Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-117-127
Sandulyak D.A, A. Sandulyak, Y. Gorpinenko, A. Sandulyak, V. Ershova, А.А. Сандуляк, Д.А. Сандуляк, Ю.О. Горпиненко, А.В. Сандуляк, В.А. Ершова
The basic structural elements of the magnetized granular medium (effectively used, in particular, in apparatus of thin magnetic separation) are granule chains (according to channel-by-channel model), in connection with which there is a need to detail the features of their magnetization. The purpose of the work is to develop and implement an approach to measuring magnetic (micro)flows along the cores of different radius r in the chain of granules using a specially developed (by printed circuit board technology) sensor, with high radius R (15 and 20 mm) spheres available for such measurements.From the data of measuring magnetic (micro)flows data of average induction in each of the quasi-continuous cores of the spheres chain are obtained, as well as data of magnetic permeability and susceptibility of these cores, their magnetization for different values of the intensity of the magnetizing field. It is shown that dependences of mentioned magnetic parameters from number n spheres in a chain are generalized on r /R for different R.These relationships, increasing as n increases due to a decrease in the demagnetizing factor N of any of the cores and the chain as a whole, demonstrate the achievement of individually limiting values of magnetic parameters and corresponding auto-model regions where N→0. At the same time, the transition to each of these regions, manifesting almost independently of r /R and intensity, falls on the value of n = 10–12 = [n]. Thus, in fact, such a criterion value [n] distinguishes chains by sufficiently “long” – when n ≥ [n] and “short” – when 2 ≤ n ˂ [n]. Data of demagnetizing factor for different cores of “short” chains of spheres are obtained and phenomenologically described.
{"title":"An Approach to Monitoring of Magnetic Parameters of Cores of a Chain of Spheres. Diagnostics of Different Chain’s Length and Core’s Radius","authors":"Sandulyak D.A, A. Sandulyak, Y. Gorpinenko, A. Sandulyak, V. Ershova, А.А. Сандуляк, Д.А. Сандуляк, Ю.О. Горпиненко, А.В. Сандуляк, В.А. Ершова","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-117-127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-117-127","url":null,"abstract":"The basic structural elements of the magnetized granular medium (effectively used, in particular, in apparatus of thin magnetic separation) are granule chains (according to channel-by-channel model), in connection with which there is a need to detail the features of their magnetization. The purpose of the work is to develop and implement an approach to measuring magnetic (micro)flows along the cores of different radius r in the chain of granules using a specially developed (by printed circuit board technology) sensor, with high radius R (15 and 20 mm) spheres available for such measurements.From the data of measuring magnetic (micro)flows data of average induction in each of the quasi-continuous cores of the spheres chain are obtained, as well as data of magnetic permeability and susceptibility of these cores, their magnetization for different values of the intensity of the magnetizing field. It is shown that dependences of mentioned magnetic parameters from number n spheres in a chain are generalized on r /R for different R.These relationships, increasing as n increases due to a decrease in the demagnetizing factor N of any of the cores and the chain as a whole, demonstrate the achievement of individually limiting values of magnetic parameters and corresponding auto-model regions where N→0. At the same time, the transition to each of these regions, manifesting almost independently of r /R and intensity, falls on the value of n = 10–12 = [n]. Thus, in fact, such a criterion value [n] distinguishes chains by sufficiently “long” – when n ≥ [n] and “short” – when 2 ≤ n ˂ [n]. Data of demagnetizing factor for different cores of “short” chains of spheres are obtained and phenomenologically described.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84927639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-105-111
V. Alekseev, S. I. Yuran, V. Usoltsev, D. Shulmin
Peak emergency discharges of harmful substances to the industrial companies waste waters that normally form coagulates over time present a serious environmental problem. These coagulates can enter natural water bodies during the wastewater discharge. Thus, detecting these coagulates in real-time is a relevant problem.To solve this problem, the authors suggest building an automated system that shall record and identify the emergency harmful substances discharges to the industrial companies waste waters caused by accidents. This system features a laser probing module which scans waste water at several wavelengths simultaneously and in real time.Emergency discharge identification is performed based on the substance transmission spectra analysis using the original description of the recorded substance spectra digital signals. The relative description on the components of the lattice function of the spectrum of emergency discharges is used, constructed using the order ratio between the components of the lattice function.The emergency discharge identification can be implemented by comparing the relative description of the emergency discharge spectrum with the reference spectra for the harmful substances that can be present at the given industrial facility, and the standards of the spectra of these substances are presented in the form of a relative description using the ratio “more”–“less”.The authors provide a flow chart for the emergency discharge elimination system, describe its operation and the functions fulfilled by its elements. The system features an emergency coagulate identification device, a processing device for the spectrum recorded that can also store the reference spectra of harmful substances, and a valve-control device for the waste water system. Due to installation of laser radiation sources along the perimeter of the pipe along which the liquid moves, simultaneous laser action on the emergency clot of harmful substances passing through the pipe is ensured. The analysis of the clot passing through the sewer pipe allows opening the valves for each of the predicted emergency clots when receiving a command from the control device and diverting the clot that has appeared to the appropriate sump.
