Renewable Energy最新文献_第4页

An experimental investigation into the use of biomimetic methods for thermal regulation and heat retention with PCMs in buildings 利用仿生方法在建筑物中使用多孔材料进行热调节和保温的实验研究

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121435

To meet the goal of net-zero emissions by 2050, integrating renewable energy into building energy supplies is a key solution, particularly through the application of solar energy. Due to the intermittent nature of solar energy, effective thermal regulation and heat transfer using thermal mass materials play critical roles in energy efficiency, safety, and performance in building applications. For solar electricity production in building integration, the high temperatures in Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) need to be regulated to avoid the reduction of solar power conversion efficiency and to maximize the utilization of excess thermal energy. This requires effective energy charging and discharging to meet energy demands.

A biomimetic method has been experimentally investigated to enhance the thermal regulation and the thermal energy retention capacity of hybrid PVT-PCM/EG systems for building thermal management. By mimicking natural systems, the PVT-PCM-EG system promotes sustainability and energy efficiency, contributing to reduced energy consumption and lower carbon emissions. Based on the testing condition of around 480 Wm^-2 and 15 °C, it is recommended that the combined two transient temperature PCM/EG A28 and A36 for the PVT-PCM/EG system can achieve the best performance for both heat retention and PV temperature regulation.

为了实现到 2050 年净零排放的目标，将可再生能源纳入建筑能源供应是一个关键的解决方案，尤其是通过太阳能的应用。由于太阳能的间歇性，使用热质材料进行有效的热调节和热传递对建筑应用中的能效、安全和性能起着至关重要的作用。对于建筑一体化中的太阳能发电，需要对光伏建筑一体化（BIPV）中的高温进行调节，以避免降低太阳能转换效率，并最大限度地利用多余的热能。为了提高 PVT-PCM/EG 混合系统的热调节和热能保持能力，我们通过实验研究了一种生物仿生方法，用于建筑热管理。通过模仿自然系统，PVT-PCM-EG 系统促进了可持续性和能源效率，有助于降低能耗和碳排放。根据约 480 Wm-2 和 15 °C 的测试条件，建议 PVT-PCM/EG 系统采用两种瞬态温度 PCM/EG A28 和 A36 的组合，以实现最佳的保温和光伏温度调节性能。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical investigation of premixed syngas/air flame evolution in a closed duct with tulip flame formation 封闭管道中预混合合成气/空气火焰演变与郁金香火焰形成的数值研究

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121431

In this study, the dynamic behavior of the premixed syngas/air flames in enclosed ducts with obstacles at the blockage ratio of 0.5, as well as without obstacles, was studied via large eddy simulation and the turbulent flame speed closure model. The hydrogen volume fraction (hydrogen content in fuel) was set to 50 %. Results indicate that the simulation reproduced the flame shapes, flame speed and explosion overpressure observed in the experiments. In cases without obstacles, a “tulip” flame with a tulip cusp can be seen, and secondary cusps emerge on tulip lips due to the high-pressure zone ahead of “tulip” flame lips, leading to in a distorted “tulip” flame. In cases with obstacles, the flame develops hemispherical and finger shapes upstream of the obstacles and evolves into a “tulip” flame downstream of the obstacles due to vortices and adverse pressure gradients. The alteration of the flow direction within the unburned and burned zones results in intricate flame shapes. Flame speed and overpressure show a close relationship and exhibit oscillations following the generation of the “tulip” flame. Typically, the velocity, pressure and flow fields adjacent to the flame front can affect dynamic behaviors of premixed syngas/air flames.

本研究通过大涡模拟和湍流火焰速度闭合模型，研究了有障碍物（阻塞率为 0.5）和无障碍物的封闭管道中预混合合成气/空气火焰的动态行为。氢的体积分数（燃料中的氢含量）设定为 50%。结果表明，模拟再现了实验中观察到的火焰形状、火焰速度和爆炸超压。在没有障碍物的情况下，可以看到带有郁金香尖顶的 "郁金香 "火焰，由于 "郁金香 "火焰唇前的高压区，郁金香唇上出现了次级尖顶，导致 "郁金香 "火焰变形。在有障碍物的情况下，由于漩涡和不利的压力梯度，火焰在障碍物上游形成半球形和手指形，在障碍物下游演变成 "郁金香 "火焰。未燃烧区和燃烧区内流向的改变导致了复杂的火焰形状。火焰速度和超压关系密切，并在 "郁金香 "火焰产生后出现振荡。通常情况下，火焰前沿附近的速度、压力和流场会影响预混合合成气/空气火焰的动态行为。

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引用次数: 0

Feasibility of realizing photothermal, photovoltaic, and radiative cooling with a flexible structure 利用柔性结构实现光热、光电和辐射冷却的可行性

