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Three Philosophical Pillars of the 2022 Armenian Constitutional Revision: Empowerment of Public Discourse, Theory of Justice, and Environmental Ethics 2022 年亚美尼亚宪法修订的三大哲学支柱:公共话语权、正义理论和环境伦理
IF 0.6 Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.24234/wisdom.v28i4.1053
Davit Hakobyan
The first chapter of this article presents the consequences of the 2015 constitutional change and the specifics of their implementation before and after the 2018 Velvet Revolution. The second chapter makes substantive considerations on the constitutional reforms launched in 2022 through the prism of the rule of law and the improvement of public discourse. It addresses the procedural democracy developed by modern political philosophy and focuses on legal mechanisms in an attempt to improve the political discourse promoted by Jurgen Habermas. It also discusses the theory of Justice developed by John Rawls and provides reflections on Environmental Ethics stemming from the philosophy of responsibility of Hans Jonas.
本文第一章介绍了2015年宪法修改的后果及其在2018年天鹅绒革命前后的具体实施情况。第二章从法治和改善公共话语权的角度,对2022年启动的宪法改革进行了实质性思考。该章论述了现代政治哲学所发展的程序民主,并以法律机制为重点,试图改善尤尔根-哈贝马斯(Jurgen Habermas)所倡导的政治话语。它还讨论了约翰-罗尔斯(John Rawls)提出的正义理论,并对源自汉斯-约纳斯(Hans Jonas)责任哲学的环境伦理进行了思考。
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引用次数: 0
Complex Regional Unification of Private International Law Rules on the Base of a Three-Part Structure: Political and Legal Framework 基于三部分结构的国际私法规则的复杂地区统一:政治和法律框架
IF 0.6 Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.24234/wisdom.v28i4.1091
Alisa Berman, Nikita Ershov
This article examines the theoretical and legal framework of a complex regional unification of private international law rules on the basis of a three-part structure. The authors analyzed reasons for spread of trends to regional unification of private international law. Special attention in the article is given to the definition of the content and essence of a complex regional unification. The authors define acts of complex unification as acts structured according to the principle of a consistent response to the questions of applicable law, jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of foreign decisions in the regulated area. The article identifies the key advantages and disadvantages of a complex unification of private international law based on a three-part structure. The authors conclude that, to date, the adoption of acts of complex unification based on the three-part structure is one of the key trends in the unification of private international law.
本文在三部分结构的基础上研究了复杂的国际私法规则区域统一的理论和法律框架。作者分析了国际私法区域统一趋势蔓延的原因。文章特别关注了复杂区域统一的内容和本质的定义。作者将复杂的统一行为定义为根据对适用法律、管辖权、承认和执行外国裁决等问题的一致回应原则而构建的行为。文章指出了基于三部分结构的国际私法复杂统一的主要优缺点。作者的结论是,迄今为止,采用基于三部分结构的复杂统一法案是国际私法统一的主要趋势之一。
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引用次数: 0
Shareholders’ Agreement in the Crossroads of Philosophy of Law 法律哲学十字路口的股东协议
IF 0.6 Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.24234/wisdom.v28i4.1008
Karen Meliksetyan
This article is devoted to the identification and analysis of the essence and content of shareholders’ agreements as innovative tools in the context of philosophy of law, as well as legal consequences and liability measures arising in case of violation of a shareholders’ agreement. The article deals with the issues of conclusion, execution of a shareholders’ agreement, enforcement, termination of obligations, as well as liability arising from violation of a shareholders’ agreement. Referring to the experience of foreign countries, it was proposed to introduce a number of liability measures under the legislation of the Republic of Armenia: options, “default”, “bad leaver”, “discount”, etc. On the other hand, exploring the features of a shareholders’ agreement in venture joint-stock companies, we have proposed to legislate the mechanism of an investment and/or shareholders’ agreement.
