Résumé:Dans le débat sur l'histoire de l'Italie au cours du dernier siècle (et plus largement depuis le Risorgimento et l'unité italienne), Ernesto Galli della Loggia, en sa double qualité d'historien et d'intellectuel public, est un protagoniste important. L'article, en suivant la réflexion de cet écrivain qui entremêle les éléments de son autobiographie intellectuelle avec l'histoire de sa génération et plus largement l'histoire nationale, retrace quelques-uns des traits majeurs de la culture politique italienne : faiblesse de l'État et hyperpuissance des partis ; héritage du fascisme et spécificité communiste (avec en toile de fond l'absence d'un vrai débat sur l'expérience totalitaire au XXe siècle) ; et enfin la crise institutionnelle liée à la transition entre une « Première » République caractérisée par la prédominance des partis politiques et une « Seconde » aux contours encore flous.
{"title":"Penser l'identité italienne. Ernesto Galli della Loggia et la révision de l'histoire","authors":"Mario Tesini","doi":"10.3138/TTR.42.1.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/TTR.42.1.133","url":null,"abstract":"Résumé:Dans le débat sur l'histoire de l'Italie au cours du dernier siècle (et plus largement depuis le Risorgimento et l'unité italienne), Ernesto Galli della Loggia, en sa double qualité d'historien et d'intellectuel public, est un protagoniste important. L'article, en suivant la réflexion de cet écrivain qui entremêle les éléments de son autobiographie intellectuelle avec l'histoire de sa génération et plus largement l'histoire nationale, retrace quelques-uns des traits majeurs de la culture politique italienne : faiblesse de l'État et hyperpuissance des partis ; héritage du fascisme et spécificité communiste (avec en toile de fond l'absence d'un vrai débat sur l'expérience totalitaire au XXe siècle) ; et enfin la crise institutionnelle liée à la transition entre une « Première » République caractérisée par la prédominance des partis politiques et une « Seconde » aux contours encore flous.","PeriodicalId":41972,"journal":{"name":"Tocqueville Review","volume":"42 1","pages":"132 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44246348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Le revenu de base ne fait pas le bonheur – Mais peu importe !","authors":"P. V. Parijs","doi":"10.3138/TTR.42.1.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/TTR.42.1.107","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41972,"journal":{"name":"Tocqueville Review","volume":"42 1","pages":"107-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69416148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The measurement of well-being and its evolution is an open question. A suggested indicator, which is limited to the measure of material well-being, is based on taking into account the "relative" nature of a generation's level of well-being and the "absolute" impact of lifetime income growth. The assumption is that each individual has a level of well-being at birth that is proportional to the relative income available to his or her family. Subsequently, the well-being of each individual evolves as the real income available to him. In the long term, this indicator depends on the distribution of income (a reduction in inequality increases social welfare) and the growth rate of the economy, with rising per capita income leading to a sustainable increase in well-being, since lifelong generations enjoy higher well-being. It also evolves positively with lifespan and aging, as the share of generations that have benefited from increased well-being over life is increasing. The calculation of this indicator for France and the United States from 1950 to 2019 shows that well-being in France increased very sharply from the 1950s to the 1970s before stagnating since the 1980s. In the United States, the evolution of well-being has been much more consistent. Since the 2008 crisis, aggregate well-being has tended to decline in both countries as growth decline and inequality increase. Generations born after 1970 are much less favourable than previous generations, with the difference in well-being at the same age being particularly marked for those born since 1980.
{"title":"Economic Growth and Material Well-being: An Attempt at Reconciliation","authors":"Gérard Cornilleau, Pierre Madec","doi":"10.3138/TTR.42.1.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/TTR.42.1.33","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The measurement of well-being and its evolution is an open question. A suggested indicator, which is limited to the measure of material well-being, is based on taking into account the \"relative\" nature of a generation's level of well-being and the \"absolute\" impact of lifetime income growth. The assumption is that each individual has a level of well-being at birth that is proportional to the relative income available to his or her family. Subsequently, the well-being of each individual evolves as the real income available to him. In the long term, this indicator depends on the distribution of income (a reduction in inequality increases social welfare) and the growth rate of the economy, with rising per capita income leading to a sustainable increase in well-being, since lifelong generations enjoy higher well-being. It also evolves positively with lifespan and aging, as the share of generations that have benefited from increased well-being over life is increasing. The calculation of this indicator for France and the United States from 1950 to 2019 shows that well-being in France increased very sharply from the 1950s to the 1970s before stagnating since the 1980s. In the United States, the evolution of well-being has been much more consistent. Since the 2008 crisis, aggregate well-being has tended to decline in both countries as growth decline and inequality increase. Generations born after 1970 are much less favourable than previous generations, with the difference in well-being at the same age being particularly marked for those born since 1980.","PeriodicalId":41972,"journal":{"name":"Tocqueville Review","volume":"42 1","pages":"33 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47240877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Democratic critiques of neoliberalism have been comparatively rare, and positive democratic rejoinders to the social and political ruins of neoliberalism have been rarer. The question thus presents itself – what would an overtly democratic critique of neoliberalism look like and, beyond critique, what would a constructive democratic response to neoliberalism entail?
