Abstract Since 2010, an international team has been working on the first comprehensive lexicon dedicated to Septuagint Greek, which aims to fill an important gap in the fields of ancient philology and religious studies. The entries include all the relevant word groups used in the translation of the Hebrew Bible, Greek glosses that captured central concepts from classical Hebrew terms and sought to establish suitable expression for certain Realien. This lexicon aims to give a wide perspective on selected lemmas, taking the legacy of classical Greek literature as a starting point and subsequently analyzing the diffusion and usage of the word up through early Christian Literature. This paper will address some of the questions that are being faced by the team and will explore the innovative approach of this lexicographical project through the presentation of samples.
{"title":"Why a Historical and Theological Lexicon of the Septuagint?","authors":"Antonella Bellantuono, Laura Bigoni","doi":"10.1515/tc-2023-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/tc-2023-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since 2010, an international team has been working on the first comprehensive lexicon dedicated to Septuagint Greek, which aims to fill an important gap in the fields of ancient philology and religious studies. The entries include all the relevant word groups used in the translation of the Hebrew Bible, Greek glosses that captured central concepts from classical Hebrew terms and sought to establish suitable expression for certain Realien. This lexicon aims to give a wide perspective on selected lemmas, taking the legacy of classical Greek literature as a starting point and subsequently analyzing the diffusion and usage of the word up through early Christian Literature. This paper will address some of the questions that are being faced by the team and will explore the innovative approach of this lexicographical project through the presentation of samples.","PeriodicalId":41704,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Classics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44426511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Several late antique Latin grammatical works encompass material drawn from the ancient erudite linguistic speculation De Latinitate and De dubio sermone, ultimately dating back to Pliny the Elder. The most prominent formal feature of the concerned texts is their lexicographical structure, i.e. the presence of a series of highlighted lemmata accompanied by examples and explanations. Furthermore, most of the works concerned show traces of the alphabetical arrangement of their common source. This paper presents the results of a preliminary survey of the texts dealing with nominal gender: particular attention is paid to the ways in which each late antique grammarian adapts the common source according to his specific interests. This inquiry comes out of a larger research project, which aims at producing a digital critical collection (thesaurus) of grammatical passages dealing with the dubius sermo. This repertory is intended to overcome the limits of the traditional printed collections of grammatical fragments.
{"title":"Latin Grammarians as Lexicographers: The Treatment of Nouns with Uncertain Gender","authors":"Elena Spangenberg Yanes","doi":"10.1515/tc-2023-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/tc-2023-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Several late antique Latin grammatical works encompass material drawn from the ancient erudite linguistic speculation De Latinitate and De dubio sermone, ultimately dating back to Pliny the Elder. The most prominent formal feature of the concerned texts is their lexicographical structure, i.e. the presence of a series of highlighted lemmata accompanied by examples and explanations. Furthermore, most of the works concerned show traces of the alphabetical arrangement of their common source. This paper presents the results of a preliminary survey of the texts dealing with nominal gender: particular attention is paid to the ways in which each late antique grammarian adapts the common source according to his specific interests. This inquiry comes out of a larger research project, which aims at producing a digital critical collection (thesaurus) of grammatical passages dealing with the dubius sermo. This repertory is intended to overcome the limits of the traditional printed collections of grammatical fragments.","PeriodicalId":41704,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Classics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44626265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Greek lexicography is in a state of constant evolution thanks to progress in philological studies and, in a special way, to the contribution offered by papyri, which frequently provides us with new words or new meanings of already known words. In this regard, the online, freely consultable database WiP – Words in Progress. Supplementary Lexicon of Ancient Greek aims to collect new or rare words and detail corrections and additions in order to record recent progress in the updating and expansion of Ancient and Byzantine Greek. This contribution aims to describe how the database works, and what advantages it offers compared to traditional dictionaries, with a particular focus on the contribution that Greek documentary papyri offer to Greek lexicography.