{"title":"System Eliminating Emergency Discharges in Industrial Facilities Waste Waters Using Relative Signal Description","authors":"V. Alekseev, S. I. Yuran, V. Usoltsev, D. Shulmin","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-105-111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-105-111","url":null,"abstract":"Peak emergency discharges of harmful substances to the industrial companies waste waters that normally form coagulates over time present a serious environmental problem. These coagulates can enter natural water bodies during the wastewater discharge. Thus, detecting these coagulates in real-time is a relevant problem.To solve this problem, the authors suggest building an automated system that shall record and identify the emergency harmful substances discharges to the industrial companies waste waters caused by accidents. This system features a laser probing module which scans waste water at several wavelengths simultaneously and in real time.Emergency discharge identification is performed based on the substance transmission spectra analysis using the original description of the recorded substance spectra digital signals. The relative description on the components of the lattice function of the spectrum of emergency discharges is used, constructed using the order ratio between the components of the lattice function.The emergency discharge identification can be implemented by comparing the relative description of the emergency discharge spectrum with the reference spectra for the harmful substances that can be present at the given industrial facility, and the standards of the spectra of these substances are presented in the form of a relative description using the ratio “more”–“less”.The authors provide a flow chart for the emergency discharge elimination system, describe its operation and the functions fulfilled by its elements. The system features an emergency coagulate identification device, a processing device for the spectrum recorded that can also store the reference spectra of harmful substances, and a valve-control device for the waste water system. Due to installation of laser radiation sources along the perimeter of the pipe along which the liquid moves, simultaneous laser action on the emergency clot of harmful substances passing through the pipe is ensured. The analysis of the clot passing through the sewer pipe allows opening the valves for each of the predicted emergency clots when receiving a command from the control device and diverting the clot that has appeared to the appropriate sump. ","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89729283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-147-154
V. V. Muravʼev, L. Gushchina
For the manufacture of spring springs of rolling stock (wagons, locomotives, cars), bars made of spring steels are used. With high-temperature machining, when winding springs and quenching them, there is a difference in the cooling rates of the inner and outer sides of the spring coils, which leads to a difference in the structural state and affects the durability of the springs. The aim of the work is to study the effect of structural changes in the outer and inner surfaces of spring steel coils after winding and high–temperature machining operations on the measured characteristics of Rayleigh acoustic waves.The propagation velocities of Rayleigh waves in spring-spring steel 60C2A after winding and hightemperature machining operations are investigated. The shadow method and the autocirculation method with piezoelectric converters CTS-19 with a frequency of 5 MHz with a special block design were used for research. The converters provide input and reception of the Rayleigh wave along the inner and outer forming surface of the spring. It is shown that the method of comparing the results of measuring the velocity of Rayleigh waves on a fi base by the coil generator on the inner and outer surfaces of the spring is sensitive to disturbances in the structure of the material and the appearance of defects. An unambiguous relationship of the structural states on the outer and inner sides of the spring with the velocity of the Rayleigh wave is found.As a result of the measurements, a conclusion was made about the significant sensitivity of Rayleigh waves to the structural state of the steel under study. An increase in the wave velocity was detected on the inner surface of the coil in the contact zone with the mandrel relative to the outer side of the coil, signaling incomplete hardening of steel in this zone during high-temperature machining. The relative speed difference in different spring samples is approximately up to 1 % (≈ 30 m/s), which is a significant value for assessing the quality of high-temperature machining.
