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The segmental phonetics and phonology of Hyow, A Tibeto-Burman language of Bangladesh 孟加拉国藏缅语Hyow的分段语音和音韵学
IF 0.1 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-12-15 DOI: 10.1075/LTBA.19006.ZAK
Muhammad Zakaria
This paper presents a description and analysis of segmental phonetics and phonology of Hyow, a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by almost 4,000 people in the southeast of Bangladesh. Hyow demonstrates phonological features which are absent in other Chin languages of the Tibeto-Burman branch. Proto Kuki-Chin initial voiceless nasals are not only preserved in Mara and Central Chin languages (Van Bik 2009: 220), but also in Hyow. Unlike other Southern Chin languages, Hyow final liquids are sometimes preserved or developed into central approximants. In fact, final liquids are preserved in Bangladesh Hyow, and in two varieties of Laitu – Keyni and Myebon – and Laisaw in the Rakhine State of Myanmar. The salient and prevalent phonological process of re-syllabification in Hyow demonstrates that the glottal stop cannot be treated as a phonetic property of the coda-cluster sonorants, which is otherwise treated as glottalized in some Chin languages by scholars, e.g. Hakha Lai (Hyman & Van Bik 2002: 114). Hyow does not show a phonemic contrast between long and short vowels which is very often found in Chin languages. Though Mainland Southeast Asian Languages are profoundly known for having sesquisyllables or reduced syllables, in Hyow, vowels of initial syllables of disyllabic words carrying grammatical morphemes are harmonized with vowels of root-initial syllables, which confirms the absence of such type of reduced syllables in Hyow. The phonological description and analysis in this paper are furthermore supported by phonetic data and illustrations. Discussions of variant phonetic realizations of certain segments have also been included.
本文对孟加拉国东南部近4000人使用的藏缅语Hyow的节段语音和音韵学进行了描述和分析。Hyow的语音特征在藏缅语支的其他钦语中是不存在的。原始库基钦语最初的无声鼻音不仅保存在马拉语和中钦语中(Van Bik 2009: 220),而且在Hyow中也是如此。与其他南钦语言不同,Hyow词尾液体有时会被保存或发展成中心近似物。事实上,最终的液体保存在孟加拉国的Hyow,以及缅甸若开邦的两种Laitu——Keyni和Myebon——和Laisaw。Hyow中重新音节化的显著和普遍的语音过程表明,声门塞音不能被视为尾音簇声韵母的一种语音特性,否则学者们会将其视为一些Chin语言中的声门化,例如Hakha Lai(Hyman&Van Bik 2002: 114)。Hyow在长元音和短元音之间没有表现出汉语中常见的音位对比。尽管东南亚大陆语言以具有双半音节或缩减音节而闻名,但在Hyow,带有语法词素的双音节词的首音节元音与词根首音节元音协调一致,这证实了Hyow没有这种类型的缩减音节。本文的语音描述和分析得到了语音数据和例证的进一步支持。还包括对某些片段的变体语音实现的讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Information structure and intonational accent in Burmese 缅甸语的信息结构与语调重音
IF 0.1 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-12-15 DOI: 10.1075/LTBA.20009.OZE
Pavel Ozerov
It tends to be assumed that tonal languages do not make use of intonational tones and accent location for the purpose of conveying information structural aspects of the utterance. This study of read-aloud stories in colloquial Burmese shows that this tonal language does resort to this sort of intonational means for information-structuring reasons. The prosody of Burmese exhibits identifiable intonational patterns, which function on the level of accentual phrases. An accentual phrase constitutes the basic prosodic unit, and it is there that we find the real interaction of information structure, intonation and tone. Accentual phrases are organised around a single accent, the location of which depends on information structural factors. Sentences can consist of a single accentual phrase or a few phrases, while the exact partition into such phrases is also motivated by information- and discourse-structuring considerations.
