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Prometheus Bound Reappropriated: A Modern Greek Promethean ‘Palimpsest’ by Νikiforos Vrettakos 普罗米修斯被束缚:现代希腊普罗米修斯的“重写本”
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1515/tc-2022-0007
I. Karamanou
Abstract This article seeks to investigate the cultural and ideological processes conditioning the reception of Prometheus Bound ascribed to Aeschylus in the so far unexplored poetic drama Prometheus or The Play of a Day (1978) by the renowned Modern Greek poet Nikiforos Vrettakos. It is argued that his rewriting of the tragic myth bears the features of a palimpsest, whose layers include archetypal features of Prometheus Bound, such as the Titan’s dignified struggle, his philanthropy, and the concept of human progress, filtered in varying ways through the mediating receptions (Goethe, Camus, Kazantzakis, Sikelianos, Varnalis, Michalakeas) of the ancient exemplum. At the same time, Vrettakos chooses to deploy Prometheus as his self-image and grafts the poetic ego onto the title-character to raise critical awareness and convey his ideological and ethical stance. These elements contribute to the play’s distinctiveness, as well as its power to move beyond the immediate socio-political circumstances of the military dictatorship in Greece (1967–1974) and offer a diachronic perspective on intrinsic aspects of the human condition: the dignified resistance to oppression, the limits of human intellect and the sense of humanism emerging from the perception of mankind and nature as an inseparable entity – a feature of Vrettakos’ poetics par excellence.
摘要本文试图探讨现代希腊著名诗人尼基福罗斯·弗雷塔科斯(Nikiforos Vrettakos。有人认为,他对悲剧神话的改写具有重写本的特征,其层次包括普罗米修斯束缚的原型特征,如泰坦的尊严斗争、他的慈善事业和人类进步的概念,这些都是通过对古代典范的中介接受(歌德、加缪、卡赞扎基斯、西克利诺斯、瓦纳利斯、米夏拉卡斯)以不同的方式过滤出来的。同时,弗里塔科斯选择将普罗米修斯作为自己的自我形象,并将诗意的自我移植到主人公身上,以提高批判意识,传达自己的思想道德立场。这些元素有助于该剧的独特性,以及它超越希腊军事独裁统治(1967–1974)的直接社会政治环境的力量,并对人类状况的内在方面提供了一个历时性的视角:对压迫的有尊严的抵抗,人类智慧的极限和从人类和自然作为一个不可分割的实体的感知中产生的人文主义意识——这是弗里塔科斯卓越诗学的一个特征。
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引用次数: 0
Timocreon of Ialysos, frr. 5–8 PMG and 7, 9, and 10 IEG Ialysos的Timocron,frr。5–8 PMG和7、9和10 IEG
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1515/tc-2022-0003
Christos C. Tsagalis
Abstract This is the second and last part of a study on Timocreon of Ialysos. In the first part I offered an up-to-date presentation of and running commentary on fragments 1–4 of his poetry. In this second part, I discuss and comment on the rest of his extant fragments. The numeration is continuous: frr. 1–4 PMG were presented in Tsagalis 2020, 228–266; frr. 5–8 PMG and 9–11 (= 7, 9, and 10 IEG) are analyzed in this study.
摘要这是关于Ialysos Timocron的研究的第二部分,也是最后一部分。在第一部分中,我对他的诗歌片段1-4进行了最新的介绍和连续的评论。在第二部分中,我对他现存的其余片段进行了讨论和评论。 计数是连续的:frr。Tsagalis 2020228-266中介绍了1-4个PMG;frr。本研究分析了5–8 PMG和9–11(=7、9和10 IEG)。
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引用次数: 0
Introductory Formulas in the Catalogue of Men of Odyssey 11 《奥德赛11人目录》中的入门公式
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1515/tc-2022-0002
M. Skempis
Abstract In this paper, I examine the formulaic system of the catalogue of men in Odyssey 11. The discursive means at work whenever a catalogue entry is introduced, rest on vision and kinetics. These are two cardinal notions that establish themselves in narrative contexts of male catalogue poetry in the Iliad. Scrutinising the formula-based linguistic register pertaining to visual perception and movement/stasis shows that entry introductory formulas serve as mechanisms of meticulous inner structuring and co-ordination of the narrative material and of outer framing with regard to the preceding free-floating entries and the catalogue of women.