{"title":"Structuroscopy of Coils after High-Temperature Mechanical Treatment on the Basis of Measurements of Rayleigh Waves Velocity","authors":"V. V. Muravʼev, L. Gushchina","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-147-154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-147-154","url":null,"abstract":"For the manufacture of spring springs of rolling stock (wagons, locomotives, cars), bars made of spring steels are used. With high-temperature machining, when winding springs and quenching them, there is a difference in the cooling rates of the inner and outer sides of the spring coils, which leads to a difference in the structural state and affects the durability of the springs. The aim of the work is to study the effect of structural changes in the outer and inner surfaces of spring steel coils after winding and high–temperature machining operations on the measured characteristics of Rayleigh acoustic waves.The propagation velocities of Rayleigh waves in spring-spring steel 60C2A after winding and hightemperature machining operations are investigated. The shadow method and the autocirculation method with piezoelectric converters CTS-19 with a frequency of 5 MHz with a special block design were used for research. The converters provide input and reception of the Rayleigh wave along the inner and outer forming surface of the spring. It is shown that the method of comparing the results of measuring the velocity of Rayleigh waves on a fi base by the coil generator on the inner and outer surfaces of the spring is sensitive to disturbances in the structure of the material and the appearance of defects. An unambiguous relationship of the structural states on the outer and inner sides of the spring with the velocity of the Rayleigh wave is found.As a result of the measurements, a conclusion was made about the significant sensitivity of Rayleigh waves to the structural state of the steel under study. An increase in the wave velocity was detected on the inner surface of the coil in the contact zone with the mandrel relative to the outer side of the coil, signaling incomplete hardening of steel in this zone during high-temperature machining. The relative speed difference in different spring samples is approximately up to 1 % (≈ 30 m/s), which is a significant value for assessing the quality of high-temperature machining.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83861664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-06DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-83-92
I. A. Safina, S. A. Artemyeva
Thermocouples dynamic characteristicsʼ prediction is one of the relevant directions in the field of dynamic measurements of non-stationary temperatures of liquid and gaseous media. Thermocouples dynamic characteristicsʼ prediction makes it possible to provide effective continuous correction in automatic control systems for non-stationary temperatures. The purpose of this paper was to develop a theoretically justified relation linking the current or expected time constant of fine-wire thermocouples with the known time constant established at known parameters of liquid and gaseous media.A formula linking the time constant of fine-wire thermocouples with the conditions of heat exchange with the measured medium and the thermophysical characteristics of the thermocouple sensing elements has been deducted. An approximate formula is also given for calculating the internal resistance of wire sensing elements of thermocouples, which must be considered when calculating the time constant of a thermocouple. In consideration of the obtained formulas, a multi-parameter relation linking the current or expected time constant of fine-wire thermocouples with the known time constant set at the known parameters of the measured media has been formed.It is suggested to simplify the formed multi-parameter relation and make it dependent, for example, on the “expected velocity of the measured medium × expected density of the measured medium” complex (Vm2 ρm2 ). Simplified relations in the form of hyperbolic functions with constant parameters and argument in the form of Vm2 ρm2 complex were obtained for airflowat different temperatures, pressures, and velocities.On the example of airflow, it is shown that the complex multi-parametric relation linking the expectedand known time constants of thermocouples can be simplified to a hyperbolic dependence, where the argument can be the Vm2 ρm2 complex. Moreover, the degree of approximation of hyperbolic dependencies to the exact values of the multi-parametric relation can reach the R-square = 0.9592 criterion.A multi-parametric relation has been proposed. That relates the known time constant of a thermocouple to the expected or current time constant of the same thermocouple at other parameters of the measured medium from the point of view of the heat exchange and thermal conduction theory. The proposed relation can be used in automatic control systems of non-stationary temperature of various liquid or gaseous media to provide continuous correction of thermocouples dynamic characteristics. Depending on the number of measured medium parameters, the suggested multi-parameter relation can be replaced by simplified relations with other complexes containing, for example, density, velocity, flow rate and pressure of the measured medium.