人们倾向于认为,声调语言不会利用语调和重音位置来传达话语的信息结构方面。这项对缅甸口语朗读故事的研究表明,由于信息结构的原因,这种音调语言确实采用了这种语调手段。缅甸语的韵律表现出可识别的语调模式,这些模式在重音短语的水平上发挥作用。重音短语构成了基本的韵律单元,在那里我们可以发现信息结构、语调和语调之间的真正相互作用。重音短语是围绕一个重音组织的,重音的位置取决于信息结构因素。句子可以由一个重音短语或几个短语组成,而这些短语的确切划分也受到信息和话语结构考虑的驱动。
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引用次数: 1
Review of Fortier & Witzer (2019): A Comparative Dictionary of Raute and Rawat: Tibeto-Burman languages of the Central Himalayas Fortier&Witzer评论(2019):Raute和Rawat比较词典:喜马拉雅山脉中部的藏缅语
IF 0.1 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-12-15 DOI: 10.1075/LTBA.00008.BRA
D. Bradley
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引用次数: 0
Diachronic aspects of Bjokapakha epistemic verbal morphology Bjokapakha认知言语形态的历时性方面
IF 0.1 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-08-28 DOI: 10.1075/LTBA.18017.GRO
Selin Grollmann
Abstract Bjokapakha belongs to the Tshangla cluster of the Trans-Himalayan (Tibeto-Burman) language family and is spoken in Central Bhutan. Like many languages of the Himalayan region, Bjokapakha exhibits a rich system of epistemic functions, centering around the notion of personal or subjective knowledge (a.k.a. egophoricity, conjunct-disjunct or mirativity). Morphosyntactically, the epistemic categories of Bjokapakha are expressed by constructions involving combinations of nominalisers and copulas which exhibit varying degrees of grammaticalisation. This paper presents the epistemic categories of Bjokapakha and examines the genesis of the Bjokapakha epistemic verbal system from a comparative perspective drawing on insights from other varieties of the Tshangla cluster. Furthermore, a first reconstruction of the nominalisers and copulas of Proto-Tshangla is proposed. It will become evident that nominalisers and copulas have played a crucial role in the emergence of epistemic verbal morphology of Bjokapakha and still constitute productive means for the grammaticalisation of new epistemic categories.
Bjokapakha属于跨喜马拉雅语系(藏缅语族)的Tshangla语族,在不丹中部通行。像喜马拉雅地区的许多语言一样,Bjokapakha表现出丰富的认知功能系统,围绕着个人或主观知识的概念(也称为自指性、连词析取或奇异性)。在形态句法上,Bjokapakha的认识范畴是通过涉及主词和系词组合的结构来表达的,这些结构表现出不同程度的语法化。本文介绍了Bjokapakha的认识范畴,并从比较的角度考察了Bjoka认知言语系统的起源,借鉴了Tshangla集群其他变体的见解。此外,还首次提出了原Tshangla的主词和系词的重构。很明显,主词和系词在Bjokapakha认知言语形态的出现中发挥了至关重要的作用,并且仍然是新认知类别语法化的有效手段。
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引用次数: 3
‘Pour out libation to all the gods!’ “把圣酒倒给所有的神!”
IF 0.1 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-08-28 DOI: 10.1075/ltba.19011.dau
Henriëtte Daudey, Gerong Pincuo
Abstract Ritual speech in many languages around the world shows grammar distinct from grammar used in daily speech. In Northern Prinmi ritual speech we found a significant use of two exhaustive constructions, one of which is not attested in daily speech; the other is only minimally attested. We argue that exhaustive constructions are strong expressions of the utmost degree which makes them particularly useful to the serious occasions in which ritual speech is used, such as when pronouncing blessings or invoking the gods. We also discuss two possible grammaticalization pathways, but find no conclusive evidence for either.