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121364

The escalating energy demands and the imperative of environmental conservation necessitate advanced sustainable energy solutions. This study introduces a novel nanofluid spectrum-splitting photovoltaic/thermal system integrated with radiative cooling (RC) technology, termed NSS-RC-PV/T. This system optimizes solar spectrum utilization, enhances thermal management, and significantly improves the efficiency and flexibility of heat, electricity, and cooling outputs. Employing a reversible PV-Ag panel, the system adapts between PV/T and RC modes based on energy demands. A comprehensive mathematical model is established to evaluate its performance under realistic environmental conditions across China. Results indicate the maximum energy output of the system is 6438 MJ/m

^{2}

, which is a 33.4% increase in annual energy output compared to the conventional PV/T system. The dynamic power response model also shows an increase of 5.8% (266 MJ/m

^{2}

) compared to the daylight response model. This research underscores the potential of NSS-RC-PV/T systems in advancing renewable energy technologies and meeting modern energy needs.

能源需求不断增长，环境保护势在必行，因此需要先进的可持续能源解决方案。本研究介绍了一种集成了辐射冷却（RC）技术的新型纳米流体光谱分离光伏/热系统，称为 NSS-RC-PV/T。该系统优化了太阳光谱的利用，加强了热管理，并显著提高了热、电和冷却输出的效率和灵活性。该系统采用可逆式光伏-太阳能电池板，可根据能源需求在 PV/T 和 RC 模式之间进行调整。该系统建立了一个全面的数学模型，以评估其在中国实际环境条件下的性能。结果表明，该系统的最大能量输出为 6438 兆焦耳/平方米，与传统的 PV/T 系统相比，年能量输出增加了 33.4%。与日光响应模型相比，动态功率响应模型也显示增加了 5.8%（266 兆焦耳/平方米）。这项研究强调了 NSS-RC-PV/T 系统在推进可再生能源技术和满足现代能源需求方面的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Renewable energy-water nexus: Optimal design of an integrated system including a single flash geothermal plant, Kalina cycle, and seawater desalination units 可再生能源与水的关系：包括单一闪蒸地热发电厂、卡利纳循环和海水淡化装置在内的综合系统的优化设计

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121395

This paper concerns the optimization of a dual-purpose desalination system based on a geothermal flash cycle, a Kalina cycle, and a desalination process. A non-linear mathematical programming (NLP) optimization is developed and implemented in GAMS –General Algebraic Modelling System– a high-level modeling environment widely used in process systems engineering (PSE). CONOPT, a NLP derivative-based optimization algorithm, is employed. Furthermore, dynamic link libraries (DLLs) are developed and implemented in C programming code to calculate the thermodynamic properties of all process streams. The DLLs are systematically called from the GAMS environment. Additionally, a solution strategy has been devised to facilitate model convergence. In this strategy, several models are solved sequentially, commencing with the simplest model and progressing to solve the most complex model. This approach enables the optimal sizing and operating conditions of all process units to be obtained simultaneously. Two process configurations, differing in the type of seawater desalination system (reverse osmosis and multi-stage flash desalination systems), are optimized. The proposed mathematical models are effective decision-making tools for the design and synthesis of integrated geothermal power and seawater desalination processes. They can be used as either simulators or optimizers, depending on the number of degrees of freedom specified by the user.

本文涉及基于地热闪蒸循环、卡利纳循环和海水淡化过程的两用海水淡化系统的优化。本文开发了一种非线性数学程序设计（NLP）优化方法，并在 GAMS（泛代数建模系统）中实施，GAMS 是一种广泛应用于过程系统工程（PSE）的高级建模环境。CONOPT 是一种基于 NLP 衍生的优化算法。此外，还开发了动态链接库 (DLL)，并用 C 编程代码实现，用于计算所有工艺流的热力学特性。这些动态链接库系统地从 GAMS 环境中调用。此外，还设计了一种求解策略，以促进模型收敛。在该策略中，多个模型依次求解，从最简单的模型开始，逐步求解最复杂的模型。这种方法可以同时获得所有工艺单元的最佳尺寸和运行条件。对海水淡化系统类型（反渗透和多级闪蒸海水淡化系统）不同的两种工艺配置进行了优化。所提出的数学模型是设计和综合集成地热发电和海水淡化工艺的有效决策工具。根据用户指定的自由度数量，它们既可用作模拟器，也可用作优化器。

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引用次数: 0

Insights into the role of A/B-site substitution in chemical looping gasification of cotton stalk for enhanced syngas production over La-Co-O based perovskite oxygen carriers 洞察基于 La-Co-O 的过氧化物氧载体在化学循环气化棉秆以提高合成气产量过程中 A/B 位点置换的作用

