Pub Date : 2017-06-20DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341329
Yusi Zhao
2016 is a memorable year. The Charity Law of the People’s Republic of China, which was years in the making, was finalized eventually on March 16 and passed by the Fourth Conference of the 12 National People’s Congress. It took effect on September 1. The Charity Law designates September 5th of each year as China Charity Day.1 “The Charity Law will take China’s charitable cause and social governance to a new age,” said Prof. Wang Ming, President of the Institute for Philanthropy at Tsinghua University, who got involved in the legislation of the law from the very beginning. In honor of the recent passing of the Charity Law and the first China Charity Day, a “World Philanthropy Forum” was held at Tsinghua University, on September 5-6, 2016; the event was hosted by the Institute for Philanthropy, Tsinghua University, and organized by Tsinghua University, the Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries (CPAFFC), and the China Soong Ching Ling Foundation (CSCLF). The forum, to which global top-notch academics in the sphere of philanthropy were invited for sharing knowledge and experience, focused on, among other topics, women’s, children’s and adolescents’ health, world charity studies, poverty alleviation, social work, social value investment, foundations, and wealth sharing, turning out fruitful and far-reaching. Below is my personal record, intended for reference, of sidelights and highlights leading up to and following this form.
{"title":"Notes on the World Philanthropy Forum","authors":"Yusi Zhao","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341329","url":null,"abstract":"2016 is a memorable year. The Charity Law of the People’s Republic of China, which was years in the making, was finalized eventually on March 16 and passed by the Fourth Conference of the 12 National People’s Congress. It took effect on September 1. The Charity Law designates September 5th of each year as China Charity Day.1 “The Charity Law will take China’s charitable cause and social governance to a new age,” said Prof. Wang Ming, President of the Institute for Philanthropy at Tsinghua University, who got involved in the legislation of the law from the very beginning. In honor of the recent passing of the Charity Law and the first China Charity Day, a “World Philanthropy Forum” was held at Tsinghua University, on September 5-6, 2016; the event was hosted by the Institute for Philanthropy, Tsinghua University, and organized by Tsinghua University, the Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries (CPAFFC), and the China Soong Ching Ling Foundation (CSCLF). The forum, to which global top-notch academics in the sphere of philanthropy were invited for sharing knowledge and experience, focused on, among other topics, women’s, children’s and adolescents’ health, world charity studies, poverty alleviation, social work, social value investment, foundations, and wealth sharing, turning out fruitful and far-reaching. Below is my personal record, intended for reference, of sidelights and highlights leading up to and following this form.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"9 1","pages":"164-171"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341329","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48186056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-20DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341325
Zunaira Saqib, V. Fournier, Geoffrey Lightfoot
This is a theoretical paper that has analysed more than 55 publications to draw comparison between Pakistan and India non-profit sectors. The two countries share their history under British rule before 1947 partition. Before the partition the non-profit sector saw a rise under different religious umbrellas, however after the partition the sectors saw a rise in nonreligious, non-political organizations in both countries. The paper draws the similarities and differences among the types of organizations, funding sources, giving, and legal framework. The paper debates the reasons for different evolutions of the sectors in post-independence era and its reasons. The findings show that both sectors evolved different due to differences in religious influence, political instability, and check and balance systems. The paper aims to contribute in depth analysis of the both sectors in the literature.
