Summary The Age of Enlightenment is identified as an eighteenth-century intellectual and philosophical movement that produced a variety of ideas ranging from the conservative to the radical, and from rational to mystical or even counter-enlightenment. This article discusses the social structure of intellectual elites in different countries during the Enlightenment. It argues that the different systems of ideas that were generated during this period, and the different forms these ideas took, are a result of the different configurations of intellectual elites in each country. It turns to examples from Scotland, France, German lands, and Russia to show the social background of enlightenment ideas.
{"title":"The Social Background of the Enlightenment in Russia in a Comparative Perspective","authors":"T. Artemyeva","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The Age of Enlightenment is identified as an eighteenth-century intellectual and philosophical movement that produced a variety of ideas ranging from the conservative to the radical, and from rational to mystical or even counter-enlightenment. This article discusses the social structure of intellectual elites in different countries during the Enlightenment. It argues that the different systems of ideas that were generated during this period, and the different forms these ideas took, are a result of the different configurations of intellectual elites in each country. It turns to examples from Scotland, France, German lands, and Russia to show the social background of enlightenment ideas.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":"67 1","pages":"104 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44731297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary In this article a parallel is drawn between certain functions of irrealis and imperfective in evaluating contexts in Russian and Polish. The functions of irrealis in complementation are twofold: while in propositional complements it reflects irreality, in state-of-affairs complements it reflects temporal and situational unanchoring. This unanchoring function manifests itself also in complements of evaluative (commentative) predicates, where it extracts an event from its situational setting for the purpose of evaluating its intrinsic properties – intrinsic likelihood or desirability. It is argued that the representation of event tokens as event types by means of imperfective verbs in Slavonic performs a similar unanchoring function in evaluative contexts. The data of Slavonic languages, where both unanchoring devices cooccur, enable a coherent explanation of certain hitherto not fully understood phenomena in the domains of mood and aspect and shed a new light on the long-standing problem of the Romance so-called “factive” subjunctive.
{"title":"Irrealis, aspect, and unanchoring in Slavonic and beyond","authors":"Axel Holvoet","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Summary In this article a parallel is drawn between certain functions of irrealis and imperfective in evaluating contexts in Russian and Polish. The functions of irrealis in complementation are twofold: while in propositional complements it reflects irreality, in state-of-affairs complements it reflects temporal and situational unanchoring. This unanchoring function manifests itself also in complements of evaluative (commentative) predicates, where it extracts an event from its situational setting for the purpose of evaluating its intrinsic properties – intrinsic likelihood or desirability. It is argued that the representation of event tokens as event types by means of imperfective verbs in Slavonic performs a similar unanchoring function in evaluative contexts. The data of Slavonic languages, where both unanchoring devices cooccur, enable a coherent explanation of certain hitherto not fully understood phenomena in the domains of mood and aspect and shed a new light on the long-standing problem of the Romance so-called “factive” subjunctive.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":"67 1","pages":"60 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42614899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary In contrast to many other Russian authors of his time, Nikolai Leskov makes a point of investigating economic questions not only in his journalism articles, but also in his literary works. He focuses on social groups that earn their living through work, in particular merchants and craftsmen. Among these are bridge builders and icon painters, as in Zapechatlennyi angel. The skilled craftsmanship of the painters is especially emphasised in the angel story, which demonstrates, above all, what Leskov considers to be good work: his expectations include mastery of the material, a good cause for the work, and its use for a social collective. Adequate pay is valued, but profit is not the objective. With these demands, Leskov undermines not only the capitalist growth imperative, but also the image of a Russian tendency towards idleness. In the end we are, as in all of Leskov’s economic stories, referred to the merits of literary craftsmanship.
{"title":"What is good work? Nikolai Leskov’s Zapechatlennyi angel","authors":"Andreas Zink","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Summary In contrast to many other Russian authors of his time, Nikolai Leskov makes a point of investigating economic questions not only in his journalism articles, but also in his literary works. He focuses on social groups that earn their living through work, in particular merchants and craftsmen. Among these are bridge builders and icon painters, as in Zapechatlennyi angel. The skilled craftsmanship of the painters is especially emphasised in the angel story, which demonstrates, above all, what Leskov considers to be good work: his expectations include mastery of the material, a good cause for the work, and its use for a social collective. Adequate pay is valued, but profit is not the objective. With these demands, Leskov undermines not only the capitalist growth imperative, but also the image of a Russian tendency towards idleness. In the end we are, as in all of Leskov’s economic stories, referred to the merits of literary craftsmanship.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":"67 1","pages":"121 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42234691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Jan Blahoslav (1523–1571) was one of the first – if not the first – to devote a separate chapter to the phenomenon of vernacular diatopic variation in his Czech grammar. His pioneering attempts at making sense of this issue have thus far remained understudied, especially outside of the Czech Republic. In this contribution, we open up this important text, largely written in Czech, to a wider audience by means of an annotated English translation. In addition, we frame his interest in dialectal variation in the intellectual trends of 16th-century language study, especially within the Protestant circles in which Blahoslav was active.