{"title":"Epilogue: The Need for a New and Critical Democracy","authors":"W. Novak, S. Sawyer","doi":"10.3138/ttr.41.2.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/ttr.41.2.109","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Democratic critiques of neoliberalism have been comparatively rare, and positive democratic rejoinders to the social and political ruins of neoliberalism have been rarer. The question thus presents itself – what would an overtly democratic critique of neoliberalism look like and, beyond critique, what would a constructive democratic response to neoliberalism entail?","PeriodicalId":41972,"journal":{"name":"Tocqueville Review","volume":"41 1","pages":"109 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46317900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Research on the relationship between neoliberalism and democracy has mostly overlooked the important theoretical contributions of public goods theorists in extending market mechanisms beyond the economy. Yet, many aspects associated with the rise of neoliberalism would have been unimaginable without these economists’ contributions to the development of a new variety of liberal democracy, based on the model of the market. The separation of provision and production, the introduction of market-like competition in public services, and the use of performance incentives are inexplicable without reference to public goods theorists’ reinvention of politics as the demand for and supply of publicly provided goods and services. Focusing on the contributions of Paul Samuelson, Charles Tiebout, and Vincent Ostrom rather than the usual suspects associated with the Mont Pèlerin Society, the article argues that public goods theory represents a positive vision of the market-oriented democratic state that most scholars of neoliberalism have overlooked. This positive vision of marketized provision of public goods and services represents a new model of liberal democracy rather than the end of it.
{"title":"Public Goods and the Origins of Equilibrium Democracy","authors":"Jacob Jensen","doi":"10.3138/ttr.41.2.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/ttr.41.2.65","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Research on the relationship between neoliberalism and democracy has mostly overlooked the important theoretical contributions of public goods theorists in extending market mechanisms beyond the economy. Yet, many aspects associated with the rise of neoliberalism would have been unimaginable without these economists’ contributions to the development of a new variety of liberal democracy, based on the model of the market. The separation of provision and production, the introduction of market-like competition in public services, and the use of performance incentives are inexplicable without reference to public goods theorists’ reinvention of politics as the demand for and supply of publicly provided goods and services. Focusing on the contributions of Paul Samuelson, Charles Tiebout, and Vincent Ostrom rather than the usual suspects associated with the Mont Pèlerin Society, the article argues that public goods theory represents a positive vision of the market-oriented democratic state that most scholars of neoliberalism have overlooked. This positive vision of marketized provision of public goods and services represents a new model of liberal democracy rather than the end of it.","PeriodicalId":41972,"journal":{"name":"Tocqueville Review","volume":"41 1","pages":"65 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44857993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This paper focuses on major Emerging Market Democracies (EMDs), and their “statecrafting” options under the pressures of globalization, including the recent build-up of counter-currents culminating in the massive “sudden stop” of 2020. Even under the most adverse circumstances, these countries have never just been “rule-takers,” and their political economy trajectories always involve coalition-building and politically negotiated adaptation and reform.
{"title":"Democratic Statecraft: Perspectives from an “Unsettled” Global South","authors":"Lourdes Sola, L. Whitehead","doi":"10.3138/ttr.41.2.159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/ttr.41.2.159","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper focuses on major Emerging Market Democracies (EMDs), and their “statecrafting” options under the pressures of globalization, including the recent build-up of counter-currents culminating in the massive “sudden stop” of 2020. Even under the most adverse circumstances, these countries have never just been “rule-takers,” and their political economy trajectories always involve coalition-building and politically negotiated adaptation and reform.","PeriodicalId":41972,"journal":{"name":"Tocqueville Review","volume":"41 1","pages":"159 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44476337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Resume:Dès le début de sa carrière, Raymond Boudon s’intéresse à la sociologie américaine. Il admire notamment les travaux de Paul Lazarsfeld et Robert Merton, qui vont exercer sur lui une influence considérable. Ils ont le mérite à ses yeux de donner à la sociologie une forme scientifique rigoureuse. À l’Université Columbia, vers le milieu des années 1960, il se lie d’amitié avec des sociologues de sa génération comme James Coleman, Anthony Oberschall et d’autres. Après s’être consacré à l’étude de questions méthodologiques, il commence à s’intéresser à la théorie du choix rationnel, dont il explique les points forts et les points faibles. Sur cette base, il analyse en détail le travail de Mancur Olson. Cet article montre donc que la sociologie américaine amène Boudon à prendre ses distances vis-à-vis de la sociologie française qu’il jugeait trop verbeuse et insuffisamment scientifique.
