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Perovskite solar cells: Fundamental aspects, stability challenges, and future prospects Perovskite 太阳能电池:基本方面、稳定性挑战和未来展望
IF 12 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2024.100463
Suman S. Kahandal , Rameshwar S. Tupke , Dinesh S. Bobade , Hansol Kim , Guanghai Piao , Babasaheb R. Sankapal , Zafar Said , Balasaheb P. Pagar , Anuradha C. Pawar , Ji Man Kim , Ravindra N. Bulakhe

Interest in perovskite solar cell (PSC) research is increasing because PSC has a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE), which has notably risen to 28.3 %. However, commercialization of PSCs faces a significant obstacle due to their stability issues. This review article primarily focuses on several key aspects of PSCs, including different types of solar cells, their construction and operational mechanisms, efficiency, and overall stability. It explains the structure and functioning of PSCs, covering materials and components used for absorber layer, electron-transport layer, hole-transport layer, and electrodes. This review emphasized stability challenges associated with PSCs and discussed various factors and issues contributing to the degradation of these solar cells over time. It then provided a concise overview of different strategies and ongoing efforts taken to enhance the stability of PSCs. It also summarized various approaches used to improve their durability. In summary, this article offers a comprehensive exploration of PSCs, encompassing their construction, operation, improvement in efficiency, and obstacles related to their long-term stability. Furthermore, it addresses factors influencing PSC stability and outlines future challenges, focusing on prolonging their lifespan and enhancing stability for broader applications. Finally, this article has tackled various possible solutions to address the challenges encountered by the PSCs.

人们对过氧化物太阳能电池(PSC)研究的兴趣与日俱增,因为过氧化物太阳能电池具有出色的功率转换效率(PCE),目前已显著提高到 28.3%。然而,由于其稳定性问题,PSC 的商业化面临着巨大障碍。这篇综述文章主要关注 PSC 的几个关键方面,包括不同类型的太阳能电池、其结构和运行机制、效率和整体稳定性。文章解释了 PSC 的结构和功能,涵盖了用于吸收层、电子传输层、空穴传输层和电极的材料和元件。这篇综述强调了与 PSC 相关的稳定性挑战,并讨论了导致这些太阳能电池随时间退化的各种因素和问题。然后,它简要概述了为提高 PSC 的稳定性而采取的不同策略和正在进行的努力。文章还总结了用于提高其耐用性的各种方法。总之,本文全面探讨了 PSC,包括其构造、运行、效率提高以及与其长期稳定性相关的障碍。此外,文章还讨论了影响 PSC 稳定性的因素,并概述了未来的挑战,重点是延长其使用寿命和提高稳定性,以实现更广泛的应用。最后,本文探讨了各种可能的解决方案,以应对 PSC 所遇到的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Advances in Fe3+-activated luminescent materials for near-infrared light sources 用于近红外光源的 Fe3+ 激活型发光材料的研究进展
IF 12 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2024.100456
Fangyi Zhao, Zhen Song, Quanlin Liu

Fe3+-activated near-infrared (NIR) luminescent materials have attracted growing research interests for their tunable broadband emission and extensive application potentials in the fields of night vision, biomedical imaging, nondestructive food analysis, etc. Deep insight into the relation between crystal structure and luminescence performance plays a significant role in developing novel efficient NIR functional materials. In this review, after a brief introduction, we first discuss the mechanism of Fe3+ luminescence in octahedral and tetrahedral crystal fields based on the Tanabe-Sugano energy level diagram. Next, the research progress of Fe3+-doped NIR luminescent materials, including structure, property and potential application, is summarized, followed by the strategies to enhance NIR steady-state luminescence, persistent luminescence and mechanoluminescence performances. Then we conduct a comparison of luminescence efficiency and luminescence thermal stability of Fe3+-doped NIR materials. At last, we propose several challenges and outlooks in the research of Fe3+-activated NIR luminescent materials. This review is aimed to provide a deeper understanding of not only Fe3+ luminescence mechanism but also the current research progress of Fe3+-doped materials, so as to provide constructive strategy in the exploitation of efficient Fe3+-activated NIR luminescent materials.

