Abstract Guiqiong, like most Sino-Tibetan languages, presents a rich array of relativization constructions. Based on both natural oral texts and elicited material, the present paper describes all attested types of relatives in Guiqiong, including prenominal, head-internal, headless, and double-headed relative clauses, as well as nominalized and non-nominalized relative clauses. It provides a case by case account of the possible constructions for all syntactic roles including various types of obliques. This paper will also discuss different relativization strategies used in Guiqiong. To conclude, this paper will discuss the importance and the relevance of this study to Sino-Tibetan linguistics.
{"title":"Relativization in Guiqiong","authors":"Rao Min, Gao Yang, Jesse P. Gates","doi":"10.1075/ltba.18002.min","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.18002.min","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Guiqiong, like most Sino-Tibetan languages, presents a rich array of relativization constructions. Based on both natural oral texts and elicited material, the present paper describes all attested types of relatives in Guiqiong, including prenominal, head-internal, headless, and double-headed relative clauses, as well as nominalized and non-nominalized relative clauses. It provides a case by case account of the possible constructions for all syntactic roles including various types of obliques. This paper will also discuss different relativization strategies used in Guiqiong. To conclude, this paper will discuss the importance and the relevance of this study to Sino-Tibetan linguistics.","PeriodicalId":41542,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area","volume":"42 1","pages":"260-279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41599139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a preliminary investigation of nominalization and relativization in Tujia from a typological perspective. We show that there are several nominalizers in Tujia, only two of which are multifunctional: ɕi and ɲie. ɕi can function as a nominalizer, a relativizer, a complementizer, a converbal clause marker or a stance marker. ɲie can function as a genitive marker, a nominalizer, a relative clause marker, a non-relative attributive marker or a stance marker. Relative clauses in Tujia can be head internal and pre-nominal. The head internal relative clauses are marked by ɕi, while the pre-nominal relative clauses are marked by ɲie.1 We point out that ɲie manifests typical genitive-relative-nominalization syncretism, whereas ɕi manifests extended nominalization functions, both of which are widely attested in other Tibeto-Burman languages. We argue that ɕi originates from a general noun, of unknown etymology. The nominalizer ɲie originates from a genitive marker. These findings should prove useful to future typological or comparative research with respect to nominalization in Tibeto-Burman languages.
{"title":"Nominalization and relativization in Tujia","authors":"Lu Man, J. V. D. Weijer, Zhengguang Liu","doi":"10.1075/LTBA.16021.MAN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LTBA.16021.MAN","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents a preliminary investigation of\u0000 nominalization and relativization in Tujia from a typological perspective. We\u0000 show that there are several nominalizers in Tujia, only two of which are\u0000 multifunctional: ɕi and ɲie. ɕi can function\u0000 as a nominalizer, a relativizer, a complementizer, a converbal clause marker or\u0000 a stance marker. ɲie can function as a genitive marker, a\u0000 nominalizer, a relative clause marker, a non-relative attributive marker or a\u0000 stance marker. Relative clauses in Tujia can be head internal and pre-nominal.\u0000 The head internal relative clauses are marked by ɕi, while the\u0000 pre-nominal relative clauses are marked by ɲie.1 We point out that ɲie\u0000 manifests typical genitive-relative-nominalization syncretism, whereas\u0000 ɕi manifests extended nominalization functions, both of\u0000 which are widely attested in other Tibeto-Burman languages. We argue that\u0000 ɕi originates from a general noun, of unknown etymology.\u0000 The nominalizer ɲie originates from a genitive marker. These\u0000 findings should prove useful to future typological or comparative research with\u0000 respect to nominalization in Tibeto-Burman languages.","PeriodicalId":41542,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47254199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper surveys the forms of dual and plural pronouns across the Tibeto-Burman languages, and offers a reconstruction of the non-singular pronouns, and a general account of how various branches and languages have diverged from this original system. We can certainly reconstruct two, perhaps three, person-number portmanteaus: #i 1pl, or perhaps 1pl.inc, #ni 2pl, and, less certainly, #ka 1pl.exc. We also reconstruct #tsi dual which combined with singular pronouns to make dual forms. This construction was the model on which most daughter languages have innovated an analytic system of person and number marking, with distinct person and dual and/or plural morphemes combining to make the morphologically complex but semantically transparent compositional forms found in the majority of languages.