{"title":"Raymond Boudon et la sociologie americaine","authors":"R. Leroux","doi":"10.3138/ttr.41.2.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/ttr.41.2.137","url":null,"abstract":"Resume:Dès le début de sa carrière, Raymond Boudon s’intéresse à la sociologie américaine. Il admire notamment les travaux de Paul Lazarsfeld et Robert Merton, qui vont exercer sur lui une influence considérable. Ils ont le mérite à ses yeux de donner à la sociologie une forme scientifique rigoureuse. À l’Université Columbia, vers le milieu des années 1960, il se lie d’amitié avec des sociologues de sa génération comme James Coleman, Anthony Oberschall et d’autres. Après s’être consacré à l’étude de questions méthodologiques, il commence à s’intéresser à la théorie du choix rationnel, dont il explique les points forts et les points faibles. Sur cette base, il analyse en détail le travail de Mancur Olson. Cet article montre donc que la sociologie américaine amène Boudon à prendre ses distances vis-à-vis de la sociologie française qu’il jugeait trop verbeuse et insuffisamment scientifique.","PeriodicalId":41972,"journal":{"name":"Tocqueville Review","volume":"41 1","pages":"137 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49532231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This paper takes its point of departure in recent literature around the Mont Pèlerin Society and the construction of the new Nobel Prize in economics, which was awarded to Milton Friedman in 1976. By following the reception of Friedman’s Prize in the Swedish debate, I argue that neoliberalism in Sweden was not a product of transnational circulation, but of endogenous debate and dissident economists in the mature social democrat welfare state. In the final section, I discuss the difference between social democracy and neoliberalism as ideal type construction and as empirical phenomenon, and I suggest that once the central idea of a social form of democracy was lost, social democracy could become neoliberal.
{"title":"Neoliberalism Against Social Democracy","authors":"Jenny Andersson","doi":"10.3138/ttr.41.2.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/ttr.41.2.87","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper takes its point of departure in recent literature around the Mont Pèlerin Society and the construction of the new Nobel Prize in economics, which was awarded to Milton Friedman in 1976. By following the reception of Friedman’s Prize in the Swedish debate, I argue that neoliberalism in Sweden was not a product of transnational circulation, but of endogenous debate and dissident economists in the mature social democrat welfare state. In the final section, I discuss the difference between social democracy and neoliberalism as ideal type construction and as empirical phenomenon, and I suggest that once the central idea of a social form of democracy was lost, social democracy could become neoliberal.","PeriodicalId":41972,"journal":{"name":"Tocqueville Review","volume":"41 1","pages":"107 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45414526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The development of modern economic thought has involved an increased emphasis on the subjective nature of all values, and a repudiation of the notion that the economy is or should be constrained by any sort of objective non-economic order. On this view, it is impossible to judge any outcome of uncoerced market interactions by an external standard of justice. But what is the content of the term “uncoerced”? The same thinkers who have embraced the general subjectification of social and economic theory have tended to resist applying it to the concept of coercion itself, fearing that doing so might imply that market processes can themselves be coercive in wide-ranging ways. Among subjectivists, Friedrich Hayek and Robert Nozick are particularly notable for their willingness to tackle this tension head-on. Yet an examination of their respective theories suggests that neither is ultimately successful in doing so. This implies that any consistent subjectivist theory of economic life would have to extend to the concept of coercion itself, with potentially far-reaching political implications.
{"title":"Coercion in a Subjective World","authors":"Daniel Luban","doi":"10.3138/ttr.41.2.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/ttr.41.2.19","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The development of modern economic thought has involved an increased emphasis on the subjective nature of all values, and a repudiation of the notion that the economy is or should be constrained by any sort of objective non-economic order. On this view, it is impossible to judge any outcome of uncoerced market interactions by an external standard of justice. But what is the content of the term “uncoerced”? The same thinkers who have embraced the general subjectification of social and economic theory have tended to resist applying it to the concept of coercion itself, fearing that doing so might imply that market processes can themselves be coercive in wide-ranging ways. Among subjectivists, Friedrich Hayek and Robert Nozick are particularly notable for their willingness to tackle this tension head-on. Yet an examination of their respective theories suggests that neither is ultimately successful in doing so. This implies that any consistent subjectivist theory of economic life would have to extend to the concept of coercion itself, with potentially far-reaching political implications.","PeriodicalId":41972,"journal":{"name":"Tocqueville Review","volume":"41 1","pages":"19 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45600145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Raymond Boudon (1934–2013) developed his own general theory of rationality as an extension and original synthesis of the work already provided by classical sociology and rational choice theory. To achieve this, he had to interpret and reinterpret many classical authors and schools of thought. One classical author that inspired Boudon’s theory was German sociologist Georg Simmel (1858–1918). The following article seeks to delineate the particular Simmelian influences that can be found in Raymond Boudon’s theoretical work.
{"title":"Simmelian Elements in Raymond Boudon’s General Theory of Rationality","authors":"Christian Robitaille","doi":"10.3138/ttr.41.2.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3138/ttr.41.2.121","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Raymond Boudon (1934–2013) developed his own general theory of rationality as an extension and original synthesis of the work already provided by classical sociology and rational choice theory. To achieve this, he had to interpret and reinterpret many classical authors and schools of thought. One classical author that inspired Boudon’s theory was German sociologist Georg Simmel (1858–1918). The following article seeks to delineate the particular Simmelian influences that can be found in Raymond Boudon’s theoretical work.","PeriodicalId":41972,"journal":{"name":"Tocqueville Review","volume":"41 1","pages":"121 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46925100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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