature and has a lower literary status. The progressive historical view of the Tang-Song transition hypothesis—that suwenxue originated from poetry and prose— represents the direction of literary development and should be accorded high status. Finally, Zheng Zhenduo takes suwenxue as a literary discipline, a fresh and original view that expands the territory of Chinese literature.","PeriodicalId":41529,"journal":{"name":"Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141058029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1215/15982661-11056750
Chai Lin, Dongmei Li
After the colonial invasion of East Asia, numerous Koreans, Vietnamese, and Japanese went to China and began a long anticolonial struggle. During this period, they chose to write and communicate in a fourth language, Baihua 白話, for anticolonial purposes. While writing in Baihua, they brought the grammar and word order of their mother tongues into Baihua, creating “Korean-style vernacular Chinese,” “Japanese-style vernacular Chinese,” and “Vietnamese-style vernacular Chinese.” The emergence of these hybridized Baihuas is related to the anticolonialists’ cooperation with the Kuomintang government, the oppression of the Kuomintang government, and the authority of Literary Sinitic and Baihua. As a form of subversion of and resistance to the authority of Literary Sinitic and Baihua, the hybrid Baihuas thus constructed served as an anticolonial third space.
{"title":"Hybrid Baihua 白話 as a Third Space: East Asian Anticolonial Writing in Modern China","authors":"Chai Lin, Dongmei Li","doi":"10.1215/15982661-11056750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/15982661-11056750","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 After the colonial invasion of East Asia, numerous Koreans, Vietnamese, and Japanese went to China and began a long anticolonial struggle. During this period, they chose to write and communicate in a fourth language, Baihua 白話, for anticolonial purposes. While writing in Baihua, they brought the grammar and word order of their mother tongues into Baihua, creating “Korean-style vernacular Chinese,” “Japanese-style vernacular Chinese,” and “Vietnamese-style vernacular Chinese.” The emergence of these hybridized Baihuas is related to the anticolonialists’ cooperation with the Kuomintang government, the oppression of the Kuomintang government, and the authority of Literary Sinitic and Baihua. As a form of subversion of and resistance to the authority of Literary Sinitic and Baihua, the hybrid Baihuas thus constructed served as an anticolonial third space.","PeriodicalId":41529,"journal":{"name":"Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141047749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1215/15982661-11056795
Aaron Molnar
{"title":"The King's Road: Diplomacy and the Remaking of the Silk Road","authors":"Aaron Molnar","doi":"10.1215/15982661-11056795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/15982661-11056795","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41529,"journal":{"name":"Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141046165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1215/15982661-11056741
Zhang Muhui, Kim Kyungho
Recent literature has pointed out the increased stratification and narrowing of the social ladder embedded in the Qing-era civil examinations. This essay sees a clear-cut division between the diminishing opportunity for high-level degrees (above juren 舉人) and the rising exam fever in competing for the licentiate degree (shengyuan 生員) at the grassroots level. This study focuses on the popularization of civil exams in the Qing era from three perspectives: the inflation of the licentiate degree, the surging exam population across society, and the unintended by-product of expanded access to widespread education and literacy culture. Thus, this essay argues that the popularization of civil exams had far-reaching impacts on socioeconomic transitions in Qing China. In addition to the “gatekeeper” function of the civil examinations for selecting officials, the Qing exams triggered new occupations for licentiates and helped initiate self-employment orientations that contributed to accommodating the tremendous surplus population.
{"title":"Revisiting the Civil Examinations in the Qing Dynasty: Popularization and Social Transitions","authors":"Zhang Muhui, Kim Kyungho","doi":"10.1215/15982661-11056741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/15982661-11056741","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Recent literature has pointed out the increased stratification and narrowing of the social ladder embedded in the Qing-era civil examinations. This essay sees a clear-cut division between the diminishing opportunity for high-level degrees (above juren 舉人) and the rising exam fever in competing for the licentiate degree (shengyuan 生員) at the grassroots level. This study focuses on the popularization of civil exams in the Qing era from three perspectives: the inflation of the licentiate degree, the surging exam population across society, and the unintended by-product of expanded access to widespread education and literacy culture. Thus, this essay argues that the popularization of civil exams had far-reaching impacts on socioeconomic transitions in Qing China. In addition to the “gatekeeper” function of the civil examinations for selecting officials, the Qing exams triggered new occupations for licentiates and helped initiate self-employment orientations that contributed to accommodating the tremendous surplus population.","PeriodicalId":41529,"journal":{"name":"Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141050636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1215/15982661-10773058
Matthew Fraleigh
Abstract:This article examines Remarks on Poetry from Makuzugahara (Katsugen shiwa 葛原詩話, 1787, 1804), a Japanese reference work for Sinitic poets that comments on unusual vocabulary and subject matter mainly gathered from Tang and Song sources. Written by the Tendai Buddhist priest and celebrated Sinitic poet Rikunyo 六如 (1734–1801), Katsugen shiwa draws on both intralingual and interlingual translational techniques to engage with Sinitic texts and clarify their meaning to a Japanese readership. With intralingual techniques such as substitution, paraphrase, or expansion into more readily intelligible Sinitic, Rikunyo engaged in approaches identical to the Ming and Qing commentators whose annotations he referenced; his interlingual translation approaches included not only standard kundoku but explicit appeals to Japanese vernacular. The article shows in concrete terms how Rikunyo (as well as two other scholars who wrote fierce, point-by-point critiques of Katsugen shiwa) made use of these dual translation strategies.