铁激活的近红外(NIR)发光材料因其可调谐的宽带发射和在夜视、生物医学成像、无损食品分析等领域的广泛应用潜力而吸引了越来越多的研究兴趣。深入了解晶体结构与发光性能之间的关系对于开发新型高效近红外功能材料具有重要作用。在这篇综述中,在简要介绍之后,我们首先基于 Tanabe-Sugano 能级图讨论了八面体和四面体晶场中铁的发光机理。接着,总结了掺铁近红外发光材料的研究进展,包括结构、性质和潜在应用,然后介绍了增强近红外稳态发光、持续发光和机械发光性能的策略。然后,我们比较了掺铁近红外材料的发光效率和发光热稳定性。最后,我们提出了铁激活近红外发光材料研究中的几个挑战和展望。本综述的目的不仅在于加深对铁发光机理的理解,还在于介绍当前掺铁材料的研究进展,从而为开发高效的铁激活近红外发光材料提供建设性策略。
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引用次数: 0
B-site deficient hexagonal perovskites: Structural stability, ionic order-disorder and electrical properties 缺乏 B 位的六方过氧化物:结构稳定性、离子有序-无序和电学特性
IF 12 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2024.100459
Xiaoyan Yang , Alberto J. Fernández–Carrión , Xinyue Geng , Xiaojun Kuang

This review presents an overview on the structures and electrical properties of B-site deficient hexagonal perovskite oxides, which have been receiving increasing attention as key components as dielectric resonators in microwave telecommunications, as well as solid-state oxide ion and proton conductors in solid oxide fuel cells. The structural evolution and stability, order-disorder of cation and anions, and mechanisms underlying the dielectric and ionic conduction behaviors for the B-site deficient hexagonal perovskites are summarized and the roles of the B-site deficiency on the structural stability and option, ion order-disorder and electrical performance are highlighted. This provides useful guidance for design of new hexagonal perovskite oxide materials and structural control to enhance their electrical properties and discover new functionality as dielectric resonators and solid-state ionic conductors.

这篇综述概述了缺位六方包晶氧化物的结构和电学性质,这些氧化物作为微波通信中的介质谐振器以及固体氧化物燃料电池中的固态氧化物离子和质子导体的关键成分,受到越来越多的关注。本研究总结了六方过氧化物的结构演化和稳定性、阳离子和阴离子的阶次失调以及介电和离子传导行为的内在机制,并强调了"-位 "缺陷对结构稳定性和选择性、离子阶次失调和电性能的影响。这为新型六方包晶氧化物材料的设计和结构控制提供了有益的指导,从而提高了它们的电学性能,并发现了它们作为介质谐振器和固态离子导体的新功能。
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引用次数: 0
Lattice modulation improving surface passivation of LiMnPO4 for stable cycling at high temperatures 晶格调制改善磷酸锰锂的表面钝化,实现高温下的稳定循环
IF 12 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2024.100460
Wei Chen , Haisheng Fang

The undesirable capacity degradation of LiMnPO4 upon cycling at high temperatures is a challenge to its practical application. Herein, a lattice doping strategy is adopted to improve the high-temperature cycling stability of LiMnPO4, and the comparative study reveals that Al3+ doping into LiMnPO4 in a form of Li0.98Al0.02MnPO4 is highly beneficial to the cycling performance of LiMnPO4 and the capacity retention can be significantly improved from 67.4 % to 93.4 % after 100 cycles at 1C at 60 °C, because Al3+ doping can effectively reduce passivation products deposition on the cathode and manganese dissolution in the electrolyte, which thus improve the cathode/electrolyte interface and stabilize the structure of LiMnPO4 at high temperatures.

锰酸锂在高温循环时会出现容量衰减,这对其实际应用是一个挑战。本文采用晶格掺杂策略来提高锰酸锂的高温循环稳定性,对比研究发现,以 LiAlMnPO 形式在锰酸锂中掺杂 Al 非常有利于提高锰酸锂的循环性能,在 60 °C 下 1C 循环 100 次后,容量保持率可从 67.4% 显著提高到 93.4%。4% 提高到93.4%,这是因为铝掺杂能有效减少阴极上钝化产物的沉积和电解液中锰的溶解,从而改善阴极/电解液界面,稳定高温下 LiMnPO 的结构。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding color variation with site distribution in inverse spinel structure via neutron diffraction, magnetism, and optical studies 通过中子衍射、磁学和光学研究了解反向尖晶石结构中颜色随位点分布的变化
IF 12 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2024.100455
Anjali Verma , Jun Li , Arthur P. Ramirez , M.A. Subramanian

