Pub Date : 2015-05-27DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341290
Yang Dong, Xiaoxu Chen
As the by-product of the one-child policy, the shiduhave become a growing segment of the population. Their inherent characteristics, as well as their social relationships and means of interacting with the external environment, are issues that deserve our attention. Through compiling a virtual ethnology of the social media platform “Home of the Shidu”, as well as describing interactive processes such as the shiduindividuals’ integration into and commiseration with the group, the collaborative defense of their rights, fragmentation within the community, and renewed legal defense efforts, the author analyzes the characteristics and mechanisms of the shiduand attempts to better understand the realities of their existence and demands.
{"title":"Collaboration for Rights of the Shidu and Its Interaction Mechanisms: A Virtual Ethnography on the Network Community of the Home of the Shidu","authors":"Yang Dong, Xiaoxu Chen","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341290","url":null,"abstract":"As the by-product of the one-child policy, the shiduhave become a growing segment of the population. Their inherent characteristics, as well as their social relationships and means of interacting with the external environment, are issues that deserve our attention. Through compiling a virtual ethnology of the social media platform “Home of the Shidu”, as well as describing interactive processes such as the shiduindividuals’ integration into and commiseration with the group, the collaborative defense of their rights, fragmentation within the community, and renewed legal defense efforts, the author analyzes the characteristics and mechanisms of the shiduand attempts to better understand the realities of their existence and demands.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"7 1","pages":"161-185"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341290","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64416820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-27DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341284
Xiang Yu, Wei Li, Na Li
Chinese social organizations are influenced by a variety of factors, including their relatively short history of development, the complex environment in which they grow, and their daunting mission of innovation. Viewing them from different perspectives leads to different conclusions. This paper examines the legal status of social organizations, exploring what they ought to be, could be, and are not. It finds that today, Chinese social organizations already have a certain capacity for behaving autonomously, the capacity for endorsement, and the capacity for public service. At the same time, there are imbalances in the development of the capacities of different types of social organizations. To build social organizations, there should be a full range of diagnostics regarding their capacities, relevant legal guidelines, concentration of resources to optimize their capacity structures, enlargement of their capacity reserves, and the endeavor to propel social organizations to play a greater role in social development and social management.
{"title":"A Legal Capacity View of China’s Social Organizations","authors":"Xiang Yu, Wei Li, Na Li","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341284","url":null,"abstract":"Chinese social organizations are influenced by a variety of factors, including their relatively short history of development, the complex environment in which they grow, and their daunting mission of innovation. Viewing them from different perspectives leads to different conclusions. This paper examines the legal status of social organizations, exploring what they ought to be, could be, and are not. It finds that today, Chinese social organizations already have a certain capacity for behaving autonomously, the capacity for endorsement, and the capacity for public service. At the same time, there are imbalances in the development of the capacities of different types of social organizations. To build social organizations, there should be a full range of diagnostics regarding their capacities, relevant legal guidelines, concentration of resources to optimize their capacity structures, enlargement of their capacity reserves, and the endeavor to propel social organizations to play a greater role in social development and social management.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"7 1","pages":"3-34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64416615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-27DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341287
Junkui Han
The government’s delivery of public services through non-profit organizations ( npos) has become a hot subject of current research about npos. Because of neglecting the fact that Chinese npos feature a pluralistic structure and they organize activities at multiple administrative levels, the explanation framework of pluralism and corporatism greatly simplifies the complexity of the Chinese society. Through the matrix of four dimensions, i.e., competition, non-competition, high organizational legitimacy and low organizational legitimacy, we may find that some cases are similar to pluralistic buying. And other cases are similar to corporatist buying. The reason why pluralism and corporatism are not sufficient to explain the current practice of service procurement in China is that both theories are based on Western liberalism. In whichever way services may be procured in the future, we must be on high alert in particularistic trading currently between the government and npos in the procurement of services.