摘要希腊语词典编纂处于不断发展的状态，这要归功于文献学研究的进步，也要归功于纸莎草书的特殊贡献，它经常为我们提供新词或已知单词的新含义。在这方面，可免费查阅的在线数据库WiP–Words In Progress。《古希腊语补充词典》旨在收集新词或生僻词，并详细更正和增补，以记录古希腊语和拜占庭希腊语更新和扩展的最新进展。这篇文章旨在描述数据库的工作原理，以及与传统词典相比它提供了什么优势，特别关注希腊文献纸莎草书对希腊词典编纂的贡献。
{"title":"An Ongoing Supplement to Traditional Dictionaries: WiP – Words in Progress and the Contribution of Greek Documentary Papyrology","authors":"Marzia D’Angelo","doi":"10.1515/tc-2023-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/tc-2023-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Greek lexicography is in a state of constant evolution thanks to progress in philological studies and, in a special way, to the contribution offered by papyri, which frequently provides us with new words or new meanings of already known words. In this regard, the online, freely consultable database WiP – Words in Progress. Supplementary Lexicon of Ancient Greek aims to collect new or rare words and detail corrections and additions in order to record recent progress in the updating and expansion of Ancient and Byzantine Greek. This contribution aims to describe how the database works, and what advantages it offers compared to traditional dictionaries, with a particular focus on the contribution that Greek documentary papyri offer to Greek lexicography.","PeriodicalId":41704,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Classics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49249491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study aims to analyse how Atticist lexicographers used ancient sources to problematize their lack of sensitivity to literary contexts. This article focuses on comic passages that are interpreted according to the prescriptive outlook of Atticist lexicographers. I will show how lexicographers’ notes on linguistic correctness betray a general indifference towards the stylistic registers and complex variety of the language of comedy. Two case studies will be investigated: (a) the backdating of koine words and (b) the misinterpretation of comic corrections. The analysis of these two cases shows that lexicographers very often interpreted comic attestations as evidence of regular Greek expressions if this reading served the purpose of censoring or supporting a specific usage, regardless of whether or not the comedians were using a word metaphorically or in a jocular way.
{"title":"Atticist Lexica and the Interpretation of Comic Language","authors":"C. Monaco","doi":"10.1515/tc-2023-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/tc-2023-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aims to analyse how Atticist lexicographers used ancient sources to problematize their lack of sensitivity to literary contexts. This article focuses on comic passages that are interpreted according to the prescriptive outlook of Atticist lexicographers. I will show how lexicographers’ notes on linguistic correctness betray a general indifference towards the stylistic registers and complex variety of the language of comedy. Two case studies will be investigated: (a) the backdating of koine words and (b) the misinterpretation of comic corrections. The analysis of these two cases shows that lexicographers very often interpreted comic attestations as evidence of regular Greek expressions if this reading served the purpose of censoring or supporting a specific usage, regardless of whether or not the comedians were using a word metaphorically or in a jocular way.","PeriodicalId":41704,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Classics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44660367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The influence of Medieval Latin dictionaries on other genres of Medieval Latin literature was limited by two factors: their tendency to preserve ancient hapaxes that appeared nowhere else, and their creativity, resulting in the formation of words no other writer used. A prime example of the latter attitude are the poems written by a 14th-century Czech lexicographer known as Claretus. After a brief outline of the structure of his last and longest versed dictionary, the Glossarius, Claretus’ knack for word-formation is illustrated by several hundred nouns denoting activities, actions, and persons with selected suffixes. Documents created by municipal administration in the 14th and 15th centuries also contain a goodly number of neologisms, even hapax legomena, and verbal overlaps alone are by no means sufficient to prove their authors were acquainted with Claretus’ poems. Nevertheless, I argue that Claretus’ influence is detectable in a handful of administrative texts from medieval Bohemia.
