The aim of this paper is to characterize the discourse connectives ao inves and pelo contrario in contemporary European Portuguese (henceforth, CEP), and, more specifically, to identify the semantic constraints they impose on the constituents they relate. The analysis will take into account the different syntactic constructions in which they occur and the type of discourse relation they mark. Ao inves marks two different discourse relations: prototypically, a contrastive comparison relation, peripherally, a substitution relation. Pelo contrario may also mark a contrastive comparison, but prototypically it is used in refutation contexts, encoding a rectification discourse relation.
{"title":"The discourse connectives ao invés and pelo contrário in contemporary European Portuguese","authors":"Ana Cristina Macário Lopes, Sara Sousa","doi":"10.5334/JPL.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/JPL.61","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to characterize the discourse connectives ao inves and pelo contrario in contemporary European Portuguese (henceforth, CEP), and, more specifically, to identify the semantic constraints they impose on the constituents they relate. The analysis will take into account the different syntactic constructions in which they occur and the type of discourse relation they mark. Ao inves marks two different discourse relations: prototypically, a contrastive comparison relation, peripherally, a substitution relation. Pelo contrario may also mark a contrastive comparison, but prototypically it is used in refutation contexts, encoding a rectification discourse relation.","PeriodicalId":41871,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Portuguese Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2014-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70689019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leonardo Lennertz Marcotulio, Juliana Barbosa de Segadas Vianna, C. Lopes
This paper aims to provide a description of different agreement patterns with ‘a gente’ (we) in European Portuguese (EP) and Brazilian Portuguese (BP). We consider the verbal agreement patterns and the gender-number agreement patterns in predicative structures. It will be shown that the behavior of ‘a gente’ is quite similar in both varieties of Portuguese, the differences being mainly in quantitative than in grammatical terms. The data analyzed provide evidence that, differently from the binding domain, the agreement domain seems to present no restriction to the actuation of grammatical and semantic features of ‘a gente’. The theoretical claim is that EP and BP have the same grammar of ‘a gente’, which can be described from a single set of phi-features.
{"title":"Agreement patterns with a gente in Portuguese","authors":"Leonardo Lennertz Marcotulio, Juliana Barbosa de Segadas Vianna, C. Lopes","doi":"10.5334/JPL.70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/JPL.70","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to provide a description of different agreement patterns with ‘a gente’ (we) in European Portuguese (EP) and Brazilian Portuguese (BP). We consider the verbal agreement patterns and the gender-number agreement patterns in predicative structures. It will be shown that the behavior of ‘a gente’ is quite similar in both varieties of Portuguese, the differences being mainly in quantitative than in grammatical terms. The data analyzed provide evidence that, differently from the binding domain, the agreement domain seems to present no restriction to the actuation of grammatical and semantic features of ‘a gente’. The theoretical claim is that EP and BP have the same grammar of ‘a gente’, which can be described from a single set of phi-features.","PeriodicalId":41871,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Portuguese Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2013-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70689214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we start from a basic assumption: agreement is a most relevant operation for the Portuguese language speakers as a whole. The data from different varieties of Portuguese support this view, both in the Subject-Verb domain and within the NP, as well as the fact that speakers don’t prefer the simplest solutions: the most productive plural agreement forms are the most complex ones, morphologically and phonologically. We focus the discussion on the interplay between different linguistic factors intervening in and promoting variant overt and covert patterns of agreement (the existence of agreement and the presence of visible marks, as expected in standard canonical schemes, constitute two separate questions). More specifically, we claim that it is worth to take into account the matching between the morphological and the phonological properties and features of the verb cells, in order to fully understand the attested variant outputs and the variant patterns of subject-verb agreement. We assume that the 3 rd plural person-number marker has to be described in morphophonological terms, and we conclude that agreement is a morpho-phono-syntactic process, sensitive to the lexical-semantic features and discourse properties of the controller.