Chromophores at different coordinations can give rise to different colors; usually, chromophores at non-centrosymmetric coordinations are preferred for intense pigments. Different solid solutions M2-xCoxM’O4 (M = Mg/Zn, and M’ = Ti/Sn) with inverse spinel structure were synthesized with the goal of understanding color variation with site distribution, as the chromophore Co2+ in these solid solutions can occupy either the tetrahedral or octahedral sites or both depending on the composition. Another goal was to develop environmentally friendly and cheap blue pigments by reducing the carcinogenic cobalt to obtain a similar color to that of commercially available cobalt blue, which uses a significant amount of Co2+ (33.31 % by mass). For Mg2-xCoxTiO4 series, turquoise blue hues were observed for low cobalt content, and different shades of blue were observed for Mg2-xCoxSnO4 series with a color similar to cobalt blue, including just 4.90% of cobalt by mass. While for Zn2-xCoxTiO4, and Zn2-xCoxSnO4 series, different shades of brown and different shades of green, respectively, were observed. One of the main reasons behind the major difference in color for the Mg and Zn containing solid solutions, regardless of the same chromophore in the same structure is related to the chromophore site distribution in the system. For the Mg-containing solid solutions, different shades of blue are observed as Mg has no preference for any of the sites, Co2+ mostly goes to tetrahedral sites. In contrast, for the Zn-containing solid solutions, no blue shades were observed because of the strong preference of Zn for the tetrahedral sites owing to the sp3 hybridization, which in turn forces Co2+ to occupy the octahedral sites. Neutron refinement proves that Co2+ occupies mainly tetrahedral sites in the Mg-containing solid solutions and mostly octahedral sites in the Zn-containing solid solutions.

不同配位的发色团可以产生不同的颜色;通常,非中心对称配位的发色团更适合用于制造浓艳的颜料。我们合成了具有反尖晶石结构的不同 CoO 固溶体(= Mg/Zn 和 Ti/Sn),目的是了解颜色随位点分布的变化,因为根据组成的不同,这些固溶体中的发色团 Co 可以占据四面体位点或八面体位点,也可以同时占据这两个位点。另一个目标是通过减少致癌物质钴的含量,开发出环保、廉价的蓝色颜料,以获得与市售钴蓝相似的颜色,市售钴蓝使用了大量的钴(质量分数为 33.31%)。就钴钛酸镁系列而言,钴含量低时可观察到绿松石蓝的色调,而钴锰酸镁系列的钴含量仅为 4.90%(质量分数),却可观察到不同色调的蓝色,其颜色与钴蓝相似。而对于 ZnCoTiO 和 ZnCoSnO 系列,则分别观察到不同色调的棕色和不同色调的绿色。含镁和含锌固溶体在相同结构中的发色团相同,但颜色却有很大差异,其主要原因之一与体系中的发色团位点分布有关。对于含镁固溶体,由于镁不偏好任何位点,而钴主要偏好四面体位点,因此会观察到不同深浅的蓝色。相反,在含 Zn 的固溶体中,由于 sp 杂化作用,Zn 强烈偏好四面体位点,从而迫使 Co 占据八面体位点,因此没有观察到蓝色色调。中子细化证明,钴在含镁固溶体中主要占据四面体位,而在含锌固溶体中主要占据八面体位。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of composition on the thermal properties and structure of M-Al-Si-O-N glasses, M = Na, Mg, Ca 成分对 M-Al-Si-O-N 玻璃(M = Na、Mg、Ca)热性能和结构的影响
IF 12 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2024.100461
Sharafat Ali , Natalia A. Wójcik , Abbas Saeed Hakeem , Yann Gueguen , Stefan Karlsson