本文考察了《奥德赛》第11章中人物目录的公式化系统。每当一个目录条目被引入时,话语手段就会起作用,依赖于视觉和动力学。这两个基本概念在《伊利亚特》中男性目录诗的叙事语境中确立了自己的地位。仔细检查与视觉感知和运动/静止有关的基于公式的语言域,可以发现条目介绍公式作为细致的内部结构和叙事材料协调机制,以及关于之前自由浮动条目和女性目录的外部框架。
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引用次数: 0
A New Epistomion from Sfakaki, near Rethymno 雷西姆诺附近的斯法卡奇的一种新认识
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1515/tc-2022-0005
Niki Tsatsaki, Yannis Z. Tzifopoulos
Abstract Publication of a new gold epistomion unearthed during rescue excavations in the property of IRIS Hotel Inc. in the Sfakaki region near Rethymno. The new epistomion from Grave 7 belongs to category E, the so-called chaire-texts, and is identical to that incised on E4, bringing the total number of epistomia from Crete to sixteen (see Appendix).
在Rethymno附近的Sfakaki地区IRIS酒店公司的财产中进行的救援挖掘中发现了一种新的黄金知识。7号墓的新书信体属于E类,即所谓的椅子文本,与E4上切割的相同,使克里特岛的书信体总数达到16个(见附录)。
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引用次数: 0
Variations on Violence in Greek and Akkadian Succession Myths 希腊和阿卡德王朝继承神话中的暴力变体
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1515/tc-2022-0001
Jacobo Myerston
Abstract In this article I explore a selection of texts from Greece and Mesopotamia that either recount or comment on the succession myth. I argue that representations of violence in those texts differ considerably within the same culture and time period. I explain these variations as social deixis, positing that ancient authors and interpreters of the succession myth used different representations of violence to present themselves as innovative figures. I argue that both mythmakers and myth-interpreters increased and decreased the intensity and number of violent features to mark a position in the competitive field of cosmological knowledge. Through the comparison of the sources, I show that there was as much competition and innovation in Greece as in Mesopotamia within the field of cosmology. The similarity of social contexts and practices may explain the cross-cultural transfer of knowledge between specialists of these two regions.
摘要在这篇文章中,我选择了希腊和美索不达米亚的文本,对继承神话进行了叙述或评论。我认为,在同一文化和时间段内,这些文本中对暴力的表述有很大不同。我将这些变化解释为社会指示语,认为继承神话的古代作者和解释者使用了不同的暴力表现来将自己呈现为创新人物。我认为,神话制造者和神话解释者都增加和减少了暴力特征的强度和数量,以标志着在宇宙学知识竞争领域的地位。通过对来源的比较,我发现在宇宙学领域,希腊和美索不达米亚一样存在竞争和创新。社会背景和实践的相似性可以解释这两个地区的专家之间知识的跨文化转移。
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引用次数: 0
Mapping the stars on the revolving sphere and reckoning time: star catalogues, astronomical popularization, and practical functions 在旋转球体上绘制恒星和计算时间:恒星目录、天文学普及和实用功能
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1515/tc-2022-0006
M. Savio
Abstract Among the astronomical texts devoted (in various ways) to the description/explanation of the stars and their phenomena, the sources allow us to identify a somehow ‘specific textual current’ that consists in those texts which were variously used or conceived as tools to convey knowledge of the ‘star map’ to a non-specialist public, even if they are different from each other in terms of structure and ‘technical-scientific’ level (especially in relation to the presence or not of the specific coordinates of the stars). The success of these texts over the course of the tradition is one of the main signs that suggest the diffusion of this subject matter in non-specialist contexts. According to the sources, the practical-applied benefit of such knowledge, above all in terms of ‘time reckoning’, seems to be at least one of the – certainly multiple and varied – reasons for this diffusion, and perhaps not the least significant one.
在致力于(以各种方式)描述/解释恒星及其现象的天文学文献中,这些来源使我们能够确定某种程度上的“特定文本潮流”,这些文本包含在这些文本中,这些文本被各种使用或构思为向非专业公众传达“星图”知识的工具。即使它们在结构和“技术-科学”水平方面彼此不同(特别是与星星的具体坐标是否存在有关)。这些文本在传统过程中的成功是表明这一主题在非专业背景下扩散的主要标志之一。根据消息来源,这种知识的实际应用效益,首先是在“时间计算”方面,似乎至少是这种传播的原因之一-当然是多种多样的-而且可能不是最不重要的原因。
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引用次数: 0
Religion on the Rostrum: Euchomai Prayers in the Texts of Attic Oratory 讲坛上的宗教:阿提卡讲坛文本中的尤丘麦祈祷
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-07-01 DOI: 10.1515/tc-2022-0004
Andreas Af Serafim
Abstract This paper examines the use of prayers that are denoted by the verb euchomai, and their function as a means of affecting the cognitive/emotional disposition of people in forensic, symbouleutic and epideictic orations. It is argued that (references to) prayers may be of explicit or implicit character, and that they serve a variety of purposes: to secure the goodwill of the audience for the speaker; to present his character and civic/political qualities positively, while attacking, undermining and incriminating opponents for religious and political misconducts; to invite people in court or in the Assembly to think they are inspected by an invisible yet omnipresent divine audience; to refer to patriotism; and to triangulate relations between the speaker, his opponents and the audience.