{"title":"Variant patterns of Subject-Verb agreement in Portuguese: morphological and phonological issues","authors":"Maria Antónia Mota","doi":"10.5334/JPL.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/JPL.73","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we start from a basic assumption: agreement is a most relevant operation for the Portuguese language speakers as a whole. The data from different varieties of Portuguese support this view, both in the Subject-Verb domain and within the NP, as well as the fact that speakers don’t prefer the simplest solutions: the most productive plural agreement forms are the most complex ones, morphologically and phonologically. We focus the discussion on the interplay between different linguistic factors intervening in and promoting variant overt and covert patterns of agreement (the existence of agreement and the presence of visible marks, as expected in standard canonical schemes, constitute two separate questions). More specifically, we claim that it is worth to take into account the matching between the morphological and the phonological properties and features of the verb cells, in order to fully understand the attested variant outputs and the variant patterns of subject-verb agreement. We assume that the 3 rd plural person-number marker has to be described in morphophonological terms, and we conclude that agreement is a morpho-phono-syntactic process, sensitive to the lexical-semantic features and discourse properties of the controller.","PeriodicalId":41871,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Portuguese Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2013-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70689446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper aims to provide a Labovian sociolinguistic description of 3rd person plural patterns of agreement in European (EP), Brazilian (BP) and Sao Tome (STP) Portuguese based on very recent samples of speech stratified for age, sex/gender and education. Linguistic and social restrictions for the variation are investigated. Results from statistical analysis indicate that there are two patterns of agreement in Portuguese: a semi-categorical rule, typical of EP, and a variable rule, typical of BP and STP, restricted by specific linguistic and social factors. Additionally, the results indicate that general linguistic constraints – such as the position of the subject, semantic feature of the subject or even discursive parallelism – cannot say anything about historical origin of Portuguese varieties, since they can be concerned with any language. Therefore, besides the quantitative expression of non-agreement, the quality of the occurrences of non-plural marking may support the characterization of each variety.
{"title":"Patterns of third person plural verbal agreement","authors":"S. Vieira, Aline Bazenga","doi":"10.5334/JPL.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/JPL.67","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to provide a Labovian sociolinguistic description of 3rd person plural patterns of agreement in European (EP), Brazilian (BP) and Sao Tome (STP) Portuguese based on very recent samples of speech stratified for age, sex/gender and education. Linguistic and social restrictions for the variation are investigated. Results from statistical analysis indicate that there are two patterns of agreement in Portuguese: a semi-categorical rule, typical of EP, and a variable rule, typical of BP and STP, restricted by specific linguistic and social factors. Additionally, the results indicate that general linguistic constraints – such as the position of the subject, semantic feature of the subject or even discursive parallelism – cannot say anything about historical origin of Portuguese varieties, since they can be concerned with any language. Therefore, besides the quantitative expression of non-agreement, the quality of the occurrences of non-plural marking may support the characterization of each variety.","PeriodicalId":41871,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Portuguese Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2013-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70689246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is twofold: (i) to analyze the use of the verbs ter and haver in the history of Portuguese and, more specifically, in a recent stage of Brazilian Portuguese, in which the poss ...
{"title":"Ter/Haver-Constructions and Verbal Agreement","authors":"Dinah Callou, J. Avelar","doi":"10.5334/JPL.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/JPL.72","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is twofold: (i) to analyze the use of the verbs ter and haver in the history of Portuguese and, more specifically, in a recent stage of Brazilian Portuguese, in which the poss ...","PeriodicalId":41871,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Portuguese Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2013-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70689382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on some properties of agreement inside the Noun Phrase, especially in what concerns adjectives and “adjectival quantifiers”, based on spoken corpora of Brazilian Portuguese and of the five African varieties of Portuguese (with special attention to the Santomean variety). We present the most salient patterns of defective agreement, focusing especially in number agreement, and contrast our findings across varieties. Results clearly differ in terms of the agreement found in the left and in the right periphery of the noun, as other studies already pointed out. The “specifiers” of the noun and pre-nominal adjectives tend to carry the plural morpheme, while the noun itself and post-nominal adjectives are defective in number marks. We put forward some possible issues for the interpretation of these data: the distinction made by speakers between the functional and the lexical domain; the relation between defective agreement on head nouns and cases of bare singular nouns which might be interpreted in these contexts as kind terms; and, finally, the fact that indefinite quantifiers may combine with these bare singulars.