The primary objective of this study is to explore the relationship between the composition, structure, and thermal characteristics of M-Al-Si-O-N glasses, with M representing sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), or calcium (Ca). The glasses were prepared by melting in a quartz crucible at 1650 °C and AlN precursor (powder) was utilized as a nitrogen source. The measured thermal properties studied were glass transition temperature (Tg), crystallization temperature (Tc), glass stability, viscosity, and thermal expansion coefficient (α). The findings indicate that increasing the aluminum content leads to higher glass transition, crystallization temperatures, and viscosities. In contrast, fragility values increase with the Al contents, while modifier elements and silicon content influence thermal expansion coefficient values. FTIR analysis revealed that in all glasses, the dominant IR bands are attributed to the presence of Q2 and Q3 silicate units. The effect of Al is observed as a progressive polymerization of the silicate network resulting from the glass-forming role of Al2O3. In most samples, the Q4 silicate mode was also observed, strongly related to the high Al content. Overall, the study shows that the complexity of composition-property correlations where the structural changes affect the properties of Mg/Ca-based oxynitride glasses has potential implications for their use in various technological fields.

本研究的主要目的是探索 M-Al-Si-O-N 玻璃的成分、结构和热特性之间的关系,其中 M 代表钠(Na)、镁(Mg)或钙(Ca)。玻璃是在 1650 ℃ 的石英坩埚中熔化制备的,AlN 前驱体(粉末)用作氮源。所测量的热性能包括玻璃转化温度(Tg)、结晶温度(Tc)、玻璃稳定性、粘度和热膨胀系数(α)。研究结果表明,铝含量的增加会提高玻璃化转变温度、结晶温度和粘度。相反,脆性值会随着铝含量的增加而增加,而改性剂元素和硅含量则会影响热膨胀系数值。傅立叶变换红外光谱分析显示,在所有玻璃中,主要的红外波段是由于 Q2 和 Q3 硅酸盐单元的存在。由于 Al2O3 具有形成玻璃的作用,因此铝的影响表现为硅酸盐网络的逐渐聚合。在大多数样品中,还观察到 Q4 硅酸盐模式,这与高铝含量密切相关。总之,研究表明,结构变化影响镁/钙基氮氧化物玻璃性能的成分-性能相关性的复杂性对其在各种技术领域的应用具有潜在的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Infrared nonlinear optical materials with multiple strongly ionic cations 含有多种强离子阳离子的红外非线性光学材料
IF 12 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2024.100458
Yang Wang , Yuqiang Fang , Ruiqi Wang , Fuqiang Huang

Infrared nonlinear optical (IR-NLO) crystals with excellent properties are in extensive demand due to their important role in IR laser technology. Currently, it remains a great challenge to obtain IR-NLO materials with both high second harmonic generation (SHG) response and large laser-induced damage thresholds (LIDTs). Some structural design strategies such as ‘structural/functional regions’ have been adopted to develop new high-performance NLO materials. The covalent structural region producing SHG signals has been extensively investigated, whereas the hard cations (alkali, alkaline-earth, and rare-earth metal ions) which are responsible for improving LIDTs, have been relatively neglected. Utilizing the concept of structural/functional regions, we focus on the relation between structural regions and SHG properties in chalcogenides. Combining different kinds of hard cations can change the dimension of structures and affect the stacking of NLO-active groups. Introducing more hard cations and constructing more complex ion regions help to increase the laser damage threshold. Based on the mentioned structural strategies, guidance will be provided for developing high-performance multiple-cation materials for IR NLO applications.

具有优异特性的红外非线性光学(IR-NLO)晶体在红外激光技术中发挥着重要作用,因此需求量很大。目前,如何获得同时具有高二次谐波发生(SHG)响应和大激光诱导损伤阈值(LIDT)的红外非线性光学(IR-NLO)材料仍是一项巨大挑战。一些结构设计策略,如 "结构/功能区",已被用于开发新的高性能 NLO 材料。产生 SHG 信号的共价结构区域已被广泛研究,而负责改善 LIDT 的硬阳离子(碱金属、碱土金属和稀土金属离子)则相对被忽视。利用结构/功能区的概念,我们重点研究了铬镧系元素中结构区与 SHG 特性之间的关系。结合不同种类的硬阳离子可以改变结构的尺寸,并影响 NLO 活性基团的堆积。引入更多的硬阳离子和构建更复杂的离子区域有助于提高激光损伤阈值。基于上述结构策略,我们将为开发用于红外 NLO 应用的高性能多阳离子材料提供指导。
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引用次数: 0
Review of cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries 钠离子电池阴极材料综述
IF 12 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2024.100452
Mingyi He , Shaomin Liu , Jiating Wu , Jinglin Zhu