{"title":"Prediction of Dynamic Characteristics of Thermocouples with Thin-Wire Sensing Elements","authors":"I. A. Safina, S. A. Artemyeva","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-83-92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-2-83-92","url":null,"abstract":"Thermocouples dynamic characteristicsʼ prediction is one of the relevant directions in the field of dynamic measurements of non-stationary temperatures of liquid and gaseous media. Thermocouples dynamic characteristicsʼ prediction makes it possible to provide effective continuous correction in automatic control systems for non-stationary temperatures. The purpose of this paper was to develop a theoretically justified relation linking the current or expected time constant of fine-wire thermocouples with the known time constant established at known parameters of liquid and gaseous media.A formula linking the time constant of fine-wire thermocouples with the conditions of heat exchange with the measured medium and the thermophysical characteristics of the thermocouple sensing elements has been deducted. An approximate formula is also given for calculating the internal resistance of wire sensing elements of thermocouples, which must be considered when calculating the time constant of a thermocouple. In consideration of the obtained formulas, a multi-parameter relation linking the current or expected time constant of fine-wire thermocouples with the known time constant set at the known parameters of the measured media has been formed.It is suggested to simplify the formed multi-parameter relation and make it dependent, for example, on the “expected velocity of the measured medium × expected density of the measured medium” complex (Vm2 ρm2 ). Simplified relations in the form of hyperbolic functions with constant parameters and argument in the form of Vm2 ρm2 complex were obtained for airflowat different temperatures, pressures, and velocities.On the example of airflow, it is shown that the complex multi-parametric relation linking the expectedand known time constants of thermocouples can be simplified to a hyperbolic dependence, where the argument can be the Vm2 ρm2 complex. Moreover, the degree of approximation of hyperbolic dependencies to the exact values of the multi-parametric relation can reach the R-square = 0.9592 criterion.A multi-parametric relation has been proposed. That relates the known time constant of a thermocouple to the expected or current time constant of the same thermocouple at other parameters of the measured medium from the point of view of the heat exchange and thermal conduction theory. The proposed relation can be used in automatic control systems of non-stationary temperature of various liquid or gaseous media to provide continuous correction of thermocouples dynamic characteristics. Depending on the number of measured medium parameters, the suggested multi-parameter relation can be replaced by simplified relations with other complexes containing, for example, density, velocity, flow rate and pressure of the measured medium.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78423836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-04DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-60-67
P. Bogdan, E. Zaytseva, P. O. Baranov, A. I. Stepanenko
Сreation of indoor lighting systems with the possibility of changing its parameters in space and time is a promising direction within the framework of the intellectual environment system. The aim of this work was to create a methodology for calculating the illumination created by LED matrices which does not require the use of specialized software products and is adapted to the possibility of varying the parameters of LEDs and illuminated rooms.The urgency of creating a room lighting system that simulates the conditions of natural lighting taking into account the need to change its spectral composition in time, in space taking into account the physical and psychological state of a person is substantiated. The possibility of using well-known computer programs to calculate the distribution of illumination in the room is analyzed.A method has been developed for calculating the distribution of illumination on a plane using both a flat LED matrix and a matrix with an inclined arrangement of the planes of individual LEDs. It is shown that the distribution of illumination is a function of the indicatrix of the light intensity of the LED, its location in space, the number of LEDs in the matrix.Illumination distribution has been calculated for various light sources consisting of RGB LEDs both for desktop and ceiling lighting was calculated. It is established that when using matrices containing the same LEDs distribution of illumination is very nonuniform. The inclined arrangement of LED planes slightly increases uniformity reducing the maximum illumination. For ceiling lighting the option of uniform distribution of LEDs within the ceiling plane provides more uniform illumination than when the same number of LEDs are arranged in groups of matrices.Results of LED sources modeling indicate the need to modernize simple orthogonal matrices containing the same type of elements with the same power modes for all elements in order to increase the uniformity of illumination and efficiency. Such modernization can be carried out by changing the geometry of matrices differentiating the power modes of individual LEDs. The developed calculation program can be supplemented with options for introducing the above changes, as well as options for analyzing the spectral distribution of light in space.