本文致力于确定和分析股东协议作为法律哲学背景下的创新工具的本质和内容,以及违反股东协议所产生的法律后果和责任措施。 文章论述了股东协议的缔结、执行、强制执行、义务终止以及违反股东协议所产生的责任等问题。在参考外国经验的基础上,建议在亚美尼亚共和国立法中引入一系列责任措施:选择权、"违约"、"不良离职者"、"折扣 "等。另一方面,在探讨风险股份公司股东协议的特点时,我们建议对投资和/或股东协议机制进行立法。
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引用次数: 0
The Philosophical Interpretation of Risk Assessment in Municipal Project Management 市政工程管理中风险评估的哲学解读
IF 0.6 Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.24234/wisdom.v28i4.1044
Armen Tshughuryan, Reza Barati
Project management emphasizes the process of risk assessments, because any project is attended not only by the risks of failure due to lack of funding, but also by the design of the required quality and quantity of final results. Consequently, there is a need to show a new philosophical approach to the identification, evaluation and decision-making of the risks in programs, implemented in municipal structures, because the range of beneficiaries related to this field is not only wide, but also more multi-layered (government, municipal authorities, investors, middle-level and top managers, population, etc.). The article proposes a model of risk management of projects, implemented in municipal facilities, which enables not only to form a management information feedback between all beneficiaries, but also to include them in participatory risk prevention processes. A ranking process of risk factors related to the management of municipal projects is also proposed, which increases the effectiveness of managerial decisions, aimed at risk prevention and the justification of philosophical interpretations related to it.
项目管理强调风险评估过程,因为任何项目不仅存在因缺乏资金而失败的风险,而且还存在设计最终成果的质量和数量要求的风险。因此,有必要以一种新的哲学方法来识别、评估和决策在市政结构中实施的计划中的风险,因为与该领域相关的受益人范围不仅广泛,而且更加多层次(政府、市政当局、投资者、中层和高层管理人员、居民等)。文章提出了一种在市政设施中实施的项目风险管理模式,该模式不仅能够在所有受益者之间形成管理信息反馈,还能将他们纳入参与式风险防范过程。文章还提出了一个与市政项目管理有关的风险因素排序程序,该程序提高了管理决策的有效性,旨在预防风险并证明与之相关的哲学解释的合理性。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial Planning and Philosophy of Justice: Corrective Action on Commutative Justice Theory (A Study in Kalimantan, Indonesia) 空间规划与正义哲学:对换位正义理论的纠正行动(印度尼西亚加里曼丹岛研究)
IF 0.6 Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.24234/wisdom.v28i4.1010
Jhonsen Ginting, Absori Absori, Khudzaifah Dimyati, Kelik Wardiono, Arief Budiono, Muhammad Nur, Achmadi Achmadi
The absence of an ideal legal norm in determining an equitable spatial arrangement and provision of land has created a major problem with the increase of certificate production concerning property rights and granting permits for managing areas. This research used normative juridical research methods with a philosophic research approach which analyzed research results that produce descriptive analysis data related to holistic written and examined data. Results show that an ideal breakthrough is required to provide a balanced solution between spatial planning and the provision of land for certificate products especially for indigenous people. The breakthrough can be in the form of corrective actions that can be implemented to provide a balance and an ideal solution for spatial planning and the provision of land for certificate products, especially in district/city areas. In addition, the basic principles of commutative justice are considered capable of providing equality, balance, and harmony among the existing laws.
在确定公平的空间安排和土地供应方面缺乏理想的法律规范,这给有关产权的证书制作和管理区域许可证的发放带来了重大问题。本研究采用了规范法学研究方法和哲学研究方法,对研究结果进行了分析,得出了与整体书面和检查数据相关的描述性分析数据。研究结果表明,要在空间规划和证书产品用地(尤其是土著居民用地)之间提供平衡的解决方案,需要有理想的突破。突破的形式可以是采取纠正措施,为空间规划和证书产品用地提供平衡和理想的解决方案,特别是在地区/城市地区。此外,换位正义的基本原则被认为能够为现行法律提供平等、平衡与和谐。
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引用次数: 0
The Philosophical and Legal Rationale for a Systematic Analysis of Digital Dispute Resolution Models in Modern Arbitration 系统分析现代仲裁中数字争议解决模式的哲学和法律依据
IF 0.6 Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.24234/wisdom.v28i4.1037
Elena Ermakova
In the article, the author presents a systematic analysis of models of digital dispute resolution in modern arbitration. The author studied the dispute resolution models on the platforms “Kleros”, “Aragon”, “CodeLegit”, as well as the Draft arbitration rules for smart contracts “JAMS-2018” and the English “DDRR-2021”. The author identifies the following types of models of arbitration dispute resolution: 1) traditional arbitration; 2) traditional arbitration with blockchain elements (a model based on the CodeLegit platform), 3) digital arbitration (“DDRR-2021”). The most important feature and difference of the English “Digital DR Regulation” 2021 is the fact that the entire process from the beginning (occurrence of the case) to the end (execution of the decision) is resolved automatically without the intervention of human arbitrators with the help of an artificial intelligence agent. This is the procedure for resolving a dispute in the field of smart contracts that should be called digital arbitration. The so-called “decentralized arbitration” on the platforms “Kleros”, “Aragon”, “OpenLaw”, “Mattereum Protocol”, “Rhubarb Fund”, “Jury.Online”, “Jur”, “OATH Protocol”, “Juris” and other models of this type does not allow these models to be considered arbitration. The author believes that these models should be conditionally called crowdsourcing quasi-arbitration.