With the increasing maturity of lithium-ion battery (LIB) research and large-scale commercial application, the shortage of lithium resources has gradually emerged. Sodium-ion batteries (SIB) have become a potential choice for secondary battery energy storage systems due to their abundant resources, high efficiency, and ease of use. The cathode materials of sodium-ion batteries affect the key performance of batteries, such as energy density, cycling performance, and rate characteristics. At present, transition metal oxides, polyanion compounds, and Prussian blue compounds have been reported as cathode materials. This paper summarizes the classification, performance characteristics, and research progress of main cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries, and prospects the potential research directions.

随着锂离子电池(LIB)研究的日益成熟和大规模商业应用,锂资源短缺的问题逐渐显现。钠离子电池(SIB)以其资源丰富、效率高、使用方便等特点成为二次电池储能系统的潜在选择。钠离子电池的正极材料影响着电池的主要性能,如能量密度、循环性能和速率特性。目前,已有过渡金属氧化物、多负离子化合物和普鲁士蓝化合物作为阴极材料的报道。本文总结了钠离子电池主要正极材料的分类、性能特点和研究进展,并展望了潜在的研究方向。
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引用次数: 0
A review of two-dimensional inorganic materials: Types, properties, and their optoelectronic applications 二维无机材料综述:类型、特性及其光电应用
IF 12 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2024.100443
Nikhil Thakur , Pawan Kumar , Sanjeev Kumar , Arun Kumar Singh , Hitesh Sharma , Nagesh Thakur , A. Dahshan , Pankaj Sharma

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted much research attention in the last ten years, resulting in significant advancements in their theoretical and technical understanding. Since the successful fabrication of 2D graphene, various types of graphene-like 2D materials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), metal carbides or nitrides (MXenes), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), layered double hydroxides (LDHs), and halide perovskites, have drawn significant attention and developed into the most promising semiconductor materials in the area of optoelectronic devices. Recently, several studies have been reported indicating the exciting optoelectronic properties of these 2D materials. In this review, the properties and applications of different 2D materials, including TMDCs, halide perovskites, and MXenes, are discussed briefly. Firstly, the basic properties of these 2D materials, particularly those pertaining to optoelectronic properties, are described. Then, the most recent studies on 2D-based optoelectronic applications, such as solar cells, photodetectors, and LEDs, are studied. The conclusion provides some viewpoints on the current challenges and potential future applications of these 2D materials. This article provides a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and accessible review of general interest to the materials science research community, including beginners and experts. Its comprehensive approach, mechanistic insights, real-world applications, and relevance to materials science justify its value as an authoritative and accessible resource.

二维(2D)材料在过去十年中吸引了众多研究人员的关注,使人们对其理论和技术的认识取得了重大进展。自成功制备出二维石墨烯以来,各种类型的类石墨烯二维材料,如过渡金属二卤化物(TMDCs)、金属碳化物或氮化物(MXenes)、六方氮化硼(-BN)、层状双氢氧化物(LDHs)和卤化物包光体等,都引起了人们的极大关注,并发展成为光电器件领域最有前途的半导体材料。最近,一些研究报告指出了这些二维材料令人兴奋的光电特性。在这篇综述中,我们将简要讨论不同二维材料的特性和应用,包括 TMDCs、卤化物包光体和 MXenes。首先,介绍了这些二维材料的基本特性,尤其是与光电特性相关的特性。然后,研究了基于二维材料的光电应用的最新进展,如太阳能电池、光电探测器和发光二极管。最后,文章就这些二维材料当前面临的挑战和未来的潜在应用提出了一些观点。本文提供了一篇全面、权威、严谨和通俗易懂的综述,引起了材料科学研究界(包括初学者和专家)的普遍兴趣。其全面的方法、机理见解、实际应用以及与材料科学的相关性证明了其作为权威和易读资源的价值。
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引用次数: 0
Downscaling grain size toward the nanometre range – A key-factor for tuning the crystalline structure, phase transitions, dielectric and ferroelectric behaviour in Ba0·8Sr0·2TiO3 ceramics 将晶粒尺寸缩小到纳米范围--这是调整 Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 陶瓷的晶体结构、相变、介电和铁电行为的关键因素
IF 12 2区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2024.100457
R.E. Pătru , C.A. Stanciu , V.A. Surdu , E.M. Soare , R.D. Truşcă , B.S. Vasile , A.I. Nicoară , L. Trupină , I. Pasuk , M. Botea , N. Horchidan , L. Mitoşeriu , L. Pintilie , I. Pintilie , A.C. Ianculescu

