This study examines differentiated government control over foundations in China. The distinct patterns of “Harmonious Society” and “obeying the law” in foundation mission statements indicate a two-dimensional control mechanism in which the government intends to seek functional conformity and behavioral conformity from foundations. Using the multinomial logistic regression method on the mission statement of 2,498 foundations from 2004 to 2013, this article finds that foundations’ funding-sufficiency leads to the government’s strong intention for functional conformity and weak intention for behavioral conformity. The article implies that the Chinese government has eased some institutional constraints on foundations for the purpose of seeking financial contributions from foundations. It suggests that the Chinese government can adapt to the socioeconomic conditions and calculate its relations with nongovernmental organizations.
{"title":"Differentiated Government Control for Conformity: Government-NGO Relations in China","authors":"Qun Wang","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2846635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2846635","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This study examines differentiated government control over foundations in China. The distinct patterns of “Harmonious Society” and “obeying the law” in foundation mission statements indicate a two-dimensional control mechanism in which the government intends to seek functional conformity and behavioral conformity from foundations. Using the multinomial logistic regression method on the mission statement of 2,498 foundations from 2004 to 2013, this article finds that foundations’ funding-sufficiency leads to the government’s strong intention for functional conformity and weak intention for behavioral conformity. The article implies that the Chinese government has eased some institutional constraints on foundations for the purpose of seeking financial contributions from foundations. It suggests that the Chinese government can adapt to the socioeconomic conditions and calculate its relations with nongovernmental organizations.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2139/SSRN.2846635","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47052067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341372
Wenyi Lin, Wanxia Yin, Chengjie Li
In China, social service contracting is a new phenomenon even in the most developed cities and areas. The action that the government contracts with non-government organizations in delivering community service is merely a local initiative under the context of social administration reform. There are scarce theoretical and empirical discussions relevant to social service contracting in Chinese academic community. In the light of this gap, this article draws on literature of social service contracting in developed countries or cities to understand key elements ensuring an effective contracting and impacts of contracting. Available literature on social service contracting in China is used for discussion to understand the development of social service contracting in China. Public and social services contracting in China can be briefly divided into three models: non-competitive contracting model, competitive contracting model and informal contracting model. Factors influencing the implementation of contracting programs in China are concerned with the participation of sufficient NGOs, the roles and attitudes of government agencies and the relationship and the interaction between stakeholders. The contracting programs both have positive and negative impacts on service provision.
{"title":"Social Service Contracting: International Experience and China Practice","authors":"Wenyi Lin, Wanxia Yin, Chengjie Li","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341372","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In China, social service contracting is a new phenomenon even in the most developed cities and areas. The action that the government contracts with non-government organizations in delivering community service is merely a local initiative under the context of social administration reform. There are scarce theoretical and empirical discussions relevant to social service contracting in Chinese academic community. In the light of this gap, this article draws on literature of social service contracting in developed countries or cities to understand key elements ensuring an effective contracting and impacts of contracting. Available literature on social service contracting in China is used for discussion to understand the development of social service contracting in China. Public and social services contracting in China can be briefly divided into three models: non-competitive contracting model, competitive contracting model and informal contracting model. Factors influencing the implementation of contracting programs in China are concerned with the participation of sufficient NGOs, the roles and attitudes of government agencies and the relationship and the interaction between stakeholders. The contracting programs both have positive and negative impacts on service provision.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"12 1","pages":"87-106"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341372","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43286572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341369
Ying Ji
The analysis in this paper reveals that on the individual level, the institutional framework continues to exert a profound impact on social organizations’ forms and civic engagement in China. The CGSS2012-based analysis leads to the following findings. For a start, political party members and danwei employees demonstrate a higher degree of social organizational involvement and civic engagement. In the meanwhile, the party members’ role in promoting civic engagement is achieved to some extent through mediating effect of social organizations. Next, various types of social organizations have significantly increased civic engagement on a practical level. Finally, income plays a large role to increase the individuals’ organizational involvement, albeit with no obvious influence on civic engagement in practice. These findings are significant in the following ways. First, from an empirical perspective, the current institutional design for social organizations to participate in social governance has delivered the expected results. Second, it confirmed the existence of activists with distinct features in social life as well as the integration of multiple governing networks in social space at grassroots level. Third, in theory, this paper noted that apart from institutional environment of technical governance by bureaucratic government, institutional framework constitutes an important institutional foundation for the development of social organizations, giving rise to the need of further discussions about the interaction mechanism between political parties and society.