摘要本文研究了以动词euchomai表示的祈祷词的使用,以及它们在法医、象征性和流行病演讲中作为影响人们认知/情感倾向的手段的功能。有人认为,(引用)祈祷可能是明确的或隐含的特征,他们服务于各种目的:确保听众对演讲者的善意;积极地展示他的性格和公民/政治品质,同时攻击、诋毁和指控对手的宗教和政治不端行为;邀请法庭上或大会上的人认为他们被一个看不见却无所不在的神圣观众审视着;提及爱国主义;并在演讲者,他的对手和观众之间建立三角关系。
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引用次数: 0
Classicising ‘Pindar’: Quotation, Canonisation and Early Reception “品达”的分类:引文、例证与早期接受
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1515/tc-2021-0012
Henry L. Spelman
Abstract This essay examines the earliest quotations of Pindar in order to shed light on the social and historical dynamics through which he first emerged as a classic author. Pindaric quotations from the classical period point to his stratified and multi-faceted reception: as a figure within popular memory, as an emblem of elite culture and as an intellectual ancestor. Indeed, a capacity to appeal to different audiences for different but interconnected reasons was integral to his canonisation. The earliest Pindaric quotations already bespeak his culturally privileged status, which was expressed and perpetuated in different ways over the centuries but which was established as a social fact from remarkably early on. A search for the deepest roots of the classicisation of Pindar, it is argued, has to go all the way back to his poetry.
摘要本文考察了品达尔最早的语录,以揭示他作为经典作家首次出现的社会和历史动态。品达里对古典时期的引用指向了他分层和多方面的接受:作为大众记忆中的人物,作为精英文化的象征,作为知识分子的祖先。事实上,出于不同但相互关联的原因吸引不同观众的能力是他被封为圣徒不可或缺的一部分。最早的平达尔语录已经表明了他的文化特权地位,这一地位在几个世纪以来以不同的方式表达和延续,但从很早就被确立为一个社会事实。有人认为,要寻找平达尔古典化的最深层根源,必须追溯到他的诗歌。
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引用次数: 0
Porphyry and ancient scholarship on Iliad 10.252–253: Edition, translation and discussion 《伊利亚特》的斑岩与古代学术10.252-253:版本、翻译与讨论
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1515/tc-2021-0015
G. Verhasselt, R. Mayhew
Abstract In Iliad 10, Odysseus claims that ‘more night has passed | than two parts, but still a third part remains’ (252–253). This gave rise to a Homeric problem, which received a great deal of attention from ancient scholars: If more than two parts of the night have passed, how can a third part remain? The main source for a variety of solutions to it is a lengthy discussion written along the perimeter of three pages of Venetus B, an important manuscript of the Iliad. The source of this text is almost certainly Porphyry’s Homeric Questions. Porphyry presents six different solutions, including those of Apion, Chrysippus and Aristotle (this last a fragment from his lost Homeric Problems), as well as a discussion of Odysseus as astronomer. The present paper includes: a critical edition of this text based on a fresh inspection of the manuscript, yielding new readings; an English translation; notes to the text; and an interpretive essay. The paper demonstrates the limitations of earlier editors of the text, and the hope is that it will serve as an example of how properly to approach and present the fragments of Porphyry’s Homeric Questions. It also turns out that, for quotations from the Iliad and Odyssey, Porphyry often does not provide the text attributed to him in the recent Homer editions of West.