{"title":"Non-singular pronouns in Tibeto-Burman (Trans-Himalayan)","authors":"Scott DeLancey","doi":"10.1075/LTBA.18006.DEL","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LTBA.18006.DEL","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper surveys the forms of dual and plural pronouns across the Tibeto-Burman languages, and offers a\u0000 reconstruction of the non-singular pronouns, and a general account of how various branches and languages have diverged from this\u0000 original system. We can certainly reconstruct two, perhaps three, person-number portmanteaus: #i 1pl, or\u0000 perhaps 1pl.inc, #ni 2pl, and, less certainly, #ka 1pl.exc. We also\u0000 reconstruct #tsi\u0000 dual which combined with singular pronouns to make dual forms. This construction was the model on which most daughter\u0000 languages have innovated an analytic system of person and number marking, with distinct person and dual and/or plural morphemes\u0000 combining to make the morphologically complex but semantically transparent compositional forms found in the majority of\u0000 languages.","PeriodicalId":41542,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46961541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This short note discusses the origin and development of the use of the term “pronomenalisation” (pronominalization) in Sino-Tibetan linguistics, pointing out that the concept was originally a typological one, and that the phenomenon was seen as the result of grammaticalization, i.e. the free pronouns being copied onto the verb.
{"title":"A note on the history of the term “pronomenalisation”","authors":"R. Lapolla","doi":"10.1075/LTBA.00005.LAP","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LTBA.00005.LAP","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This short note discusses the origin and development of the use\u0000 of the term “pronomenalisation” (pronominalization) in Sino-Tibetan linguistics, pointing out that the concept was originally a typological one, and that the\u0000 phenomenon was seen as the result of grammaticalization, i.e. the free pronouns\u0000 being copied onto the verb.","PeriodicalId":41542,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46743771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents information regarding newly recognised non-Tibetic Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in three counties, Dzogang, Markham, and Drag-yab, of Chamdo Municipality and the adjacent Dzayul County in the Tibet Autonomous Region. First, we introduce four languages – Lamo, Larong sMar, Drag-yab sMar, and gSerkhu – identifying the location of each language on the Chinese administrative map as well as the numbers of speakers of the languages. Second, we provide a brief historical background on these languages, which suggests a relationship between them and Qiangic groups. Third, we display lexical evidence that shows not only their non-Tibetic features but also their closeness to Qiangic languages. Finally, the article focuses on Lamo, an endangered language spoken in Dzogang County, and provides a linguistic analysis of an annotated Lamo historical narrative in the Appendix.
{"title":"Newly recognised languages in Chamdo","authors":"T. Nyima, Hiroyuki Suzuki","doi":"10.1075/LTBA.18004.NYI","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LTBA.18004.NYI","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article presents information regarding newly recognised\u0000 non-Tibetic Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in three counties, Dzogang, Markham,\u0000 and Drag-yab, of Chamdo Municipality and the adjacent Dzayul County in the Tibet\u0000 Autonomous Region. First, we introduce four languages – Lamo, Larong sMar,\u0000 Drag-yab sMar, and gSerkhu – identifying the location of each language on the\u0000 Chinese administrative map as well as the numbers of speakers of the languages.\u0000 Second, we provide a brief historical background on these languages, which\u0000 suggests a relationship between them and Qiangic groups. Third, we display\u0000 lexical evidence that shows not only their non-Tibetic features but also their\u0000 closeness to Qiangic languages. Finally, the article focuses on Lamo, an endangered language spoken in\u0000 Dzogang County, and provides a linguistic analysis of an annotated Lamo\u0000 historical narrative in the Appendix.","PeriodicalId":41542,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58994296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cathryn Yang, James Stanford, Yang Liu, Jing Jiang, Liufang Tang
Endangered tone languages are not often studied within quantitative variationist approaches, but such approaches can provide valuable insights for language description and documentation in the Tibeto-Burman area. This study examines tone variation within Yangliu Lalo (Central Ngwi), a minority language community in China that is currently shifting to Southwestern Mandarin. Yangliu Lalo’s Tone 4, the rising-falling High tone, is lowering and flattening among young people, especially females, who also tend to use Lalo less frequently. Tonal range in elicited speech is shown to be decreasing as use of Lalo decreases. Concurrently, the standard deviation of the pitch of individual tones also decreases, while at the same time speakers with a narrow tonal range also show greater articulatory precision for each tone. Tonal range and standard deviation of pitch are both parameters of tonal space, the arrangement of, and relationship between, tones within the tonal system. The results from our apparent-time study suggest that tonal space provides a new avenue of sociolinguistic inquiry for tone languages.