The present study aims to describe the role of the grain size on the properties of submicron- and nano-structured Ba0·8Sr0·2TiO3 (BST) ceramics. Dense (1 − 2% porosity) ceramics with average grain sizes in the range of (77 − 234) nm were consolidated under different spark plasma sintering conditions starting from nanopowders with a mean particle size of 70 nm, synthesized via the acetate variant of the sol-gel method. The structural analysis based on XRD data revealed a mixture of cubic and tetragonal modifications at room temperature for the precursor powders and for all the investigated ceramics. The structural heterogeneity of the individual ceramic grains with coexistence of cubic and tetragonal polymorphs was confirmed by HR-TEM investigations. Accordingly, a “brick-wall" model with cubic grain boundary regions and tetragonal grain cores is proposed. By increasing the grain size, from 77 to 234 nm, a decrease of the phase transitions diffuseness accompanied by an increase of the permittivity maxima (from 650 to 4500) and dielectric losses (from 5 to 7.5%, at 100 Hz), was detected by broadband dielectric spectroscopy. No variation of the Curie temperature in the investigated Ba0·8Sr0·2TiO3 ceramics was detected, unlike typically reported for BaTiO3 ceramics with similar grain sizes. The Curie-Weiss temperature and the Curie constant decrease when grain size is diminished, indicating an overall reduction of the ferroelectric active volume, as a scaling effect. The ferroelectric switching was demonstrated for all the selected fine-grained BST ceramics, either at nanoscale or macroscopically, with an increased ferroelectric character for the coarser submicron-structured ceramics, with respect to the nanocrystalline one. The observed properties of the fine-grained Ba0·8Sr0·2TiO3 ceramics are explained in the frame of multiphase coexistence and ferroelectricity “dilution” due to the increasing role of non-ferroelectric grain boundaries when reducing grain size and complete the knowledge on the scale-dependent properties of dense fine-grained BaTiO3-based ceramics.

本研究旨在描述晶粒尺寸对亚微米和纳米结构 Ba0-8Sr0-2TiO3 (BST) 陶瓷特性的影响。在不同的火花等离子烧结条件下,从平均粒径为 70 纳米的纳米粉体开始,通过溶胶-凝胶法的醋酸盐变体合成了平均粒径在 (77 - 234) 纳米范围内的致密(孔隙率为 1 - 2%)陶瓷。根据 XRD 数据进行的结构分析表明,在室温下,前驱体粉末和所有受研究的陶瓷都具有立方和四方的混合结构。HR-TEM 研究证实了立方和四方多晶体共存的单个陶瓷晶粒的结构异质性。因此,提出了立方晶界区和四方晶核的 "砖墙 "模型。通过增大晶粒尺寸(从 77 纳米到 234 纳米),宽带介电光谱仪检测到相变扩散性降低,同时介电常数最大值(从 650 到 4500)和介电损耗(从 5%到 7.5%,100 Hz)增加。在所研究的 Ba0-8Sr0-2TiO3 陶瓷中没有发现居里温度的变化,这与具有类似晶粒尺寸的 BaTiO3 陶瓷的典型报道不同。当晶粒尺寸减小时,居里-韦斯温度和居里常数都会降低,这表明铁电活性体积在整体上减小,这是一种缩放效应。所有选定的细粒度 BST 陶瓷都在纳米尺度或宏观上实现了铁电转换,与纳米结晶陶瓷相比,更粗的亚微米结构陶瓷的铁电特性更强。观察到的细粒度 Ba0-8Sr0-2TiO3 陶瓷的特性可以在多相共存和铁电性 "稀释 "的框架内得到解释,而铁电性 "稀释 "的原因是在减小晶粒尺寸时,非铁电晶界的作用越来越大。
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期刊
Progress in Solid State Chemistry
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