{"title":"Constituents and Practical Impacts on Civic Engagement of Associations in Contemporary China","authors":"Ying Ji","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341369","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The analysis in this paper reveals that on the individual level, the institutional framework continues to exert a profound impact on social organizations’ forms and civic engagement in China. The CGSS2012-based analysis leads to the following findings. For a start, political party members and danwei employees demonstrate a higher degree of social organizational involvement and civic engagement. In the meanwhile, the party members’ role in promoting civic engagement is achieved to some extent through mediating effect of social organizations. Next, various types of social organizations have significantly increased civic engagement on a practical level. Finally, income plays a large role to increase the individuals’ organizational involvement, albeit with no obvious influence on civic engagement in practice. These findings are significant in the following ways. First, from an empirical perspective, the current institutional design for social organizations to participate in social governance has delivered the expected results. Second, it confirmed the existence of activists with distinct features in social life as well as the integration of multiple governing networks in social space at grassroots level. Third, in theory, this paper noted that apart from institutional environment of technical governance by bureaucratic government, institutional framework constitutes an important institutional foundation for the development of social organizations, giving rise to the need of further discussions about the interaction mechanism between political parties and society.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341369","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49198757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341374
Fanjia Meng, Ming Wang
Within China’s outstanding traditional culture lies a wealth of thought on social governance. In an effort to organize these ideas in systematic fashion, this text contains the dialogue that took place in the autumn of 2019 during a course for public administration graduate students entitled “Innovation in Social Governance.” The dialogue was between Professor Wang Ming of Tsinghua University and sinologist Meng Fanjia, who is a 74th-generation descendant of the great philosopher Mencius and an advocate of contemporary shi culture (a shi is one who aspires to become a person of noble character as defined by traditional Chinese culture). The dialogue, full of novel concepts, summarizes the definition of the word “traditional”. Their discussion was both broadly inclusive and profoundly insightful in the aspects of rite, being a man of noble character, virtue, being a scholar, goodness, filial piety, law, kinship, and morality.
{"title":"Social Governance Concepts in Traditional Chinese Culture","authors":"Fanjia Meng, Ming Wang","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341374","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Within China’s outstanding traditional culture lies a wealth of thought on social governance. In an effort to organize these ideas in systematic fashion, this text contains the dialogue that took place in the autumn of 2019 during a course for public administration graduate students entitled “Innovation in Social Governance.” The dialogue was between Professor Wang Ming of Tsinghua University and sinologist Meng Fanjia, who is a 74th-generation descendant of the great philosopher Mencius and an advocate of contemporary shi culture (a shi is one who aspires to become a person of noble character as defined by traditional Chinese culture). The dialogue, full of novel concepts, summarizes the definition of the word “traditional”. Their discussion was both broadly inclusive and profoundly insightful in the aspects of rite, being a man of noble character, virtue, being a scholar, goodness, filial piety, law, kinship, and morality.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"12 1","pages":"131-160"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341374","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42734286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341371
Miao Gao, Kegao Yan
Public cognition is the basic element of the legitimacy of NGOs and has an important influence on the development of NGOs, but it receives insufficient attention in theoretical research. This paper examines public cognition of NGOs by constructing a scale in the two dimensions of attribute and function and distributing 2,596 questionnaires in 29 provincial regions across China. The results show that the level of public cognition of NGOs is generally high; compared with attribute cognition, function cognition is at a higher level and more stable; in terms of internal structure, the non-distributive attribute and policy advocacy function are at the bottom of attribute cognition and function cognition, respectively. Individual characteristics, such as demographic characteristics, educational background, region, and type of their organization, have varying impacts on public cognition of NGOs in different dimensions. In addition, involvement, business connection, and training influence the level of public cognition of NGOs through function cognition. To further increase public cognition of NGOs and improve legitimacy of NGOs, focus should be on the dissemination of knowledge about NGOs, and public education in this regard should be continuously strengthened, so that the public can get a better and more comprehensive understanding of NGOs.