Jan Blahoslav（1523–1571）是第一个（如果不是第一个的话）在他的捷克语法中专门用一章来研究白话全音变体现象的人之一。到目前为止，他在理解这个问题上的开创性尝试仍然没有得到充分的研究，尤其是在捷克共和国以外。在这篇文章中，我们通过带注释的英文翻译，向更广泛的读者开放了这篇主要用捷克语写成的重要文本。此外，我们将他对方言变异的兴趣纳入了16世纪语言研究的学术趋势中，特别是在布拉霍斯拉夫活跃的新教圈子中。
{"title":"“Every fox praises its own tail”. Jan Blahoslav (1523–1571) on Slavic dialects","authors":"H. Seldeslachts, Raf Van Rooy","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Jan Blahoslav (1523–1571) was one of the first – if not the first – to devote a separate chapter to the phenomenon of vernacular diatopic variation in his Czech grammar. His pioneering attempts at making sense of this issue have thus far remained understudied, especially outside of the Czech Republic. In this contribution, we open up this important text, largely written in Czech, to a wider audience by means of an annotated English translation. In addition, we frame his interest in dialectal variation in the intellectual trends of 16th-century language study, especially within the Protestant circles in which Blahoslav was active.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":"67 1","pages":"1 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44796552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary This article explains the juridical-religious conception behind Lesia Ukrainka’s dramatic poem Martian, the Lawyer (1911), which depicts the life of early Christians under Roman law in the third century. For the protagonist Martian, who is a lawyer and Christian, early Christianity and the Roman law fuse into one ideology, which implies the juridical elements codified in early Christianity, as well as a belief in law as the incarnation of the idea of truth and justice. Therefore, there are no conflicts between law and religion, but human feeling and compassion disappear within this ideology – with tragic consequences.
{"title":"Die rechtlich-religiöse Ideenwelt in Lesja Ukraïnkas dramatischer Dichtung Rechtsanwalt Martian (1911)","authors":"Tetyana Dagovych","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2022-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Summary This article explains the juridical-religious conception behind Lesia Ukrainka’s dramatic poem Martian, the Lawyer (1911), which depicts the life of early Christians under Roman law in the third century. For the protagonist Martian, who is a lawyer and Christian, early Christianity and the Roman law fuse into one ideology, which implies the juridical elements codified in early Christianity, as well as a belief in law as the incarnation of the idea of truth and justice. Therefore, there are no conflicts between law and religion, but human feeling and compassion disappear within this ideology – with tragic consequences.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":"67 1","pages":"77 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44548999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Hate speech can be viewed as a form of socio-political conflict that might be considered an inevitable result of the shift of the historical paradigm in the former Soviet republics. In the meantime, the study of hate speech in Belarus demonstrates its relevance not only in the context of the current socio-political situation, but also because of the lack of the related research in the country. This study provides a general outline of hate speech in the Belarusian online discourse at the present time. At the beginning of the article, a brief literature review and the definition of the key terms are given. Afterwards, extralinguistic factors that influence hate speech functioning within the discourse community are described. Most attention is paid to the linguistic analysis of the legal documents of the Republic of Belarus as compared to those of other countries. Then, based on the analysis of the Internet users’ comments to online news, the most topical issues are determined and some observations on labeling as a move aimed at creating an image of a social group are provided.
{"title":"Online hate speech in Belarus: Highlighting the topical issues","authors":"E. Vasilenko","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2021-0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2021-0026","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Hate speech can be viewed as a form of socio-political conflict that might be considered an inevitable result of the shift of the historical paradigm in the former Soviet republics. In the meantime, the study of hate speech in Belarus demonstrates its relevance not only in the context of the current socio-political situation, but also because of the lack of the related research in the country. This study provides a general outline of hate speech in the Belarusian online discourse at the present time. At the beginning of the article, a brief literature review and the definition of the key terms are given. Afterwards, extralinguistic factors that influence hate speech functioning within the discourse community are described. Most attention is paid to the linguistic analysis of the legal documents of the Republic of Belarus as compared to those of other countries. Then, based on the analysis of the Internet users’ comments to online news, the most topical issues are determined and some observations on labeling as a move aimed at creating an image of a social group are provided.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":"66 1","pages":"558 - 577"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41894462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aleksander Kiklewicz, Julia Mazurkiewicz-Sułkowska, Helena Pociechina
Summary This essay focuses on the sociocultural and semiotic aspects of the discourse of protests sparked by the rigged presidential election in Belarus, in August 2020. The mass demonstrations, using symbolic items (such as posters, slogans, exclamation marks, performances, posts in the social networks on the Internet, etc.) have been analyzed as a type of social discourse. The focus is on the peculiarity and the most distinctive features of the protest movement in Belarus. In particular, the following socio-political and cultural characteristics of Belarusian protest discourses are considered: 1) rejecting stereotypes (especially the tolerance stereotype, blr. pamjarkoŭnas’c’); 2) Belarusian protest tradition; 3) historical and geopolitical factors of the Belarusian protest movement; 4) the discursive systems; 5) the carnival. The emphasis is on linguistic forms of creativity, especially the protest slogans. In addition, the extensive scientific literature addressing such discourses is discussed.