{"title":"Claretus And the City: The Glossarius, Its Latin Neologisms and Its Reception in Municipal Administrative Texts","authors":"Pavel Nývlt","doi":"10.1515/tc-2023-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/tc-2023-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The influence of Medieval Latin dictionaries on other genres of Medieval Latin literature was limited by two factors: their tendency to preserve ancient hapaxes that appeared nowhere else, and their creativity, resulting in the formation of words no other writer used. A prime example of the latter attitude are the poems written by a 14th-century Czech lexicographer known as Claretus. After a brief outline of the structure of his last and longest versed dictionary, the Glossarius, Claretus’ knack for word-formation is illustrated by several hundred nouns denoting activities, actions, and persons with selected suffixes. Documents created by municipal administration in the 14th and 15th centuries also contain a goodly number of neologisms, even hapax legomena, and verbal overlaps alone are by no means sufficient to prove their authors were acquainted with Claretus’ poems. Nevertheless, I argue that Claretus’ influence is detectable in a handful of administrative texts from medieval Bohemia.","PeriodicalId":41704,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Classics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41973847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Lexicographical investigation, carried out in the drafting of the verbs renodo and renudo in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, can be useful for textual criticism by its proposing of new conjectures or its explanation of existing ones, by reconstructing the history and the use of a given word. This paper discusses Harm Marien Poortvliet’s conjecture renudatam pharetris in place of the transmitted renodatam pharetris in Valerius Flaccus 5.380, which helps us better understand the meaning and the use of the verb renudo in the text and the different value of the prefix re- in renodo and renudo, for which we also consider other contexts such as Hor. epod. 11.28.
{"title":"Latin Lexicography and Textual Criticism: A Lexical Note on Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 5.380","authors":"Nicoletta Bruno","doi":"10.1515/tc-2023-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/tc-2023-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Lexicographical investigation, carried out in the drafting of the verbs renodo and renudo in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae, can be useful for textual criticism by its proposing of new conjectures or its explanation of existing ones, by reconstructing the history and the use of a given word. This paper discusses Harm Marien Poortvliet’s conjecture renudatam pharetris in place of the transmitted renodatam pharetris in Valerius Flaccus 5.380, which helps us better understand the meaning and the use of the verb renudo in the text and the different value of the prefix re- in renodo and renudo, for which we also consider other contexts such as Hor. epod. 11.28.","PeriodicalId":41704,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Classics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44602796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper discusses Greek and Latin lexicography and its literary and socio-cultural manifestations during the second century CE. I argue that Imperial lexicography had an actualized social existence that went beyond the recording of lemmata. More specifically, I maintain that lexicographers used their works not only as technical records and manuals but to legitimize (or not) linguistic forms alongside social phenomena. Additionally, other authors of the High Empire modulated the essence of linguistic idiosyncrasies and incorporated them into literary genres beyond lexica; they thus considered issues of identity and belonging against the backdrop of lexical propriety. This contribution closely studies Moeris and Phrynichus as well as Lucian and Aulus Gellius to show how lexicography transcended literary genre to become a modus dicendi vivendique.
{"title":"Second-Century CE Lexicography: Genre or a Literary Current of Language, Politics, and Social Dynamics?","authors":"Eleni Bozia","doi":"10.1515/tc-2023-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/tc-2023-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper discusses Greek and Latin lexicography and its literary and socio-cultural manifestations during the second century CE. I argue that Imperial lexicography had an actualized social existence that went beyond the recording of lemmata. More specifically, I maintain that lexicographers used their works not only as technical records and manuals but to legitimize (or not) linguistic forms alongside social phenomena. Additionally, other authors of the High Empire modulated the essence of linguistic idiosyncrasies and incorporated them into literary genres beyond lexica; they thus considered issues of identity and belonging against the backdrop of lexical propriety. This contribution closely studies Moeris and Phrynichus as well as Lucian and Aulus Gellius to show how lexicography transcended literary genre to become a modus dicendi vivendique.","PeriodicalId":41704,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Classics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43104717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.1515/tc-2023-frontmatter1
{"title":"Titelseiten","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/tc-2023-frontmatter1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/tc-2023-frontmatter1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41704,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Classics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135507389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Enantiosemes, words which express opposed meanings (also called auto-antonyms; e.g. altus, which can mean “high” or “low”, or the English “cleave”, which can mean “cut” or “stick together”), present a practical problem for the lexicographer. My paper surveys enantiosemes as they are explicitly discussed by ancient Roman lexicographers and provides a descriptive typology. Roman scholars distinguish between genuine auto-antonyms, which they sometimes call voces mediae (e.g. valetudo for “health” or “sickness”), and cases of etymology by antiphrasis (e.g. lucus a non lucendo), whereby a name is given through some kind of opposition. This latter group of etymologies-by-antiphrasis can be further subdivided between cases of euphemism and irony. The paper concludes with a short lexicon of Latin enantiosemes explicitly discussed by ancient sources.