摘要:世界上许多语言的仪式用语都表现出与日常用语不同的语法。在北普林米语的仪式语言中,我们发现了两种穷尽式结构的重要使用,其中一种在日常语言中没有得到证实;另一种只是最低限度的证明。我们认为,穷尽式结构是最强烈的表达,这使得它们在使用仪式语言的严肃场合特别有用,例如在宣布祝福或祈求神的时候。我们还讨论了两种可能的语法化途径,但都没有找到确凿的证据。
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引用次数: 1
Areal features in Gongduk, Bjokapakha and Black Mountain Mönpa phonology 贡德、比约卡帕卡和黑山的地域特征Mönpa音系学
IF 0.1 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-08-28 DOI: 10.1075/ltba.18015.ger
Pascal Gerber
Abstract This paper argues that certain phonological similarities between the three Trans-Himalayan languages Gongduk, Bjokapakha (Tshangla) and Black Mountain Monpa are areal features and discusses the historical and ethnolinguistic implications of this assumption. The similarities between Gongduk and Bjokapakha indicate a situation of areal convergence of recent data. This contact scenario explains certain aberrancies of Bjokapakha with regard to other Tshangla varieties. The attestation of some of the phonological features in Black Mountain Monpa is analysed as the result of early contact between Gongduk and Black Mountain Monpa, i.e. dating back to the time before the arrival of the East Bodish peoples in Central Bhutan.
摘要本文认为贡杜克语、比约卡帕卡语(Tshangla)和黑山蒙巴语(Black Mountain Monpa)三种跨喜马拉雅语言在语音上具有一定的相似性,并讨论了这一假设的历史和民族语言学意义。贡德和比约卡帕卡之间的相似性表明了近期数据的区域收敛情况。这种接触情景解释了比约卡帕卡与其他尚拉品种的某些差异。对黑山蒙巴语的一些音系特征的证明进行了分析,作为贡德和黑山蒙巴语早期接触的结果,即追溯到东博迪什人到达不丹中部之前。
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引用次数: 6
The syntax of intensifiers in Muishaung Muishhaung中增强词的句法
IF 0.1 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-08-28 DOI: 10.1075/ltba.19002.dam
Kellen Parker van Dam
Abstract The Tangsa-Nocte languages of the India/Myanmar border region employ a system of suffixes to modify descriptive words. These may be reduplicated under certain conditions, determined by the stress patterns of the larger utterance. Previously referred to as intensifiers (Morey n.d.; van Dam 2018), these affixes modify their stems to cover a wide range of different meanings, with each stem having a limited and sometimes unique set of applicable modifiers. Such intensifiers are found throughout the Pangwa varieties of Tangsa-Nocte and occur with the majority of basic adjectives derived from monosyllabic verbal stems.
摘要印度/缅甸边境地区的唐萨诺克特语使用后缀系统来修饰描述性单词。在某些条件下,这些词可能是重叠的,这取决于较大话语的重音模式。以前被称为增强词(Morey n.d.;van Dam 2018),这些词缀修饰词干以涵盖广泛的不同含义,每个词干都有一组有限的、有时是唯一的适用修饰语。这种强化词在唐杂语的Pangwa变体中随处可见,并出现在大多数源自单音节词干的基本形容词中。
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引用次数: 0
Northern Sangtam phonetics, phonology and word list 北桑潭语音学、音韵学和词表
IF 0.1 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-08-28 DOI: 10.1075/ltba.19014.cou
A. Coupe
This paper presents a comprehensive phonetic and phonological description of Northern Sangtam, an essentially undescribed Tibeto-Burman language of central Nagaland belonging to the Aoic subgroup. It is a noteworthy language from a number of phonological perspectives, not least because its phoneme inventory contains two of the world’s rarest phonemes: a pre-stopped bilabial trill, and a doubly-articulated labial-coronal nasal. These unique segments are described in detail, and an attempt is made to determine how they might have developed their phonemic status. The tone system is also of interest, as it demonstrates evidence of debuccalization resulting in the development of a new high tone. Following a systematic description of the syllable and word structure, the tone system, and the segmental phonology, some observed age-related differences in the phoneme inventory are discussed. The paper is linked to an online repository containing the audio-visual data and transcribed word lists of approximately 900 items, based on the recorded utterances of eight speakers.