{"title":"Government-npo Relations in Service Procurement: Quasi-Corporatist and Quasi-Pluralist Practices and Challenges in China","authors":"Junkui Han","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341287","url":null,"abstract":"The government’s delivery of public services through non-profit organizations ( npos) has become a hot subject of current research about npos. Because of neglecting the fact that Chinese npos feature a pluralistic structure and they organize activities at multiple administrative levels, the explanation framework of pluralism and corporatism greatly simplifies the complexity of the Chinese society. Through the matrix of four dimensions, i.e., competition, non-competition, high organizational legitimacy and low organizational legitimacy, we may find that some cases are similar to pluralistic buying. And other cases are similar to corporatist buying. The reason why pluralism and corporatism are not sufficient to explain the current practice of service procurement in China is that both theories are based on Western liberalism. In whichever way services may be procured in the future, we must be on high alert in particularistic trading currently between the government and npos in the procurement of services.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"7 1","pages":"90-109"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341287","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64416722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-27DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341288
Qiang Wu
Since July 2011, when the cpcCentral Committee and the State Council issued the “Proposals for Reinforcing Social Management Innovation,” gridding management, as an experiment that began as early as 2004 and as the core content of the innovative social management framework, is gaining increasing attention from the international community and the academia. Based on Mary Douglas’ grid-group theory and my own field surveys, this paper examines four distinct cases comparatively, including the 50-year-old Fengqiao Experience which was recently highlighted by President Xi Jinping and the earliest gridding model of Beijing’s Dongcheng District, concluding that the gridding development process highlighted the need for maintenance of political stability in and after 2011. Since then, the mass line or social management innovation tilted towards a surveillance society characterized by institutionalized control.
{"title":"Gridding, Mass Line and Social Management Innovation","authors":"Qiang Wu","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341288","url":null,"abstract":"Since July 2011, when the cpcCentral Committee and the State Council issued the “Proposals for Reinforcing Social Management Innovation,” gridding management, as an experiment that began as early as 2004 and as the core content of the innovative social management framework, is gaining increasing attention from the international community and the academia. Based on Mary Douglas’ grid-group theory and my own field surveys, this paper examines four distinct cases comparatively, including the 50-year-old Fengqiao Experience which was recently highlighted by President Xi Jinping and the earliest gridding model of Beijing’s Dongcheng District, concluding that the gridding development process highlighted the need for maintenance of political stability in and after 2011. Since then, the mass line or social management innovation tilted towards a surveillance society characterized by institutionalized control.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"55 1","pages":"110-138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341288","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64416764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-25DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341280
Yushan Xu, Si-wu Luo
This case study describes the process of Shenzhen’s social organizations registration and management system reform in the past ten years. Shenzhen has taken three modest reform measures, including the disconnection of trade associations from administrative departments, direct registration of trade associations and expanded range of direct registration, which has lowered the threshold for the registration of social organizations and kindled the vigor of social organizations. In line with the reform and devolution of city-level departments of civil affairs, different districts have made efforts to experiment and innovate with new policies, issuing reform plans regarding the filing of community social organizations, the incubation of social organizations, etc.
{"title":"Quick Steps, Incremental Reform—Shenzhen Social Organization Registration Management System Reform","authors":"Yushan Xu, Si-wu Luo","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341280","url":null,"abstract":"This case study describes the process of Shenzhen’s social organizations registration and management system reform in the past ten years. Shenzhen has taken three modest reform measures, including the disconnection of trade associations from administrative departments, direct registration of trade associations and expanded range of direct registration, which has lowered the threshold for the registration of social organizations and kindled the vigor of social organizations. In line with the reform and devolution of city-level departments of civil affairs, different districts have made efforts to experiment and innovate with new policies, issuing reform plans regarding the filing of community social organizations, the incubation of social organizations, etc.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"6 1","pages":"259-274"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341280","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64416556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-25DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341277
Qiang Yi, Xiaohong Zhu, Xianghui Liu
In the Guidelines of the State Council General Office on Government Procurement of Services from the Private and Non-governmental Sectors, “public service provider for the government” is broadly defined; it is stated that npos, businesses, and industry organizations have equal opportunity to be public service providers. A comparison of local eligibility requirements on npos serving as public service providers shows that the eligibility requirements focus on such aspects as service provider qualifications, time of establishment, organizational management, human resources, financial management, professional qualifications, annual inspection, evaluation, and honors. On the whole, the requirements are not demanding; the quality of public services is also secured through institutional design and innovation. The lax eligibility requirements imposed by local governments on npos as public service providers indicate that the social governance system will feature diversity, and reflect the government’s intention to support and develop npos. However, there are also some problems in local policies, such as 1) too much is at the discretion of the government; 2) the eligibility requirements are not good for the development of grassroots organizations; 3) no standards have been defined on eligibility for public service provider; and 4) related laws and regulations lack authority. Therefore, it is necessary to make government procurement of public services law-based and provide continued theoretical and institutional support for the implementation of the most authoritative policy.