{"title":"Analysis of Illumination Generated by LED Matrices Distribution","authors":"P. Bogdan, E. Zaytseva, P. O. Baranov, A. I. Stepanenko","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-60-67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-60-67","url":null,"abstract":"Сreation of indoor lighting systems with the possibility of changing its parameters in space and time is a promising direction within the framework of the intellectual environment system. The aim of this work was to create a methodology for calculating the illumination created by LED matrices which does not require the use of specialized software products and is adapted to the possibility of varying the parameters of LEDs and illuminated rooms.The urgency of creating a room lighting system that simulates the conditions of natural lighting taking into account the need to change its spectral composition in time, in space taking into account the physical and psychological state of a person is substantiated. The possibility of using well-known computer programs to calculate the distribution of illumination in the room is analyzed.A method has been developed for calculating the distribution of illumination on a plane using both a flat LED matrix and a matrix with an inclined arrangement of the planes of individual LEDs. It is shown that the distribution of illumination is a function of the indicatrix of the light intensity of the LED, its location in space, the number of LEDs in the matrix.Illumination distribution has been calculated for various light sources consisting of RGB LEDs both for desktop and ceiling lighting was calculated. It is established that when using matrices containing the same LEDs distribution of illumination is very nonuniform. The inclined arrangement of LED planes slightly increases uniformity reducing the maximum illumination. For ceiling lighting the option of uniform distribution of LEDs within the ceiling plane provides more uniform illumination than when the same number of LEDs are arranged in groups of matrices.Results of LED sources modeling indicate the need to modernize simple orthogonal matrices containing the same type of elements with the same power modes for all elements in order to increase the uniformity of illumination and efficiency. Such modernization can be carried out by changing the geometry of matrices differentiating the power modes of individual LEDs. The developed calculation program can be supplemented with options for introducing the above changes, as well as options for analyzing the spectral distribution of light in space. ","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81227928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-04DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-17-26
K. Gorbachenya, A. Yasukevich, V. Kisel, N. Tolstik, A. A. Tarachenko, V. I. Homan, L. Pavlovskiy, V. Orlovich, E. Volkova, V. Yapaskurt, N. Kuleshov
Solid-state erbium lasers, emitting in the spectral range of 1.5–1.6 µm, are of great interest for several industrial applications. Nowadays the Er:glass is the most widespread laser material for obtaining laser radiation at the wavelength near 1.5 µm. However, the maximal output powers of such lasers are restricted by hundreds of milliwatts because low thermal characteristics of the glass host. By this reason the search for new crystalline hosts doped with erbium ions is the actual task.In this article the investigation results of spectroscopic properties of Er3+,Yb3+:YGdSiO5 (YGSO) crystals are reported. Polarized absorption and luminescence spectra were measured. The lifetimes of energy levels were determined. The excited state absorption spectra were measured. It was shown that excited state absorption band does not overlap with gain band in the range 1.5–1.6 µm. The energy transfer efficiency from ytterbium to erbium ions was estimated. The stimulated emission and gain cross-section spectra for Er3+ ions in YGSO were calculated.
{"title":"Er3+,Yb3+:YGdSiO5 Crystal as Gain Media for Lasers Emitting in the Spectral Range of 1.5–1.6 µm","authors":"K. Gorbachenya, A. Yasukevich, V. Kisel, N. Tolstik, A. A. Tarachenko, V. I. Homan, L. Pavlovskiy, V. Orlovich, E. Volkova, V. Yapaskurt, N. Kuleshov","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-17-26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-17-26","url":null,"abstract":"Solid-state erbium lasers, emitting in the spectral range of 1.5–1.6 µm, are of great interest for several industrial applications. Nowadays the Er:glass is the most widespread laser material for obtaining laser radiation at the wavelength near 1.5 µm. However, the maximal output powers of such lasers are restricted by hundreds of milliwatts because low thermal characteristics of the glass host. By this reason the search for new crystalline hosts doped with erbium ions is the actual task.In this article the investigation results of spectroscopic properties of Er3+,Yb3+:YGdSiO5 (YGSO) crystals are reported. Polarized absorption and luminescence spectra were measured. The lifetimes of energy levels were determined. The excited state absorption spectra were measured. It was shown that excited state absorption band does not overlap with gain band in the range 1.5–1.6 µm. The energy transfer efficiency from ytterbium to erbium ions was estimated. The stimulated emission and gain cross-section spectra for Er3+ ions in YGSO were calculated.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84626111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-04DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-40-49
V. Lapitskaya, T. Kuznetsova, S. Chizhik, B. Warcholiński
Method for determining of the fracture toughness of brittle materials by indentation is described. The critical stress intensity factor KIC quantifies the fracture toughness. Methods were developed and applied to improve the accuracy of KIC determination due to atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation. It is necessary to accurately determine parameters and dimensions of the indentations and cracks formed around them in order to determine the KIC . Instead of classical optical and scanning electron microscopy an alternative high-resolution method of atomic force microscopy was proposed as an imaging method.Three methods of visualization were compared. Two types of crack opening were considered: along the width without vertical displacement of the material and along the height without opening along the width. Due to lack of contact with the surface of the samples under study, the methods of optical and scanning electron microscopy do not detect cracks with a height opening of less than 100 nm (for optical) and less than 40–50 nm (for scanning electron microscopy). Cracks with opening in width are determined within their resolution. Optical and scanning electron microscopy cannot provide accurate visualization of the deformation area and emerging cracks when applying small loads (less than 1.0 N). The use of atomic force microscopy leads to an increase in accuracy of determining of the length of the indent diagonal up to 9.0 % and of determining of the crack length up to 100 % compared to optical microscopy and up to 67 % compared to scanning electron microscopy. The method of atomic force microscopy due to spatial three-dimensional visualization and high accuracy (XY ± 0.2 nm, Z ± 0.03 nm) expands the possibilities of using indentation with low loads.A method was proposed for accuracy increasing of KIC determination by measuring of microhardness from a nanoindenter. It was established that nanoindentation leads to an increase in the accuracy of KIC determination by 16–23 % and eliminates the formation of microcracks in the indentation.