本文对北桑塔姆语进行了全面的语音和音韵描述,北桑塔姆语是那加兰邦中部的一种基本未被描述的藏缅语,属于Aoic亚群。从许多音韵学的角度来看,这是一种值得注意的语言,尤其是因为它的音素库包含了两个世界上最罕见的音素:一个前置停顿的双音颤音,和一个双发音的唇部冠状鼻音。这些独特的片段被详细描述,并试图确定它们是如何发展其音位地位的。音调系统也很有趣,因为它证明了去中心化导致新的高音发展的证据。在系统地描述了音节和单词结构、声调系统和音段音系之后,本文还讨论了在音位清单中观察到的一些与年龄相关的差异。该论文与一个在线存储库相连,该存储库包含根据8位说话者的话语记录的视听数据和大约900个项目的转录词表。
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引用次数: 3
The copula system of Tawang Monpa Tawang Monpa的交配系统
IF 0.1 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-08-28 DOI: 10.1075/ltba.17013.tom
Anette Helgestad Tombleson
Abstract This paper is a description of the copula system of Tawang Monpa [Dakpa], an East-Bodish language, spoken in Arunachal Pradesh in India and by small groups of speakers in Bhutan and Tibet. There are two equative copulas in Tawang Monpa: personal jin and neutral jim, and three existential copulas: testimonial ni, neutral num and personal nou. In addition, there are separate negative copulas; equative: personal men and neutral menum, and existential: testimonial mon, neutral munum and personal monou. There is also one example of a past positive copula ne and a past negative copula monelu.
摘要本文描述了印度印控"阿鲁纳恰尔邦"的东孟加拉语达旺语(Dakpa])以及不丹和西藏的少数使用者的系词系统。《达旺蒙帕》中有两个等价系词:个人jin和中性jim,以及三个存在系词:证明ni、中性num和个人nou。此外,还有单独的阴性系词;等同的:个人的男人和中立的菜单,存在的:证明蒙,中立的蒙和个人的monou。还有一个过去正系词ne和过去负系词monelu的例子。
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引用次数: 0
Expressing negative meaning in Liangmai 在凉麦中表达否定意义
IF 0.1 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2020-08-28 DOI: 10.1075/ltba.19008.dai
Kailadbou Daimai, Kh. Dhiren Singha
Abstract The paper presents an overview of negative expression in Liangmai, an under-described Tibeto-Burman language, primarily spoken in the Northeast Indian states of Manipur and Nagaland. There are two ways of negative formation in the language: (i) by suffixing negative markers to the main verb, and (ii) by the use of negative particles. The main negative suffixes in Liangmai are -mak, mainly used with realis constructions; -lak, used mainly with irrealis constructions; and -tu/-du with imperative, giving a prohibitive meaning. Negative particles used in the language include ha, which is a negative existential and rao, used to express ‘undesirability’. Additionally, a negative interjection hai is used frequently in the language as a negative answer to a question or to contradict a statement perceived to be incorrect. Negative polarity items are form by suffixing -di to nominal stems and numerals. The present paper offers a descriptive account of negation in Liangmai, providing an overview of various constructions, namely, declarative, interrogative, imperative, relative and hortative, with negative polarity in the language.
梁麦语是一种未被充分描述的藏缅语,主要在印度东北部的曼尼普尔邦和那加兰邦使用。语言中否定的形成有两种方式:(i)在主动词后面加否定标记;(ii)使用否定助词。良麦语的否定后缀主要是-mak,主要用于现实句;lak,主要用于虚幻结构;还有-tu/-du加祈使句,表示禁止的意思。英语中使用的否定助词包括ha和rao, ha是一个否定的存在主义助词,rao用来表达“不受欢迎”。此外,否定感叹词hai在英语中经常被用作对问题的否定回答或反驳被认为不正确的陈述。负极性项目是通过后缀-di到标称茎和数字形成。本文对良麦语中的否定进行了描述,概述了良麦语中具有否定极性的陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、关系句和祈使句。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
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