摘要在《伊利亚特》第10章中,奥德修斯声称“过去的夜晚不止两部分,但还有第三部分”(252–253)。这就产生了一个荷马问题,这个问题受到了古代学者的极大关注:如果夜晚已经过去了两个多小时,第三个部分怎么能留下来?各种解决方案的主要来源是沿着《伊利亚特》的重要手稿Venetus B的三页纸进行的长篇讨论。这篇文章的来源几乎可以肯定是波菲利的Homeric Questions。Porphyry提出了六种不同的解决方案,包括Apion、Chrysippus和亚里士多德的解决方案(最后一个是他丢失的荷马问题的片段),以及对奥德修斯作为天文学家的讨论。本文包括:在对手稿进行新的检查的基础上,对本文进行了批评性编辑,产生了新的解读;英文翻译;文本注释;以及一篇解释性文章。这篇论文展示了文本早期编辑的局限性,希望它能成为一个如何正确处理和呈现Porphyry的Homeric Questions片段的例子。事实也证明,对于《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》中的引文,《波菲利》往往没有提供最近的荷马版本中属于他的文本。
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引用次数: 1
Intertextuality in Early Greek Poetry: The Special Case of Epinician 早期希腊诗歌中的互文性——以埃皮尼察为例
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1515/tc-2021-0011
Bruno Currie
Abstract This paper offers a reappraisal of the role of intertextuality in fifth-century BCE epinician poetry by means of a comparison with the role of intertextuality in all of early Greek hexameter poetry, ‘lyric epic’, and fifth-century BCE tragedy and comedy. By considering the ways in which performance culture as well as the production of written texts affects the prospects for intertextuality, it challenges a scholarly view that would straightforwardly correlate intertextuality in early Greek poetry with an increasing use and dissemination of written texts. Rather, ‘performance rivalry’ (a term understood to encompass both intra- and intergeneric competition between poetic works that were performed either on the same occasion or on closely related occasions) is identified as a plausible catalyst of intertextuality in all of the poetic genres considered, from the eighth or seventh century to the fifth century BCE. It is argued that fifth-century epinician poetry displays frequent, fine-grained, and allusive intertextuality with a range of early hexameter poetry: the Iliad, the poems of the Epic Cycle, and various ‘Hesiodic’ poems – poetry that in all probability featured in the sixth-fifth century BCE rhapsodic repertoire. It is also argued that, contrary to what is maintained in some recent Pindaric scholarship, there is no comparable case to be made for a frequent, significant, and allusive intrageneric intertextuality between epinician poems: in this respect, the case of epinician makes a very striking contrast with epic, tragedy, and comedy – poetic genres to which intrageneric intertextuality was absolutely fundamental. It is suggested that the presence or absence of intrageneric intertextuality in the genres in question is likely to be associated with the presence or absence of performance rivalry. A further factor identified as having the potential to inhibit intrageneric intertextuality in epinician is the undesirability of having one poem appear to be ‘bettered’ by another in a genre were all poems were commissioned to exalt individual patrons. This, again, is a situation that did not arise for epic, tragedy, or comedy, where a kind of competitive or ‘zero-sum’ intertextuality could be (and was) unproblematically embraced. Intertextuality in epinician thus appears to present a special case vis-à-vis the other major poetic genres of early Greece, whose workings can both be illuminated by consideration of the workings of intertextuality in epic, tragedy, and comedy, and can in turn illuminate something of the workings of intertextuality in those genres.
摘要本文通过与早期希腊六声部诗歌、“抒情史诗”以及前五世纪悲剧和喜剧中互文性的作用的比较,重新评价了互文性在前五世纪epinician诗歌中的作用。通过考虑表演文化和书面文本的产生对互文性前景的影响,它挑战了一种学术观点,即将早期希腊诗歌中的互文性与书面文本的日益使用和传播直接联系起来。相反,“表演竞争”(一个术语被理解为包括在同一场合或密切相关的场合表演的诗歌作品之间的属内和属间竞争)被认为是从公元前八世纪或七世纪到五世纪所有诗歌流派中互文性的可能催化剂。有人认为,五世纪的epinician诗歌与一系列早期六声部诗歌表现出频繁、精细和暗示的互文性:《伊利亚特》、史诗周期的诗歌和各种“Hesidic”诗歌——这些诗歌很可能出现在公元前六至五世纪的狂想曲曲目中。也有人认为,与最近一些平达里派学者所坚持的观点相反,没有任何可比的理由可以证明epinician诗歌之间频繁、重要和隐含的属内互文性:在这方面,epinicial的情况与史诗、悲剧、,喜剧&诗歌类型,属内互文性是其绝对的基础。有人认为,在所讨论的流派中,是否存在属内互文性可能与是否存在表演竞争有关。另一个被认为有可能抑制epinician中的属内互文性的因素是,如果所有诗歌都是为了提升个人赞助人而创作的,那么在一个流派中,一首诗似乎比另一首诗“更好”是不可取的。同样,这是史诗、悲剧或喜剧所没有出现的情况,在这种情况下,一种竞争性或“零和”互文性可以(而且曾经)毫无问题地被接受。因此,与早期希腊的其他主要诗歌流派相比,epinician中的互文性似乎呈现出一种特殊的情况,这些诗歌流派的运作既可以通过考虑史诗、悲剧和喜剧中互文性的运作来阐明,也可以反过来阐明这些流派中互文的运作。
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引用次数: 1
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Trends in Classics
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