{"title":"Syntactic and semantic issues in sequences of the type (Adjective)-Noun-(Adjective)","authors":"M. Miguel, Amália Mendes","doi":"10.5334/JPL.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/JPL.71","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on some properties of agreement inside the Noun Phrase, especially in what concerns adjectives and “adjectival quantifiers”, based on spoken corpora of Brazilian Portuguese and of the five African varieties of Portuguese (with special attention to the Santomean variety). We present the most salient patterns of defective agreement, focusing especially in number agreement, and contrast our findings across varieties. Results clearly differ in terms of the agreement found in the left and in the right periphery of the noun, as other studies already pointed out. The “specifiers” of the noun and pre-nominal adjectives tend to carry the plural morpheme, while the noun itself and post-nominal adjectives are defective in number marks. We put forward some possible issues for the interpretation of these data: the distinction made by speakers between the functional and the lexical domain; the relation between defective agreement on head nouns and cases of bare singular nouns which might be interpreted in these contexts as kind terms; and, finally, the fact that indefinite quantifiers may combine with these bare singulars.","PeriodicalId":41871,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Portuguese Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2013-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70689292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this article is to discuss the relation between the presence of agreement marks and null subjects in contemporary European and Brazilian Portuguese based on very recent samples of speech collected in Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro. In order to bring additional evidence to support the analysis, we will briefly review the issues involving the Null Subject in Romance Languages and some diachronic and synchronic analyses which distinguish Brazilian and European Portuguese as far as null subjects are concerned. We will finally show that recent samples of spoken European and Brazilian Portuguese confirm the stability of EP as a null subject language and the change affecting referential subjects in BP.
{"title":"Null subjects and agreement marks in European and Brazilian Portuguese","authors":"M. Duarte, Filomena Varejão","doi":"10.5334/JPL.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/JPL.69","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to discuss the relation between the presence of agreement marks and null subjects in contemporary European and Brazilian Portuguese based on very recent samples of speech collected in Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro. In order to bring additional evidence to support the analysis, we will briefly review the issues involving the Null Subject in Romance Languages and some diachronic and synchronic analyses which distinguish Brazilian and European Portuguese as far as null subjects are concerned. We will finally show that recent samples of spoken European and Brazilian Portuguese confirm the stability of EP as a null subject language and the change affecting referential subjects in BP.","PeriodicalId":41871,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Portuguese Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2013-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70689598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We focuse on plural agreement within the Noun Phrase in urban varieties of Portuguese, in the light of Theory of Variation and Change assumptions (Weinreich, Labov, Herzog, 1968) and based on the speech of individuals with fundamental, medium and superior education level, distributed, yet, for three age groups and sex. We suggest that nominal agreement is a categorical rule in European Portuguese and a variable rule in Brazilian Portuguese and in Sao Tome Portuguese, although these two varieties tend to adopt the canonical plural marking. The variable rule implementation is strongly determined by the linear and relative position of the constituent within the Noun Phrase and dependent on the action of external factors, among which education level, that seems congregate different aspects that characterize individuals from social point of view.