对映体，表达相反意思的词(也称为自反义词;例如altus，可以表示“高”或“低”，或者英语中的“cleave”，可以表示“切割”或“粘在一起”)，这给词典编纂者带来了一个实际问题。我的论文调查了古罗马词典编纂者明确讨论的对映体，并提供了一个描述性类型学。罗马学者区分了真正的自反义词，他们有时称其为voces mediae(例如valetudo表示“健康”或“疾病”)和词源学上的反义词(例如lucus a non lucendo)，即通过某种对立来命名。后一组反语词源可以进一步细分为委婉语和反语。本文最后以古代文献明确讨论的拉丁文对映体的简短词汇作结。
{"title":"Lucus a non lucendo: Enantiosemy in Ancient Latin Lexicography","authors":"Adam Gitner","doi":"10.1515/tc-2023-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/tc-2023-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Enantiosemes, words which express opposed meanings (also called auto-antonyms; e.g. altus, which can mean “high” or “low”, or the English “cleave”, which can mean “cut” or “stick together”), present a practical problem for the lexicographer. My paper surveys enantiosemes as they are explicitly discussed by ancient Roman lexicographers and provides a descriptive typology. Roman scholars distinguish between genuine auto-antonyms, which they sometimes call voces mediae (e.g. valetudo for “health” or “sickness”), and cases of etymology by antiphrasis (e.g. lucus a non lucendo), whereby a name is given through some kind of opposition. This latter group of etymologies-by-antiphrasis can be further subdivided between cases of euphemism and irony. The paper concludes with a short lexicon of Latin enantiosemes explicitly discussed by ancient sources.","PeriodicalId":41704,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Classics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46668491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper aims to demonstrate that the Thesaurus linguae Latinae, the world’s largest lexicon of ancient Latin and a traditional project rooted in 19th-century philology, makes a significant contribution to today’s intellectual diversity within Classical Studies. By analysing a corpus of 270 lemmas, ranging from r to razīmus, I argue that the TLL’s quietly revolutionary mode of philological pluralism is realized at three levels of lexicographic content: the selection of primary material (choosing textual passages of ancient Latin to be included in the lexicon); the arrangement of individual lexicographic entries (structuring the presentation of primary text in each article); and the annotation of passages, rubrics, and entire articles (providing metalinguistic description, explanation, and commentary). As a whole, my analysis presents the first-ever account of how the TLL systematically reshapes established lexicographic and scholarly practices.
{"title":"Pluralist Perspectives in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae","authors":"Massimo Cè","doi":"10.1515/tc-2023-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/tc-2023-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper aims to demonstrate that the Thesaurus linguae Latinae, the world’s largest lexicon of ancient Latin and a traditional project rooted in 19th-century philology, makes a significant contribution to today’s intellectual diversity within Classical Studies. By analysing a corpus of 270 lemmas, ranging from r to razīmus, I argue that the TLL’s quietly revolutionary mode of philological pluralism is realized at three levels of lexicographic content: the selection of primary material (choosing textual passages of ancient Latin to be included in the lexicon); the arrangement of individual lexicographic entries (structuring the presentation of primary text in each article); and the annotation of passages, rubrics, and entire articles (providing metalinguistic description, explanation, and commentary). As a whole, my analysis presents the first-ever account of how the TLL systematically reshapes established lexicographic and scholarly practices.","PeriodicalId":41704,"journal":{"name":"Trends in Classics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45412836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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