{"title":"Approaching Classical Chinese Poetry in Early Modern Japan: Intralingual and Interlingual Translation Strategies in Rikunyo’s Remarks on Poetry","authors":"Matthew Fraleigh","doi":"10.1215/15982661-10773058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/15982661-10773058","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article examines Remarks on Poetry from Makuzugahara (Katsugen shiwa 葛原詩話, 1787, 1804), a Japanese reference work for Sinitic poets that comments on unusual vocabulary and subject matter mainly gathered from Tang and Song sources. Written by the Tendai Buddhist priest and celebrated Sinitic poet Rikunyo 六如 (1734–1801), Katsugen shiwa draws on both intralingual and interlingual translational techniques to engage with Sinitic texts and clarify their meaning to a Japanese readership. With intralingual techniques such as substitution, paraphrase, or expansion into more readily intelligible Sinitic, Rikunyo engaged in approaches identical to the Ming and Qing commentators whose annotations he referenced; his interlingual translation approaches included not only standard kundoku but explicit appeals to Japanese vernacular. The article shows in concrete terms how Rikunyo (as well as two other scholars who wrote fierce, point-by-point critiques of Katsugen shiwa) made use of these dual translation strategies.","PeriodicalId":41529,"journal":{"name":"Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139296693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1215/15982661-11070825
Young Kyun Oh
{"title":"Iŏn 俚諺 (Folk Vernacular)","authors":"Young Kyun Oh","doi":"10.1215/15982661-11070825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/15982661-11070825","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41529,"journal":{"name":"Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139300621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1215/15982661-10773048
Rebekah Clements
Abstract:Today, Ban Kōkei 伴蒿蹊 (1733–1806) is mostly known as the author of a collection of biographies, which became one of the best-selling books of Japan’s late eighteenth century. However, he also devoted much of his career to developing the expressive potential of Japanese prose writing. This article locates Kōkei’s promotion of language reform within the context of contemporaneous developments in translation from classical into vernacular Japanese and explains the role of translation in Kōkei’s attempts to develop Japanese prose writing nearly one hundred years before the better-known national language advocacy of the “Unification of the Spoken and Written Languages” (Genbun itchi 言文一致) movement of the Meiji period (1868–1912). Considered alongside canonical figures like Motoori Norinaga and Ogyū Sorai, Kōkei’s lesser-known work is evidence of a nascent “national” language consciousness among Japanese intellectuals prior to the Meiji period.
{"title":"The Prose of Our Land: Ban Kōkei, Translation, and National Language Consciousness in Eighteenth-Century Japan","authors":"Rebekah Clements","doi":"10.1215/15982661-10773048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/15982661-10773048","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Today, Ban Kōkei 伴蒿蹊 (1733–1806) is mostly known as the author of a collection of biographies, which became one of the best-selling books of Japan’s late eighteenth century. However, he also devoted much of his career to developing the expressive potential of Japanese prose writing. This article locates Kōkei’s promotion of language reform within the context of contemporaneous developments in translation from classical into vernacular Japanese and explains the role of translation in Kōkei’s attempts to develop Japanese prose writing nearly one hundred years before the better-known national language advocacy of the “Unification of the Spoken and Written Languages” (Genbun itchi 言文一致) movement of the Meiji period (1868–1912). Considered alongside canonical figures like Motoori Norinaga and Ogyū Sorai, Kōkei’s lesser-known work is evidence of a nascent “national” language consciousness among Japanese intellectuals prior to the Meiji period.","PeriodicalId":41529,"journal":{"name":"Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139291722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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