{"title":"Comparative Study of the Non-Profit Sectors of Pakistan and India","authors":"Zunaira Saqib, V. Fournier, Geoffrey Lightfoot","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341325","url":null,"abstract":"This is a theoretical paper that has analysed more than 55 publications to draw comparison between Pakistan and India non-profit sectors. The two countries share their history under British rule before 1947 partition. Before the partition the non-profit sector saw a rise under different religious umbrellas, however after the partition the sectors saw a rise in nonreligious, non-political organizations in both countries. The paper draws the similarities and differences among the types of organizations, funding sources, giving, and legal framework. The paper debates the reasons for different evolutions of the sectors in post-independence era and its reasons. The findings show that both sectors evolved different due to differences in religious influence, political instability, and check and balance systems. The paper aims to contribute in depth analysis of the both sectors in the literature.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"9 1","pages":"108-133"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341325","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49506680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-20DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341326
G. Peng
As a special community, the drug addicts cannot integrate into the society easily. In the case study of Kunming Q social enterprise, the author found out that it was effective to help drug addicts integrate into the society, combining government investment with social enterprise operation and the social participation. But this government-nonprofit collaboration was not successful at last. The failure was originated from these factors, which included market competition, social entrepreneur, inner-governance and participators’ congruent goals, and the last was more important.
{"title":"Government-Nonprofit Collaboration: Social Enterprise Participates in Drug Addicts’ Social Integration","authors":"G. Peng","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341326","url":null,"abstract":"As a special community, the drug addicts cannot integrate into the society easily. In the case study of Kunming Q social enterprise, the author found out that it was effective to help drug addicts integrate into the society, combining government investment with social enterprise operation and the social participation. But this government-nonprofit collaboration was not successful at last. The failure was originated from these factors, which included market competition, social entrepreneur, inner-governance and participators’ congruent goals, and the last was more important.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"9 1","pages":"135-154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341326","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44607367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-20DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341324
J. Vikse, Shuang Lu, Chienchung Huang
Income inequality is a growing area of concern in both China and the United States, the world’s two largest economies today. Alongside the traditional social welfare system, taxation and philanthropy are two alternative mechanisms to reduce inequality that have received increasing attention worldwide. This paper explores the roles of taxation and philanthropy in reducing inequality. In analyzing policies relating to taxation and philanthropy across several countries, this paper concludes that despite limitations and unintended consequences, under the current systems in China and the United States, taxation and philanthropy can and should be more effectively used to reduce income inequality.
{"title":"Reducing Income Inequality","authors":"J. Vikse, Shuang Lu, Chienchung Huang","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341324","url":null,"abstract":"Income inequality is a growing area of concern in both China and the United States, the world’s two largest economies today. Alongside the traditional social welfare system, taxation and philanthropy are two alternative mechanisms to reduce inequality that have received increasing attention worldwide. This paper explores the roles of taxation and philanthropy in reducing inequality. In analyzing policies relating to taxation and philanthropy across several countries, this paper concludes that despite limitations and unintended consequences, under the current systems in China and the United States, taxation and philanthropy can and should be more effectively used to reduce income inequality.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"9 1","pages":"84-107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341324","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46330238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-22DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341315
Tao Li, Jin-chuang Li
Charity activities have a long history in China. As an epitome of Neo-Confucianism, Chu Hsi thought charity is an explosion of benevolence, and a process from loving their relatives to expanding their own love to others, and emphasized that it is the most important national affair to be concerned about the people’s suffering. For the shortcomings of establishing She-cang in city, Chu Hsi first established She-cang in the rural area, which used food allotted by the government as funds, was self-managed by rural officer and gentry, under the proper supervision of government. It mainly used a reasonable way of interest-bearing to ensure mobile appreciation of funds, effectively made up for the lack of government charity, and demonstrated the function of rural non-government charity organization. The successful practice of Chu Hsi was popularized by the emperor throughout the country and became the Chu His She-cang method, which was followed by later generations, was the good example of non-government charity organization in Chinese ancient time. But later, it showed some shortcomings. These have the important historical enlightenment and reference significance for development of today’s non-government charity organization.