{"title":"Methods for Accuracy Increasing of Solid Brittle Materials Fracture Toughness Determining","authors":"V. Lapitskaya, T. Kuznetsova, S. Chizhik, B. Warcholiński","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-40-49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-40-49","url":null,"abstract":"Method for determining of the fracture toughness of brittle materials by indentation is described. The critical stress intensity factor KIC quantifies the fracture toughness. Methods were developed and applied to improve the accuracy of KIC determination due to atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation. It is necessary to accurately determine parameters and dimensions of the indentations and cracks formed around them in order to determine the KIC . Instead of classical optical and scanning electron microscopy an alternative high-resolution method of atomic force microscopy was proposed as an imaging method.Three methods of visualization were compared. Two types of crack opening were considered: along the width without vertical displacement of the material and along the height without opening along the width. Due to lack of contact with the surface of the samples under study, the methods of optical and scanning electron microscopy do not detect cracks with a height opening of less than 100 nm (for optical) and less than 40–50 nm (for scanning electron microscopy). Cracks with opening in width are determined within their resolution. Optical and scanning electron microscopy cannot provide accurate visualization of the deformation area and emerging cracks when applying small loads (less than 1.0 N). The use of atomic force microscopy leads to an increase in accuracy of determining of the length of the indent diagonal up to 9.0 % and of determining of the crack length up to 100 % compared to optical microscopy and up to 67 % compared to scanning electron microscopy. The method of atomic force microscopy due to spatial three-dimensional visualization and high accuracy (XY ± 0.2 nm, Z ± 0.03 nm) expands the possibilities of using indentation with low loads.A method was proposed for accuracy increasing of KIC determination by measuring of microhardness from a nanoindenter. It was established that nanoindentation leads to an increase in the accuracy of KIC determination by 16–23 % and eliminates the formation of microcracks in the indentation.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75430244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-04DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-68-73
M. Piatkevich, E. Titovich
The treatment planning process includes a review of the radiation treatment plan which leads to a decision on the patientʼs treatment technique. The scope of this study was to create a mathematical model for calculating of a radiation therapy session duration during the pre-radiation planning stage.For dosimetric planning of radiation treatment the authors provided a formula and an algorithm for determining of a patientʼs irradiation session duration. Radiation therapy session parameters such as radiation technique, number of monitor units, characteristics of radiotherapy equipment, number of radiation fields, radiation field parameters (angles of rotation of the radiotherapy coach, collimator, gantry), presence / absence of dose-modulating devices, dose rate, and duration of patient position verification procedures have all been taken into account during the development of software. The developed application explains how to define typical timing characteristics for various items as well as how to select a template from a built-in drop-down menu. If the dosimetric plan does not match for one of the templates, the program provides a space for defining of all parameters manually.The anticipated deviations of the true indicators from the expected indicators of the duration of the radiation therapy session were assessed. A total of 300 cases have been completely measured, with 100 cases studied for each irradiation technique (IMRT, VMAT, 3D). The maximum detection confidence value for the 3DCRT irradiation technique is 2.3 %, while the deviation for the IMRT and VMAT irradiation techniques is less than 1 %. The magnitude and degree of the deviation of the measured value from the expected one for a variety of characteristics and features have been revealed to depend on the actions of the personnel.The program developed allows medical physicists to analyze the timing parameters of the specified dosimetric planning methodologies directly on the treatment planning workstation. Evaluation of the duration of a radiation therapy session during the treatment planning stage, selection of various radiation treatment modalities, and consideration of the characteristics of the radiation session in each clinical case are available for analysis and further justified action.