{"title":"Variation in the tonal space of Yangliu Lalo, an endangered language of Yunnan, China","authors":"Cathryn Yang, James Stanford, Yang Liu, Jing Jiang, Liufang Tang","doi":"10.1075/LTBA.18008.YAN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LTBA.18008.YAN","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Endangered tone languages are not often studied within quantitative variationist approaches, but such approaches\u0000 can provide valuable insights for language description and documentation in the Tibeto-Burman area. This study examines tone\u0000 variation within Yangliu Lalo (Central Ngwi), a minority language community in China that is currently shifting to Southwestern\u0000 Mandarin. Yangliu Lalo’s Tone 4, the rising-falling High tone, is lowering and flattening among young people, especially females,\u0000 who also tend to use Lalo less frequently. Tonal range in elicited speech is shown to be decreasing as use of Lalo decreases.\u0000 Concurrently, the standard deviation of the pitch of individual tones also decreases, while at the same time speakers with a\u0000 narrow tonal range also show greater articulatory precision for each tone. Tonal range and standard deviation of pitch are both\u0000 parameters of tonal space, the arrangement of, and relationship between, tones within the tonal system. The results from our\u0000 apparent-time study suggest that tonal space provides a new avenue of sociolinguistic inquiry for tone languages.","PeriodicalId":41542,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49593696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Politeness strategies using specific word forms and morphemes are well known in Tibetan, in whichhonorificexpressions are in the majority. However, for Amdo Tibetan the politeness register is less well known. In this paper, the humilific politeness system of Mabzhi Amdo Tibetan is discussed in terms of ten morphologically-formed types, eight types of noun suffixes (/-ŋən/, /-tɕhəl/, /-tɕhəχ/, /-choχ/, /-ɦdəx/, /-ʈʋ̩/, /-rgen/, and /-ʂti/), and two adjective types (/ʔa xha ma/ and /nɖanɖa/), as well as suppletion. In addition, the article discusses both the use and misuse of humilifics providing case examples from natural conversation settings as well as a crosstalk (kha shags) performance to illustrate how humilifics are deployed, treated, and evaluated in the contemporary world of Mabzhi Tibetans.
{"title":"Humilifics in Mabzhi pastoralist speech of Amdo Tibetan","authors":"T. Samdrup, Hiroyuki Suzuki","doi":"10.1075/ltba.17008.sam","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.17008.sam","url":null,"abstract":"Politeness strategies using specific word forms and morphemes are well known in Tibetan, in whichhonorificexpressions are in the majority. However, for Amdo Tibetan the politeness register is less well known. In this paper, the humilific politeness system of Mabzhi Amdo Tibetan is discussed in terms of ten morphologically-formed types, eight types of noun suffixes (/-ŋən/, /-tɕhəl/, /-tɕhəχ/, /-choχ/, /-ɦdəx/, /-ʈʋ̩/, /-rgen/, and /-ʂti/), and two adjective types (/ʔa xha ma/ and /nɖanɖa/), as well as suppletion. In addition, the article discusses both the use and misuse of humilifics providing case examples from natural conversation settings as well as a crosstalk (kha shags) performance to illustrate how humilifics are deployed, treated, and evaluated in the contemporary world of Mabzhi Tibetans.","PeriodicalId":41542,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area","volume":"102 1","pages":"222-259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58994087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pyu, an extinct Sino-Tibetan language once spoken in what is now Upper Burma, remains barely explored beyond the level of transliterating texts and the identification of individual words. Knowledge of Pyu grammar has advanced little over the past century. This article (1) presents a methodology for discovering the syntax of Pyu, (2) identifies five word classes and their combinatorial properties, (3) lists all known grammatical morphemes with notes on usage, (4) formulates rules of word order, and (5) demonstrates how all of the above can elucidate the meaning of a previously undeciphered Pyu inscription. Over 200 examples are provided.