{"title":"Chu Hsi’s Thought of Charity and Practice of She-cang","authors":"Tao Li, Jin-chuang Li","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341315","url":null,"abstract":"Charity activities have a long history in China. As an epitome of Neo-Confucianism, Chu Hsi thought charity is an explosion of benevolence, and a process from loving their relatives to expanding their own love to others, and emphasized that it is the most important national affair to be concerned about the people’s suffering. For the shortcomings of establishing She-cang in city, Chu Hsi first established She-cang in the rural area, which used food allotted by the government as funds, was self-managed by rural officer and gentry, under the proper supervision of government. It mainly used a reasonable way of interest-bearing to ensure mobile appreciation of funds, effectively made up for the lack of government charity, and demonstrated the function of rural non-government charity organization. The successful practice of Chu Hsi was popularized by the emperor throughout the country and became the Chu His She-cang method, which was followed by later generations, was the good example of non-government charity organization in Chinese ancient time. But later, it showed some shortcomings. These have the important historical enlightenment and reference significance for development of today’s non-government charity organization.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"249-268"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341315","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64416953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-22DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341316
Jiao Li, Muyun Zhang
After forming the Anti-Japanese national united front, Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ) hoped to develop mass organizations in “open,” “democratic” and “mass-oriented” ways. The National Liberation Vanguards of China ( NLVC ) was a typical representative of left-wing mass organizations in KMT -controlled areas. During 1936-1939, NLVC ’s life course was a microcosm of CCP ’s adjustment in mass work. NLVC faced ordeals between inclusiveness and insistence, testing whether CCP could stick to principles in mass work. This paper conducts a case study centered on the NLVC , to analyze how CCP repositioned mass organizations during the Anti-Japanese War and explore how mass organizations affected the Party’s vitality.
{"title":"Repositioning of Mass Organizations in the United Front","authors":"Jiao Li, Muyun Zhang","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341316","url":null,"abstract":"After forming the Anti-Japanese national united front, Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ) hoped to develop mass organizations in “open,” “democratic” and “mass-oriented” ways. The National Liberation Vanguards of China ( NLVC ) was a typical representative of left-wing mass organizations in KMT -controlled areas. During 1936-1939, NLVC ’s life course was a microcosm of CCP ’s adjustment in mass work. NLVC faced ordeals between inclusiveness and insistence, testing whether CCP could stick to principles in mass work. This paper conducts a case study centered on the NLVC , to analyze how CCP repositioned mass organizations during the Anti-Japanese War and explore how mass organizations affected the Party’s vitality.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"269-292"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341316","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64416999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-22DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341312
Dong Yin, Xiaoguang Guo
The involvement of international non-governmental organizations ( INGO s) in the efforts to develop democracy is a global phenomenon in the context of globalization. INGO s have played a part in the development of democracy in rural China. Given domestic reformers’ technical need for village elections, the important role of village elections, and the vision of INGO s for boosting democracy, INGO s have sought cooperation with the government and reached where village elections are held with their resources to provide financial, technical, intellectual and other support for pushing forward elections and the reform. To some extent, these INGO s have contributed to the development of democracy in rural China. However, the large-scale fast movement of people in China has resulted in a large number of “vacant” villages. Against such a backdrop, INGO s have shown less interest in village elections and shifted some of their attention to other areas. In the process of developing democracy, China should adopt an open and rational attitude towards the INGO s, take advantage of their strengths, and avoid considering them either angels or demons.