{"title":"An Exploration of the Conditions Required of Social Organizations to be Contracted by Government as Service Providers: A Study Based on Analysis of Local Government Documents","authors":"Qiang Yi, Xiaohong Zhu, Xianghui Liu","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341277","url":null,"abstract":"In the Guidelines of the State Council General Office on Government Procurement of Services from the Private and Non-governmental Sectors, “public service provider for the government” is broadly defined; it is stated that npos, businesses, and industry organizations have equal opportunity to be public service providers. A comparison of local eligibility requirements on npos serving as public service providers shows that the eligibility requirements focus on such aspects as service provider qualifications, time of establishment, organizational management, human resources, financial management, professional qualifications, annual inspection, evaluation, and honors. On the whole, the requirements are not demanding; the quality of public services is also secured through institutional design and innovation. The lax eligibility requirements imposed by local governments on npos as public service providers indicate that the social governance system will feature diversity, and reflect the government’s intention to support and develop npos. However, there are also some problems in local policies, such as 1) too much is at the discretion of the government; 2) the eligibility requirements are not good for the development of grassroots organizations; 3) no standards have been defined on eligibility for public service provider; and 4) related laws and regulations lack authority. Therefore, it is necessary to make government procurement of public services law-based and provide continued theoretical and institutional support for the implementation of the most authoritative policy.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"6 1","pages":"197-212"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341277","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64416494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-25DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341278
Zhenghui Li
As an emergent type of charitable organizations, nonpublic fundraising foundations (非公募基金会) are questioned on its legal entity – on whether nonpublic fundraising foundations qualify as a valid type of charitable organizations. In terms of its origin, nonpublic fundraising foundations emerged in China as a product of the mixture of history, reality and imported elements. Fundraising, a key word in the term, is not a right but a duty. The problem with nonpublic fundraising foundations is the overstress on the concept on the one hand and the ignorance of the institution on the other. The solution lies in setting up a sound and clear institution, so as to form an organic system of charitable organizations. The fact that nonpublic fundraising foundations are hardly supported in the existing theories of legal personality reflects the need to reform relevant aspects in the legal system.
{"title":"The Typological Legitimacy of Nonpublic Fundraising Foundations","authors":"Zhenghui Li","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341278","url":null,"abstract":"As an emergent type of charitable organizations, nonpublic fundraising foundations (非公募基金会) are questioned on its legal entity – on whether nonpublic fundraising foundations qualify as a valid type of charitable organizations. In terms of its origin, nonpublic fundraising foundations emerged in China as a product of the mixture of history, reality and imported elements. Fundraising, a key word in the term, is not a right but a duty. The problem with nonpublic fundraising foundations is the overstress on the concept on the one hand and the ignorance of the institution on the other. The solution lies in setting up a sound and clear institution, so as to form an organic system of charitable organizations. The fact that nonpublic fundraising foundations are hardly supported in the existing theories of legal personality reflects the need to reform relevant aspects in the legal system.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"6 1","pages":"213-238"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341278","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64416511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-25DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341279
Xiaoping Zhao, Zhaonan Zhu
This article reviews literature of the last ten years on the participation of nonprofit organizations (npos) in the economic development of Chinese rural communities. The article starts by illustrating the significant role of npos in the economic development of Chinese rural communities, and summarizing three ways of npos’ participation: mobilizing farmers to establish and join mutual aid organizations; providing farmers with market information services; providing farmers with technological services. The existing literature investigates the positive role of npos in the economic development of Chinese rural communities from three theoretical perspectives: “social capital,” “collective action,” and “community-driven development.” However, in reality, unlike in theory, npos do not always play a positive role. They are faced with challenges in such areas as sound internal governance, professional external services, institutional environment, social cognition and financing environment. These issues are mentioned in some literature, but have not attracted enough theoretical attention. The existing literature is mainly based on theorization, and empirical studies are relatively insufficient.