{"title":"Menschen zu sein...","authors":"Aleksander Kiklewicz, Julia Mazurkiewicz-Sułkowska, Helena Pociechina","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2021-0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2021-0025","url":null,"abstract":"Summary This essay focuses on the sociocultural and semiotic aspects of the discourse of protests sparked by the rigged presidential election in Belarus, in August 2020. The mass demonstrations, using symbolic items (such as posters, slogans, exclamation marks, performances, posts in the social networks on the Internet, etc.) have been analyzed as a type of social discourse. The focus is on the peculiarity and the most distinctive features of the protest movement in Belarus. In particular, the following socio-political and cultural characteristics of Belarusian protest discourses are considered: 1) rejecting stereotypes (especially the tolerance stereotype, blr. pamjarkoŭnas’c’); 2) Belarusian protest tradition; 3) historical and geopolitical factors of the Belarusian protest movement; 4) the discursive systems; 5) the carnival. The emphasis is on linguistic forms of creativity, especially the protest slogans. In addition, the extensive scientific literature addressing such discourses is discussed.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":"66 1","pages":"533 - 557"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45102679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary In this paper we critically analyse how the identity of the Western Balkans (WB) has been metaphorically conceptualised in the latest stages of the EU integration processes in a corpus of internet news articles recently posted in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Hercegovina. Unlike the accession processes of the former membership candidates from Europe, the WB’s integration has proven to be a very long one, hindered by many, perhaps insurmountable obstacles and subject to a great deal of uncertainty regarding its final outcome. Although this process is predominantly conceptualised through the already established metaphors employed to depict such processes of the former member candidates (journey, house, circles/rings, family, etc.), their evaluative content is different, given that the roles and the positions of the EU and the WB are starkly asymmetrical, i. e. that the WB is deeply marginalised. We identified some new metaphors that this specific political situation has engendered, also reflecting the said asymmetry – the WB is perceived as a colony, self-imprisoned state, Trojan horse, victim of blackmail, immature person, experimenting ground and waste-collector for immigrants. These metaphors construct an image of the WB as that of the very inferior Other.
{"title":"The long-journeying poor cousin before the shut EU door: How the Western Balkans are metaphorically conceptualised in the context of the EU integrations","authors":"Milica Vuković-Stamatović","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2021-0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2021-0027","url":null,"abstract":"Summary In this paper we critically analyse how the identity of the Western Balkans (WB) has been metaphorically conceptualised in the latest stages of the EU integration processes in a corpus of internet news articles recently posted in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Hercegovina. Unlike the accession processes of the former membership candidates from Europe, the WB’s integration has proven to be a very long one, hindered by many, perhaps insurmountable obstacles and subject to a great deal of uncertainty regarding its final outcome. Although this process is predominantly conceptualised through the already established metaphors employed to depict such processes of the former member candidates (journey, house, circles/rings, family, etc.), their evaluative content is different, given that the roles and the positions of the EU and the WB are starkly asymmetrical, i. e. that the WB is deeply marginalised. We identified some new metaphors that this specific political situation has engendered, also reflecting the said asymmetry – the WB is perceived as a colony, self-imprisoned state, Trojan horse, victim of blackmail, immature person, experimenting ground and waste-collector for immigrants. These metaphors construct an image of the WB as that of the very inferior Other.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":"66 1","pages":"578 - 603"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45061557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary In comparison to different genres of written discourse, the structure of university lectures remains insufficiently explored. This paper examines which structural elements the mediostructure of Montenegrin lectures consists of, what functions they serve and what features are typical in their internal organisation. The study further aims to determine which linguistic resources are frequently used in the units identified, as well as to define their functions and examine the relation between the mediostructural units and their linguistic characteristics. Applying a part of Cook's model (1975) and conducting frequency and qualitative analyses, we explore a specially compiled corpus of Montenegrin linguistic lectures. The analysis reveals that the lecture mediostructure includes four structural components performing specific communicative functions. They are characterised by the common use of specific linguistic features influenced by the unit in question. The results could be useful to lecturers to successfully plan and structure their lectures, as well as for future research regarding this institutional genre.
{"title":"A discourse analysis of Montenegrin university lectures: How structured are they?","authors":"Branka Živković","doi":"10.1515/slaw-2021-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2021-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Summary In comparison to different genres of written discourse, the structure of university lectures remains insufficiently explored. This paper examines which structural elements the mediostructure of Montenegrin lectures consists of, what functions they serve and what features are typical in their internal organisation. The study further aims to determine which linguistic resources are frequently used in the units identified, as well as to define their functions and examine the relation between the mediostructural units and their linguistic characteristics. Applying a part of Cook's model (1975) and conducting frequency and qualitative analyses, we explore a specially compiled corpus of Montenegrin linguistic lectures. The analysis reveals that the lecture mediostructure includes four structural components performing specific communicative functions. They are characterised by the common use of specific linguistic features influenced by the unit in question. The results could be useful to lecturers to successfully plan and structure their lectures, as well as for future research regarding this institutional genre.","PeriodicalId":41834,"journal":{"name":"ZEITSCHRIFT FUR SLAWISTIK","volume":"66 1","pages":"604 - 633"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42569688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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