{"title":"A first look at Pyu grammar","authors":"M. Miyake","doi":"10.1075/ltba.18013.miy","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.18013.miy","url":null,"abstract":"Pyu, an extinct Sino-Tibetan language once spoken in what is now Upper Burma, remains barely explored beyond the level of transliterating texts and the identification of individual words. Knowledge of Pyu grammar has advanced little over the past century. This article (1) presents a methodology for discovering the syntax of Pyu, (2) identifies five word classes and their combinatorial properties, (3) lists all known grammatical morphemes with notes on usage, (4) formulates rules of word order, and (5) demonstrates how all of the above can elucidate the meaning of a previously undeciphered Pyu inscription. Over 200 examples are provided.","PeriodicalId":41542,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area","volume":"42 1","pages":"150-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58994366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents a diachronic puzzle of the gender suffixes’ origin in Mizo personal names, -a for male and -i for female. It also provides a plausible sociolinguistic explanation for the fast spread of its use by the whole population, that is, the use of these gender suffixes was expedited as a result of the adoption by the well respected missionaries.
{"title":"The origin and spread of Mizo gender suffixes *-a and *-i on personal\u0000 names","authors":"Kenneth Van Bik","doi":"10.1075/LTBA.16019.BIK","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/LTBA.16019.BIK","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a diachronic puzzle of the gender suffixes’ origin in Mizo personal names, -a for male and -i for female. It also provides a plausible sociolinguistic explanation for the fast spread of its use by the whole population, that is, the use of these gender suffixes was expedited as a result of the adoption by the well respected missionaries.","PeriodicalId":41542,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58993625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research provides quantitative evidence of the decline in Nuosu competence among the young Nuosu generation in Liangshan, Sichuan, China, through a direct comprehensive linguistic measurement of their Nuosu-Chinese bilingual competence. Although the young generation can still speak Nuosu, a Tibeto-Burman language, as fluently as the elder Nuosu generations without apparent difficulty, this research identifies the subtle change of competence before it becomes widely noticeable. A sample of 34 ethnic Nuosu of three generations was tested in Xichang, Liangshan, through measuring their core or implicit language knowledge (i.e. morphology, syntax, lexicon, semantics, and pragmatics) in Nuosu and Chinese. The participants were from seven Shynra-speaking counties and two Yynuo-speaking counties, mainly within Liangshan. The test format was listening and speaking, to include illiterate speakers. It was found that all elder and middle-aged subjects still possessed monolingual baseline competence, which was stable and maintained at a high level. However, only half of the young Nuosu subjects achieved monolingual baseline competence in Nuosu. The other half, though still considered as native speakers of Nuosu, had lower and more varied competence; however, almost all of them achieved monolingual baseline competence in Chinese. The Nuosu speech community in Liangshan is shifting from Nuosu-dominant bilingualism to Chinese-dominant bilingualism. Moreover, the present study proposes a typology of native speakers and a typology of bilinguals based on different levels of competence obtained from the current sample.
{"title":"Chinese-dominant bilingualism","authors":"Hongdi Ding","doi":"10.1075/ltba.17014.din","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.17014.din","url":null,"abstract":"This research provides quantitative evidence of the decline in Nuosu competence among the young Nuosu generation in Liangshan, Sichuan, China, through a direct comprehensive linguistic measurement of their Nuosu-Chinese bilingual competence. Although the young generation can still speak Nuosu, a Tibeto-Burman language, as fluently as the elder Nuosu generations without apparent difficulty, this research identifies the subtle change of competence before it becomes widely noticeable. A sample of 34 ethnic Nuosu of three generations was tested in Xichang, Liangshan, through measuring their core or implicit language knowledge (i.e. morphology, syntax, lexicon, semantics, and pragmatics) in Nuosu and Chinese. The participants were from seven Shynra-speaking counties and two Yynuo-speaking counties, mainly within Liangshan. The test format was listening and speaking, to include illiterate speakers. It was found that all elder and middle-aged subjects still possessed monolingual baseline competence, which was stable and maintained at a high level. However, only half of the young Nuosu subjects achieved monolingual baseline competence in Nuosu. The other half, though still considered as native speakers of Nuosu, had lower and more varied competence; however, almost all of them achieved monolingual baseline competence in Chinese. The Nuosu speech community in Liangshan is shifting from Nuosu-dominant bilingualism to Chinese-dominant bilingualism. Moreover, the present study proposes a typology of native speakers and a typology of bilinguals based on different levels of competence obtained from the current sample.","PeriodicalId":41542,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area","volume":"42 1","pages":"280-322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58994270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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