作者在文章中对现代仲裁中的数字争议解决模式进行了系统分析。作者研究了 "Kleros"、"Aragon"、"CodeLegit "平台上的争议解决模式,以及智能合约仲裁规则草案 "JAMS-2018 "和英文版 "DDRR-2021"。作者指出了以下几种仲裁争议解决模式:1)传统仲裁;2)具有区块链元素的传统仲裁(基于 CodeLegit 平台的模式);3)数字仲裁("DDRR-2021")。英语 "Digital DR Regulation "2021的最大特点和不同之处在于,在人工智能代理的帮助下,从开始(案件发生)到结束(裁决执行)的整个过程都是自动解决的,无需人工仲裁员的干预。这就是智能合约领域的争端解决程序,应称为数字仲裁。在 "Kleros"、"Aragon"、"OpenLaw"、"Mattereum Protocol"、"Rhubarb Fund"、"Jury.Online"、"Jur"、"OATH Protocol"、"Juris "等平台上的所谓 "去中心化仲裁 "以及其他此类模式并不能将这些模式视为仲裁。笔者认为,这些模式应该有条件地称为众包准仲裁。
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引用次数: 0
Review of the Monograph: Kolosov I. V. the History of Legal Consequentialism: The Effectiveness of Law 专著评论:Kolosov I. V. the History of Legal Consequentialism:法律的效力
IF 0.6 Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.24234/wisdom.v28i4.1015
Igor Mukienko
This article presents a review of the monograph “The History of Legal Consequentialism: The Effectiveness of Law”. I. V. Kolosov’s monograph is a comprehensive study of the use of the principle of utility and other principles aimed at achieving a certain effect, i.e., doctrines that are based on the fact that legally significant actions are approved or disapproved depending on their potential to achieve a result. The subject of this monograph is specific ideas about the effective implementation of legal activities within the framework of these doctrines, including in the context of lawmaking and law enforcement, which determines its practical significance. I. V. Kolosov’s monograph is valuable for modern legal science from the point of view of its systematic, scientific, and representative analysis of scientific sources. The scientific significance of the monograph is expressed in conclusions, generalisations and proposals. I. V. Kolosov’s research organically combines both a theoretical analysis of the content of legal doctrines of various time periods, from the standpoint of general philosophical, axiological, historical, general and comparative legal aspects, and practical conclusions and proposals regarding the possibilities of legal activities, taking into account the theoretical framework of legal consequentialism.
本文评述了专著《法律后果主义的历史:法律的效力》一书的评论。伊-瓦-科洛索夫的这本专著全面研究了效用原则和其他旨在实现某种效果的原则的使用,即基于这样一个事实的学说,即具有法律意义的行为根据其实现某种结果的可能性而得到批准或不批准。本专著的主题是关于在这些理论框架内有效实施法律活动的具体想法,包括在立法和执法方面,这决定了其实际意义。伊-瓦-科洛索夫的专著从对科学来源的系统性、科学性和代表性分析的角度来看,对现代法律科学具有重要价值。专著的科学意义体现在结论、概括和建议中。伊-瓦-科洛索夫的研究既从一般哲学、公理、历史、一般和比较法的角度对各个时期的法律学说内容进行了理论分析,又结合法律后果主义的理论框架,就法律活动的可能性提出了实践性的结论和建议。
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引用次数: 0
Digital Arbitration Is a New Way of Dispute Resolution for the Unified Digital Space of the EAEU: Political, Philosophical and Legal Aspect 数字仲裁是欧亚经济联盟统一数字空间争议解决的新途径:政治、哲学和法律方面
IF 0.6 Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.24234/wisdom.v28i4.1072
Elena Ermakova, Olga Protopopova
The article discusses the theoretical legal foundations of a new type of arbitration – digital arbitration (or blockchain arbitration). The author formulated the concept of digital arbitration and analyzed the differences between digital arbitration and traditional arbitration from the point of view of theories about the legal nature of arbitration. In particular, the author believes that the term digital arbitration (blockchain arbitration) is used in three meanings. Firstly, the term digital arbitration refers to a way to protect the rights arising from smart contracts. This method is considered as an alternative to those methods that imply the need to seek judicial protection from the State or traditional arbitration. Secondly, digital arbitration refers to the body that organizes the digital trial of a legal dispute. And, thirdly, this concept denotes an artificial intelligence agent (robot), which considered the dispute submitted for its resolution. The author believes that due to its features, digital arbitration can be recommended as an alternative way to resolve disputes in the digital space of the EAEU.