{"title":"The Role of International ngos in the Development of Democracy in Rural China: An Empirical Study","authors":"Dong Yin, Xiaoguang Guo","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341312","url":null,"abstract":"The involvement of international non-governmental organizations ( INGO s) in the efforts to develop democracy is a global phenomenon in the context of globalization. INGO s have played a part in the development of democracy in rural China. Given domestic reformers’ technical need for village elections, the important role of village elections, and the vision of INGO s for boosting democracy, INGO s have sought cooperation with the government and reached where village elections are held with their resources to provide financial, technical, intellectual and other support for pushing forward elections and the reform. To some extent, these INGO s have contributed to the development of democracy in rural China. However, the large-scale fast movement of people in China has resulted in a large number of “vacant” villages. Against such a backdrop, INGO s have shown less interest in village elections and shifted some of their attention to other areas. In the process of developing democracy, China should adopt an open and rational attitude towards the INGO s, take advantage of their strengths, and avoid considering them either angels or demons.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"163-187"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341312","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64416941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-22DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341313
P. Urio
The article analyses the changing role of the Party-State regarding the activities of NGO s (both domestic and foreign) in China. It offers an explanation of the rationale of the apparently contradictory strategy that tries to give some freedom to the NGO s while maintaining them under control. The motives of the control of NGO s (especially foreign NGO s) are explained, taking into consideration both the national and the international environment. For the latter, it is strongly suggested that the role played by international (mainly American) NGO s in various parts of the world (and more recently in Ukraine) where they contribute to the US strategy of “regime change”, is the main reason explaining China’s policy to find a satisfactory balance between freedom and control. Finally, the article suggest that China should be even more careful about the mega trade and investment treaties supported by the US and some of its allies and the multinational companies in the US , Europe and Japan. The development of foreign NGO s’ activities and the possible implementation of these mega treaties may constitute a serious threat to China independence and sovereignty.
{"title":"The Emergence of ngos in China and the Changing Role of the Party-State: Assessment and Future Prospects","authors":"P. Urio","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341313","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses the changing role of the Party-State regarding the activities of NGO s (both domestic and foreign) in China. It offers an explanation of the rationale of the apparently contradictory strategy that tries to give some freedom to the NGO s while maintaining them under control. The motives of the control of NGO s (especially foreign NGO s) are explained, taking into consideration both the national and the international environment. For the latter, it is strongly suggested that the role played by international (mainly American) NGO s in various parts of the world (and more recently in Ukraine) where they contribute to the US strategy of “regime change”, is the main reason explaining China’s policy to find a satisfactory balance between freedom and control. Finally, the article suggest that China should be even more careful about the mega trade and investment treaties supported by the US and some of its allies and the multinational companies in the US , Europe and Japan. The development of foreign NGO s’ activities and the possible implementation of these mega treaties may constitute a serious threat to China independence and sovereignty.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"188-214"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341313","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64416951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-11-22DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341314
F. Barchi, Guosheng Deng, Chienchung Huang, C. Isles, J. Vikse
Growing income inequality has created excessive barriers to social mobility for the poor. Charitable giving by the wealthy can reduce the societal effects of the income gap by reinvestment in public goods such as education. We apply the CIPP model to investigate the role of philanthropy in advancing educational opportunities in the United States and China, using historical and contemporary cases of individual philanthropists. The findings suggest that the cases reviewed in this study created mechanisms by which to contribute to social development in their respective countries. Government policies play a key role in philanthropic development, particularly in China. It is important to continue to foster a supportive environment for the sector to grow, which may include expanding tax incentives, emphasizing performance-based funding, and eliminating administrative barriers. In short, educational philanthropy holds great promise for reducing opportunity gaps and economic inequality, by providing the key to success for future generations.
{"title":"Private Wealth, Philanthropy, and Social Development","authors":"F. Barchi, Guosheng Deng, Chienchung Huang, C. Isles, J. Vikse","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341314","url":null,"abstract":"Growing income inequality has created excessive barriers to social mobility for the poor. Charitable giving by the wealthy can reduce the societal effects of the income gap by reinvestment in public goods such as education. We apply the CIPP model to investigate the role of philanthropy in advancing educational opportunities in the United States and China, using historical and contemporary cases of individual philanthropists. The findings suggest that the cases reviewed in this study created mechanisms by which to contribute to social development in their respective countries. Government policies play a key role in philanthropic development, particularly in China. It is important to continue to foster a supportive environment for the sector to grow, which may include expanding tax incentives, emphasizing performance-based funding, and eliminating administrative barriers. In short, educational philanthropy holds great promise for reducing opportunity gaps and economic inequality, by providing the key to success for future generations.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"8 1","pages":"215-248"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341314","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64416952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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