{"title":"Study on Public Cognition of NGOs from the Perspective of Legitimacy","authors":"Miao Gao, Kegao Yan","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341371","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Public cognition is the basic element of the legitimacy of NGOs and has an important influence on the development of NGOs, but it receives insufficient attention in theoretical research. This paper examines public cognition of NGOs by constructing a scale in the two dimensions of attribute and function and distributing 2,596 questionnaires in 29 provincial regions across China. The results show that the level of public cognition of NGOs is generally high; compared with attribute cognition, function cognition is at a higher level and more stable; in terms of internal structure, the non-distributive attribute and policy advocacy function are at the bottom of attribute cognition and function cognition, respectively. Individual characteristics, such as demographic characteristics, educational background, region, and type of their organization, have varying impacts on public cognition of NGOs in different dimensions. In addition, involvement, business connection, and training influence the level of public cognition of NGOs through function cognition. To further increase public cognition of NGOs and improve legitimacy of NGOs, focus should be on the dissemination of knowledge about NGOs, and public education in this regard should be continuously strengthened, so that the public can get a better and more comprehensive understanding of NGOs.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"12 1","pages":"63-86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341371","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41347760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341373
Cheng Pei, K. Parris
Studies of social organizations in the People’s Republic of China during the reform period emphasized their limited power and dependent nature, particularly when compared to the US, where associational life is generally understood as relatively independent from the state. More recently China scholars have found greater variation and complexity among social organizations in China and while others increasingly recognize hybridity in American and European organizations. There are, however, few studies comparing the NPO sector and its relationship with the state across regime types. Using resource dependence theory as a lens through which to examine the behaviors and development of two environmental protection organizations, one from China and one from the US, we identify similarities among social organizations operating in very different political and social contexts. Highly specialized organizations, with access to alternative resources can maintain an unexpected level of autonomy, even when the larger institutional context limits and controls associational life.
{"title":"Resource Dependence and the Question of Autonomy in Environmental NGOs: Cases in China and the US","authors":"Cheng Pei, K. Parris","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341373","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Studies of social organizations in the People’s Republic of China during the reform period emphasized their limited power and dependent nature, particularly when compared to the US, where associational life is generally understood as relatively independent from the state. More recently China scholars have found greater variation and complexity among social organizations in China and while others increasingly recognize hybridity in American and European organizations. There are, however, few studies comparing the NPO sector and its relationship with the state across regime types. Using resource dependence theory as a lens through which to examine the behaviors and development of two environmental protection organizations, one from China and one from the US, we identify similarities among social organizations operating in very different political and social contexts. Highly specialized organizations, with access to alternative resources can maintain an unexpected level of autonomy, even when the larger institutional context limits and controls associational life.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"12 1","pages":"107-130"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341373","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41592540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341370
Mengmiao Chen
How to discriminate the two Chinese terms for “public benefit” (gong-yi) and “charity” (ci-shan) has been an oft-discussed topic on which academic circles are yet to reach consensus. This paper sorts out systematically the existing literature comparing and analyzing gong-yi (“public benefit”) and ci-shan (“charity”), reviews it in light of their origins, their roots in cultural and intellectual history, their meanings and their associations, and summarizes views the academic circles generally hold, hoping to provide reference for further academic discussions.
{"title":"A Discriminative Analysis of Gong-yi and Ci-shan: A Literature Review","authors":"Mengmiao Chen","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341370","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000How to discriminate the two Chinese terms for “public benefit” (gong-yi) and “charity” (ci-shan) has been an oft-discussed topic on which academic circles are yet to reach consensus. This paper sorts out systematically the existing literature comparing and analyzing gong-yi (“public benefit”) and ci-shan (“charity”), reviews it in light of their origins, their roots in cultural and intellectual history, their meanings and their associations, and summarizes views the academic circles generally hold, hoping to provide reference for further academic discussions.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"12 1","pages":"42-62"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341370","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64417089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-11DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341364
Jing Xing, Wei Gan
China’s economic reform since the late 1970s has inaugurated a societal restructuring, with profound changes taking place in the outlook on wealth and fortune. In recent years, a distinct group of social actors, the shan’erdai, comprised of the children of the super wealthy, has emerged to play a significant role in social welfare and charity projects. Though there has been some discussion about philanthropy in general and its realization in China in particular, the shan’erdai has received little scholarly attention. This paper identifies some of the defining characteristics of the shan’erdai and examines a modern form of Chinese philanthropy that the shan’erdai practice. Drawing on interviews and publication reviews, we specifically address two central questions: What are the motivations, values, and practices of the shan’erdai? How do the motivations, giving patterns, and modes and technologies of the shan’erdai differ from the parental generation? We sketch the contours of the shan’erdai as a social group and explore the ways through which this shan’erdai experiments with new forms of philanthropy, charity, and social entrepreneurship. Shaped by social and historical formations domestically and on the global stage, we argue that the shan’erdai proactively reformulates the logics of social action for the public good and inspires a novel form of philanthropy in China.