{"title":"Assessing of a Radiation Therapy Sessionʼs Duration at the Stage of Pre-Radiation Preparation","authors":"M. Piatkevich, E. Titovich","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-68-73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-68-73","url":null,"abstract":"The treatment planning process includes a review of the radiation treatment plan which leads to a decision on the patientʼs treatment technique. The scope of this study was to create a mathematical model for calculating of a radiation therapy session duration during the pre-radiation planning stage.For dosimetric planning of radiation treatment the authors provided a formula and an algorithm for determining of a patientʼs irradiation session duration. Radiation therapy session parameters such as radiation technique, number of monitor units, characteristics of radiotherapy equipment, number of radiation fields, radiation field parameters (angles of rotation of the radiotherapy coach, collimator, gantry), presence / absence of dose-modulating devices, dose rate, and duration of patient position verification procedures have all been taken into account during the development of software. The developed application explains how to define typical timing characteristics for various items as well as how to select a template from a built-in drop-down menu. If the dosimetric plan does not match for one of the templates, the program provides a space for defining of all parameters manually.The anticipated deviations of the true indicators from the expected indicators of the duration of the radiation therapy session were assessed. A total of 300 cases have been completely measured, with 100 cases studied for each irradiation technique (IMRT, VMAT, 3D). The maximum detection confidence value for the 3DCRT irradiation technique is 2.3 %, while the deviation for the IMRT and VMAT irradiation techniques is less than 1 %. The magnitude and degree of the deviation of the measured value from the expected one for a variety of characteristics and features have been revealed to depend on the actions of the personnel.The program developed allows medical physicists to analyze the timing parameters of the specified dosimetric planning methodologies directly on the treatment planning workstation. Evaluation of the duration of a radiation therapy session during the treatment planning stage, selection of various radiation treatment modalities, and consideration of the characteristics of the radiation session in each clinical case are available for analysis and further justified action. ","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79210301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-04DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-7-16
N. Mukhurov, A. Khodin, Y. Kim
The main characteristics of airborne micro/nanoparticles, their impact on human health and air quality standards are presented. International standards classify microparticles by size (PM10, PM2.5, PM1, UFP), establish maximum allowable concentrations and control methods. Particular attention is paid to carbonand virus-containing microparticles control. To monitor the air environment in enclosed spaces and in transport, the portable sensors of micro-, nanoparticles are required with the ability to classify them by size and electrophysical characteristics.Detection of microparticles includes the sorting of particles entering the sensor by size and material type, subsequent actual detection of particles of the same kind, with subsequent classification by size, electrical and morphological characteristics. Separation of nanoand microparticles by size before detection improves the sensitivity and selectivity of the detector both in size and material. The virtual impactor and dielectrophoresis method are considered for integration in a Lab-on-Chip type sensor. Detection of microparticles is performed by separating the dispersed phase from the aerosol followed by the analysis, or directly in the air flow. The classification of detection methods according to speed and functionality is given. Among the methods allowing detection of micrometer and submicrometer size particles, the most suitable for miniaturization and serial production of Lab-on-Chip sensors are the multi-wavelength photoelectric, MEMS, and capacitor elements.The microelectromechanics, microfluidics and microoptics technologies make it possible to create portable sensor systems of the Lab-on-Chip type to detect particulates matter of micrometer and submicrometer size. A micro-, nanoparticles detector prototype based on alumina technology using MEMS elements for a compact Lab-on-Chip type sensor is presented. The proposed design for multifunctional portable detector of airborne micro/nanoparticles is prospective for industry, transport, medicine, public and residential buildings applications.