{"title":"The Participation of npos in the Economic Development of Rural Communities in China: A Review of the Existing Literature","authors":"Xiaoping Zhao, Zhaonan Zhu","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341279","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews literature of the last ten years on the participation of nonprofit organizations (npos) in the economic development of Chinese rural communities. The article starts by illustrating the significant role of npos in the economic development of Chinese rural communities, and summarizing three ways of npos’ participation: mobilizing farmers to establish and join mutual aid organizations; providing farmers with market information services; providing farmers with technological services. The existing literature investigates the positive role of npos in the economic development of Chinese rural communities from three theoretical perspectives: “social capital,” “collective action,” and “community-driven development.” However, in reality, unlike in theory, npos do not always play a positive role. They are faced with challenges in such areas as sound internal governance, professional external services, institutional environment, social cognition and financing environment. These issues are mentioned in some literature, but have not attracted enough theoretical attention. The existing literature is mainly based on theorization, and empirical studies are relatively insufficient.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"6 1","pages":"239-258"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341279","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64416548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-25DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341275
Jianjun Wang
The 3rd Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Party is a milestone in the important stage of China’s efforts to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and deepen reform and opening up in an all-around way. The modernization goal for the national governance system and capacity mentioned the Session establishes the important role of social organizations in governance. With the goal of modernized national governance system and capacity in mind, we should boost the reform and development of social organizations.
{"title":"Adopting the Idea of State Governance in Planning for Social Organization Reform and Development","authors":"Jianjun Wang","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341275","url":null,"abstract":"The 3rd Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Party is a milestone in the important stage of China’s efforts to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and deepen reform and opening up in an all-around way. The modernization goal for the national governance system and capacity mentioned the Session establishes the important role of social organizations in governance. With the goal of modernized national governance system and capacity in mind, we should boost the reform and development of social organizations.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"6 1","pages":"169-176"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341275","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64416425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-09-25DOI: 10.1163/18765149-12341276
D. Smith
ngos and the voluntary nonprofit sector are ultimately based on altruism and philanthropy in humans. Altruism may be defined as unselfish concern for the welfare and satisfactions of others. Research in the past 30 years has demonstrated that 30-50% of a person’s tendency to feel and practice altruism is based on our genes and dna. Because philanthropy is a broad, more universal form of altruism, such research indicates that philanthropy in humans also has evolutionary roots in our dna. Such research supports the conclusion that there is a Global Spirit of Altruism, hardwired into the human species as a feeling, attitude, and behavior tendency. Similarly, there has been a Global Spirit of Philanthropy emerging in humans over the past two millennia, and especially in the past two centuries.
{"title":"The Global Spirit of Philanthropy and Altruism: Meanings, Experiences, and Some Biological Roots","authors":"D. Smith","doi":"10.1163/18765149-12341276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341276","url":null,"abstract":"ngos and the voluntary nonprofit sector are ultimately based on altruism and philanthropy in humans. Altruism may be defined as unselfish concern for the welfare and satisfactions of others. Research in the past 30 years has demonstrated that 30-50% of a person’s tendency to feel and practice altruism is based on our genes and dna. Because philanthropy is a broad, more universal form of altruism, such research indicates that philanthropy in humans also has evolutionary roots in our dna. Such research supports the conclusion that there is a Global Spirit of Altruism, hardwired into the human species as a feeling, attitude, and behavior tendency. Similarly, there has been a Global Spirit of Philanthropy emerging in humans over the past two millennia, and especially in the past two centuries.","PeriodicalId":41661,"journal":{"name":"China Nonprofit Review","volume":"6 1","pages":"177-196"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1163/18765149-12341276","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64416437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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