{"title":"China’s Shan’erdai: the Formation and Transformation of Philanthropy","authors":"Jing Xing, Wei Gan","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341364","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000China’s economic reform since the late 1970s has inaugurated a societal restructuring, with profound changes taking place in the outlook on wealth and fortune. In recent years, a distinct group of social actors, the shan’erdai, comprised of the children of the super wealthy, has emerged to play a significant role in social welfare and charity projects. Though there has been some discussion about philanthropy in general and its realization in China in particular, the shan’erdai has received little scholarly attention. This paper identifies some of the defining characteristics of the shan’erdai and examines a modern form of Chinese philanthropy that the shan’erdai practice. Drawing on interviews and publication reviews, we specifically address two central questions: What are the motivations, values, and practices of the shan’erdai? How do the motivations, giving patterns, and modes and technologies of the shan’erdai differ from the parental generation? We sketch the contours of the shan’erdai as a social group and explore the ways through which this shan’erdai experiments with new forms of philanthropy, charity, and social entrepreneurship. Shaped by social and historical formations domestically and on the global stage, we argue that the shan’erdai proactively reformulates the logics of social action for the public good and inspires a novel form of philanthropy in China.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"11 1","pages":"235-257"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341364","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48100627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-11DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341363
Congcong Zhang, Chienchung Huang
As trends in increasing private wealth around the world continue, understanding the charitable contributions of the extremely wealthy is important. Using the Forbes China Rich Lists and the Forbes China Charity Lists from 2013 to 2017, this study examines the social and economic factors present in the donations of the extremely wealthy whose net worth equals at least 649 million (all amounts expressed in U.S. dollars unless otherwise noted) in China. The results indicate that net worth, social status, political connection, and source of wealth are important factors in these donations. Specifically, extremely wealthy individuals with high net worth, social status, and political connections are more likely to be and more frequently on the Charity Lists than extremely wealthy individuals without above characteristics, particularly those in the real estate industry. However, the real estate industry’s effect on the dollar amount of donations is not significant. In contrast, the extremely wealthy individuals in professional, scientific, and technical areas donated significantly more money than their counterparts in other areas.
{"title":"The Donation of the Extremely Wealthy in China","authors":"Congcong Zhang, Chienchung Huang","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341363","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000As trends in increasing private wealth around the world continue, understanding the charitable contributions of the extremely wealthy is important. Using the Forbes China Rich Lists and the Forbes China Charity Lists from 2013 to 2017, this study examines the social and economic factors present in the donations of the extremely wealthy whose net worth equals at least 649 million (all amounts expressed in U.S. dollars unless otherwise noted) in China. The results indicate that net worth, social status, political connection, and source of wealth are important factors in these donations. Specifically, extremely wealthy individuals with high net worth, social status, and political connections are more likely to be and more frequently on the Charity Lists than extremely wealthy individuals without above characteristics, particularly those in the real estate industry. However, the real estate industry’s effect on the dollar amount of donations is not significant. In contrast, the extremely wealthy individuals in professional, scientific, and technical areas donated significantly more money than their counterparts in other areas.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"11 1","pages":"205-234"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44612560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-11DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341367
Ruisheng Zhang
In the early twentieth century, approximately eighty-five percent of the Chinese population relied on agriculture for their livelihood. Aiming to improve the well-being of China’s vast rural population, the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) made their own efforts through conducting philanthropy in rural China. The North China Council for Rural Reconstruction (NCCRR), a RF-funded rural philanthropic program composed of six Chinese institutions, was established in Peiping (Beijing) on April 2, 1936. As a nontraditional and experimental program, the NCCRR brought together the leading professors from various disciplines at different universities into intimate contact with philanthropic and educational activities in rural China. Although the program perhaps pointed to the modest ways in which institutions conducted rural philanthropy, the task of reviving China’s countryside was ultimately too heavy for the RF as a foreign private foundation. Due to complicated circumstances far beyond their control, the RF had to terminate its rural reconstruction work in 1944.
{"title":"Rockefeller Foundation’s Rural Philanthropy in China: a Case Study of the North China Council for Rural Reconstruction","authors":"Ruisheng Zhang","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341367","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In the early twentieth century, approximately eighty-five percent of the Chinese population relied on agriculture for their livelihood. Aiming to improve the well-being of China’s vast rural population, the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) made their own efforts through conducting philanthropy in rural China. The North China Council for Rural Reconstruction (NCCRR), a RF-funded rural philanthropic program composed of six Chinese institutions, was established in Peiping (Beijing) on April 2, 1936. As a nontraditional and experimental program, the NCCRR brought together the leading professors from various disciplines at different universities into intimate contact with philanthropic and educational activities in rural China. Although the program perhaps pointed to the modest ways in which institutions conducted rural philanthropy, the task of reviving China’s countryside was ultimately too heavy for the RF as a foreign private foundation. Due to complicated circumstances far beyond their control, the RF had to terminate its rural reconstruction work in 1944.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"11 1","pages":"304-327"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341367","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44655609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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