{"title":"Patterns of agreement within the Noun Phrase","authors":"Silvia Brandão","doi":"10.5334/JPL.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/JPL.68","url":null,"abstract":"We focuse on plural agreement within the Noun Phrase in urban varieties of Portuguese, in the light of Theory of Variation and Change assumptions (Weinreich, Labov, Herzog, 1968) and based on the speech of individuals with fundamental, medium and superior education level, distributed, yet, for three age groups and sex. We suggest that nominal agreement is a categorical rule in European Portuguese and a variable rule in Brazilian Portuguese and in Sao Tome Portuguese, although these two varieties tend to adopt the canonical plural marking. The variable rule implementation is strongly determined by the linear and relative position of the constituent within the Noun Phrase and dependent on the action of external factors, among which education level, that seems congregate different aspects that characterize individuals from social point of view.","PeriodicalId":41871,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Portuguese Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2013-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70689257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This text presents an analysis of three types of nominalization of the infinitive in European Portuguese, characterized by distinct syntactic and semantic properties but all indicated by the presence of a determiner to the left of the infinitive. In the nominal infinitive, which has more nominal than verbal properties, a process is denoted, which is why culmination verbs are forbidden in most cases. In the literature it has also been stated that transitive verbs cannot be used as nominal infinitives. However, the presence of some aspectual modifiers that force a durative and unbounded process reading may allow the occurrence of these verbs. There is also the possibility of nominalizing a full infinitival clause, denoting a fact. Since this contains verbal and tensed properties, it may contain the inflected infinitive and in most cases involves the so called Aux-to-Comp movement, it is thus analyzed here as the nominalization of CP.
{"title":"Tensed and non-tensed nominalization of the infinitive in Portuguese","authors":"Ana Maria Brito","doi":"10.5334/JPL.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/JPL.75","url":null,"abstract":"This text presents an analysis of three types of nominalization of the infinitive in European Portuguese, characterized by distinct syntactic and semantic properties but all indicated by the presence of a determiner to the left of the infinitive. In the nominal infinitive, which has more nominal than verbal properties, a process is denoted, which is why culmination verbs are forbidden in most cases. In the literature it has also been stated that transitive verbs cannot be used as nominal infinitives. However, the presence of some aspectual modifiers that force a durative and unbounded process reading may allow the occurrence of these verbs. There is also the possibility of nominalizing a full infinitival clause, denoting a fact. Since this contains verbal and tensed properties, it may contain the inflected infinitive and in most cases involves the so called Aux-to-Comp movement, it is thus analyzed here as the nominalization of CP.","PeriodicalId":41871,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Portuguese Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70689742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study investigates the role of first language (L1), in our case Cypriot Greek (CG) or Standard Greek (SG), in the second language (L2) acquisition of English present perfect in terms of form and meaning possibilities. With respect to native speakers of CG in particular, the primary goal is to determine whether transfer from the mother-tongue, in which present perfect has only a resultative reading and simple past a resultative, an existential or a definite reading, influences the acquisition of the English present perfect. It is assumed that L2 acquisition involves establishing connections between the semantic properties/overt markers for each reading and the English present perfect. Diagnostic tests proposed by Agouraki (2006) are employed in this study, based on the (in)compatibility of certain types of adverbial markers with the existential reading and the resultative reading, respectively, as well as on the distinct semantic properties of the two readings. Almost 400 participants took part in this research. The results show that there is a certain effect of L1 on the L2 acquisition of English present perfect by CG- and SG-speaking pupils, which is argued to be mainly due to the different patterns of meanings and forms in CG, SG and English.
{"title":"L2 Acquisition of English Present Perfect Interpretations","authors":"Sviatlana Karpava, Yoryia Agouraki","doi":"10.5334/JPL.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5334/JPL.81","url":null,"abstract":"The present study investigates the role of first language (L1), in our case Cypriot Greek (CG) or Standard Greek (SG), in the second language (L2) acquisition of English present perfect in terms of form and meaning possibilities. With respect to native speakers of CG in particular, the primary goal is to determine whether transfer from the mother-tongue, in which present perfect has only a resultative reading and simple past a resultative, an existential or a definite reading, influences the acquisition of the English present perfect. It is assumed that L2 acquisition involves establishing connections between the semantic properties/overt markers for each reading and the English present perfect. Diagnostic tests proposed by Agouraki (2006) are employed in this study, based on the (in)compatibility of certain types of adverbial markers with the existential reading and the resultative reading, respectively, as well as on the distinct semantic properties of the two readings. Almost 400 participants took part in this research. The results show that there is a certain effect of L1 on the L2 acquisition of English present perfect by CG- and SG-speaking pupils, which is argued to be mainly due to the different patterns of meanings and forms in CG, SG and English.","PeriodicalId":41871,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Portuguese Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2013-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70689926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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