{"title":"Devices and Methods for Measuring of the Ambient Air Dust. Short Review","authors":"N. Mukhurov, A. Khodin, Y. Kim","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-7-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-7-16","url":null,"abstract":"The main characteristics of airborne micro/nanoparticles, their impact on human health and air quality standards are presented. International standards classify microparticles by size (PM10, PM2.5, PM1, UFP), establish maximum allowable concentrations and control methods. Particular attention is paid to carbonand virus-containing microparticles control. To monitor the air environment in enclosed spaces and in transport, the portable sensors of micro-, nanoparticles are required with the ability to classify them by size and electrophysical characteristics.Detection of microparticles includes the sorting of particles entering the sensor by size and material type, subsequent actual detection of particles of the same kind, with subsequent classification by size, electrical and morphological characteristics. Separation of nanoand microparticles by size before detection improves the sensitivity and selectivity of the detector both in size and material. The virtual impactor and dielectrophoresis method are considered for integration in a Lab-on-Chip type sensor. Detection of microparticles is performed by separating the dispersed phase from the aerosol followed by the analysis, or directly in the air flow. The classification of detection methods according to speed and functionality is given. Among the methods allowing detection of micrometer and submicrometer size particles, the most suitable for miniaturization and serial production of Lab-on-Chip sensors are the multi-wavelength photoelectric, MEMS, and capacitor elements.The microelectromechanics, microfluidics and microoptics technologies make it possible to create portable sensor systems of the Lab-on-Chip type to detect particulates matter of micrometer and submicrometer size. A micro-, nanoparticles detector prototype based on alumina technology using MEMS elements for a compact Lab-on-Chip type sensor is presented. The proposed design for multifunctional portable detector of airborne micro/nanoparticles is prospective for industry, transport, medicine, public and residential buildings applications.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88471678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-04DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-32-39
A. Khruschinski, S. Kutsen, A. Zhukouski, Naoyuki Sugai, H. Sugai, Michinori Mogi
Radionuclide 238U is one of the most important radioactive elements that must be controlled in nuclear power engineering, geological exploration, control of radioactive contamination of soils and raw materials used in construction. The most optimal way to control 238U is to use the 234mPa radionuclide, the activity of which, due to its short lifetime (≈ 1.2 min), is unambiguously related to the activity of 238U even if the secular equilibrium is disturbed in the sample under studyРossibility of use of the 234mPa nuclide gamma radiation to determine 238U with a scintillation detector in a medium containing natural radionuclides is investigated and demonstrated using the simplest examples. The proposed algorithm for determining of the 238U content is based on the Monte Carlo simulation of the detector response to the radiation of the 234mPa radionuclide at its 1001 keV energy line and subsequent processing of the experimental spectrum, including the Wiener filtering of the signal. This method makes it possible to determine the content of 238U in a continuous homogeneous medium while presence of natural radionuclides in it.The algorithm for determining of 238U content includes several main steps. Filtering based on the Wiener algorithm allows selecting a slowly changing part of the spectrum. Results of Monte Carlo simulations make it possible to determine the detection efficiency in a limited informative region of the spectrum, which includes, along with the 1001 keV peak from the 234mPa nuclide, which is a decay product of the radionuclide 234Th, and the peak of an interfering radionuclide from the decay chain of 232Th. This part of the spectrum does not contain any other lines of gamma radiation from natural radionuclides – decay products of both thorium and uranium chains. These two peaks in the spectral region under study can be separated from each other in a medium with a typical concentration of 234Th.Analysis of results of the activity of depleted uranium metal measuring in accordance with the proposed algorithm shows the possibility of determining of 238U content with an uncertainty of 3–5 %.
{"title":"Determination of 238U Content by Gamma Radiation Emitting from 234mPa Radionuclide","authors":"A. Khruschinski, S. Kutsen, A. Zhukouski, Naoyuki Sugai, H. Sugai, Michinori Mogi","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-32-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-32-39","url":null,"abstract":"Radionuclide 238U is one of the most important radioactive elements that must be controlled in nuclear power engineering, geological exploration, control of radioactive contamination of soils and raw materials used in construction. The most optimal way to control 238U is to use the 234mPa radionuclide, the activity of which, due to its short lifetime (≈ 1.2 min), is unambiguously related to the activity of 238U even if the secular equilibrium is disturbed in the sample under studyРossibility of use of the 234mPa nuclide gamma radiation to determine 238U with a scintillation detector in a medium containing natural radionuclides is investigated and demonstrated using the simplest examples. The proposed algorithm for determining of the 238U content is based on the Monte Carlo simulation of the detector response to the radiation of the 234mPa radionuclide at its 1001 keV energy line and subsequent processing of the experimental spectrum, including the Wiener filtering of the signal. This method makes it possible to determine the content of 238U in a continuous homogeneous medium while presence of natural radionuclides in it.The algorithm for determining of 238U content includes several main steps. Filtering based on the Wiener algorithm allows selecting a slowly changing part of the spectrum. Results of Monte Carlo simulations make it possible to determine the detection efficiency in a limited informative region of the spectrum, which includes, along with the 1001 keV peak from the 234mPa nuclide, which is a decay product of the radionuclide 234Th, and the peak of an interfering radionuclide from the decay chain of 232Th. This part of the spectrum does not contain any other lines of gamma radiation from natural radionuclides – decay products of both thorium and uranium chains. These two peaks in the spectral region under study can be separated from each other in a medium with a typical concentration of 234Th.Analysis of results of the activity of depleted uranium metal measuring in accordance with the proposed algorithm shows the possibility of determining of 238U content with an uncertainty of 3–5 %.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78202196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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