文章讨论了一种新型仲裁--数字仲裁(或区块链仲裁)的法律理论基础。作者提出了数字仲裁的概念,并从仲裁法律性质理论的角度分析了数字仲裁与传统仲裁的区别。其中,作者认为数字仲裁(区块链仲裁)一词有三种含义。首先,数字仲裁一词指的是一种保护智能合约产生的权利的方法。这种方法被认为是那些意味着需要寻求国家司法保护或传统仲裁的方法的替代方法。其次,数字仲裁是指组织法律纠纷数字审判的机构。第三,这一概念指的是一个人工智能代理(机器人),它对提交的争端进行审议,以便解决争端。作者认为,由于数字仲裁的特点,可以建议将其作为解决欧洲经济联盟数字空间争端的替代方式。
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引用次数: 0
The Loss of Individuality in War: Existentialist Approach 战争中的个性丧失:存在主义方法
IF 0.6 Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.24234/wisdom.v28i4.1035
Emil Ordukhanyan, Hrachya Saribekyan, Hayk Sukiasyan
The article explores the issue of loss of individuality in the war according to theoretical perceptions of existentialist philosophers. The problem is observed and discussed focusing mainly on the cases of two world wars emerged in 20th century. It is obvious that these wars had a huge global impact not only on the social and political life worldwide, but also on the philosophical perceptions of human life valorization and his existence. Based on the comparative analysis of philosophical views of different thinkers the article reveals the loss of human individuality both in social conditions and on the ontological level.   It is concluded that if the philosophy of World War I observed death as a unifying factor, including an equalization that excludes the individual, then existentialism, as a condition of the reality of widespread death, considers it as a phenomenon that opens the spiritual eye of a person to the reality of death. As the development of technology and wars are closely related, world wars represent a direct threat by primitive nations that assimilate and use technology to absorb nations endowed with peace-loving and creative spirit. This is a big threat to humanity in terms of its dehumanization and destruction.
文章根据存在主义哲学家的理论观点,探讨了在战争中丧失个性的问题。文章主要以 20 世纪发生的两次世界大战为例,对这一问题进行了观察和讨论。显而易见,这些战争不仅对全世界的社会和政治生活产生了巨大的全球性影响,而且对人类生命价值及其存在的哲学观念也产生了巨大的影响。 基于对不同思想家哲学观点的比较分析,文章揭示了人类个性在社会条件和本体论层面上的丧失。 文章的结论是,如果说第一次世界大战哲学将死亡视为一个统一的因素,包括排斥个体的平等化,那么存在主义作为普遍死亡的现实条件,则认为死亡是一种现象,它使人的精神眼睛睁开,看到死亡的现实。由于技术的发展与战争密切相关,世界大战代表着原始国家的直接威胁,它们吸收并利用技术来吞并具有爱好和平和创造精神的国家。这是对人类非人化和毁灭的巨大威胁。
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引用次数: 0
Methodology for the Study of the Principles of Establishing Territorial Jurisdiction and Mechanisms for Resolving Digital Disputes by the Courts of the International Financial Center of Dubai 迪拜国际金融中心法院确立领土管辖权的原则和解决数字纠纷机制的研究方法
IF 0.6 Pub Date : 2023-12-25 DOI: 10.24234/wisdom.v28i4.1047
Irina A. Gronic, Alisa Berman
The article attempts to analyse the principles of es-tablishing territorial jurisdiction when resolving disputes in the courts of Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) in the United Arab Emirates. In the context of globalization scientists and practitioners face the question of selecting appropriate and effective methods to cognize jurisdiction, the application of regulatory methods and mechanisms to resolve digital disputes in international practice. Attention is drawn to the need to develop theoretical approaches to establish the nature of relations arising from digital disputes and to determine the liability of parties in relation to the subject matter of a digital dispute, as well as in relation to technologies controlled by artificial intelligence and robotics.
本文试图分析阿拉伯联合酋长国迪拜国际金融中心(DIFC)法院在解决争端时确立属地管辖权的原则。在全球化背景下,科学家和从业人员面临着选择适当而有效的方法来认知管辖权、应用监管方法和机制来解决国际实践中的数字争端的问题。会议提请注意有必要制定理论方法,以确定数字争端所产生的关系的性质,并确定与数字争端标的物有关的各方责任,以及与人工智能和机器人控制的技术有关的责任。
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引用次数: 0
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