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121428

Biomass chemical looping gasification (BCLG) is an emerging technology for efficient and clean utilization of cotton stalk (CS) to produce high-quality syngas. Among various oxygen carriers, perovskite oxides are holding an ever-increasing position in BCLG due to their unique structural properties and compositional flexibilities. However, research on perovskite-type oxygen carriers mostly focused on Fe-based oxides, and there is little in-depth investigation of Co-based perovskite and the role of A/B site substitution in the BCLG process. Herein, the LaCoO₃ perovskite is selected as the basic oxygen carrier, and Sr, Fe are further doped on the A/B-site to form LaCo_1-xFe_xO₃ (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1) and La_1-ySr_yCoO₃ (y = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) series. Effects of perovskite type, gasification temperature, steam volume fraction and oxygen carrier mass fraction of the BCLG performance are investigated. Results indicate that La_0.6Sr_0.4CoO₃ and LaCo_0.2Fe_0.8O₃ exhibit enhanced syngas production with the maximum of 1.304 m³/kg and 1.188 m³/kg, respectively, and outstanding cyclic stability at optimal reaction conditions. Further characterizations including H₂-TPR, XPS and EPR analysis reveal that Sr substitution facilitate the formation of oxygen vacancies and adsorbed oxygen species, while Fe doping leads to the increasing concentration of oxygen vacancies and surface lattice oxygen species. Combined with the experimental and characterization results, it is deduced that the oxygen vacancies which promote the adsorption of reactants and accelerate the migration of bulk lattice oxygen, play the key role in the enhanced BCLG performance.

生物质化学循环气化（BCLG）是一种新兴技术，可高效、清洁地利用棉花秆（CS）生产高质量的合成气。在各种氧载体中，包晶氧化物因其独特的结构特性和组成灵活性，在生物质化学循环气化中的地位日益重要。然而，对透辉石型氧载体的研究大多集中在铁基氧化物上，而对Co基透辉石以及A/B位点置换在BCLG过程中的作用却鲜有深入研究。本文选择 LaCoO3 包晶作为基本氧载体，并在 A/B 位上进一步掺杂 Sr、Fe，形成了 LaCo1-xFexO3 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1) 和 La1-ySryCoO3 (y = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) 系列。研究了包晶类型、气化温度、蒸汽体积分数和载氧质量分数对 BCLG 性能的影响。结果表明，在最佳反应条件下，La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 和 LaCo0.2Fe0.8O3 表现出更高的合成气产量（最大值分别为 1.304 m3/kg 和 1.188 m3/kg）和出色的循环稳定性。进一步的表征（包括 H2-TPR、XPS 和 EPR 分析）表明，硒的取代促进了氧空位和吸附氧物种的形成，而铁的掺杂则导致氧空位和表面晶格氧物种浓度的增加。结合实验和表征结果，可以推断出氧空位促进了反应物的吸附并加速了体格氧的迁移，在提高 BCLG 性能方面发挥了关键作用。

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引用次数: 0

Performance improvement of a heat pipe evacuated solar water collector using quartz/water nanofluid: A numerical and experimental study 使用石英/水纳米流体提高热管抽空式太阳能集热器的性能：数值和实验研究

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121423

Solar water collectors (SWCs) are the major element of any solar power system. Evacuated tube solar water collectors (ESWCs) contain multiple evacuated tubes formed between the tubular absorber and the glass cover in each tube to reduce heat losses. In this survey, it is aimed to improve the thermal performance of a heat pipe evacuated tube water solar collectors (HP-ESWCs) by using quartz nanofluid as the working fluid and experimentally and numerically obtained results are explained in detail. The numerical simulation of the heat pipe part of the system aims to present a general view of energy gain by the heat pipe, evaporation of the working liquid inside the pipe and condensation of the vapor by releasing its energy in the condenser section. Also, the performance of the whole collector was experimentally examined utilizing four different working fluids. The outcomes indicate that the thermal efficiency of the HP-EWSC using deionized water varied between 29.63 and 55.78 %, 36.50–61.13 %, 40.73–64.35 % and 32.81–75.92 % at 0.008, 0.016, 0.033 and 0.050 kg/s flow rates, respectively. Also, the efficiency of HP-EWSC using quartz/water changed between the ranges of 43.87–71.95 %, 50.86–78.22 %, 46.37–79.66 % and 55.60–85.64 % at 0.008, 0.016, 0.033 and 0.050 kg/s flow rates, respectively. Average exergy efficiency enhancement by utilizing quartz/water nanofluid in the present work varied in the range of 34.23–99.97 %. General findings of this study clearly showed the positive impacts of using quartz/water as working fluid in the HP-ESWCs on the overall performance.

太阳能集热器（SWCs）是所有太阳能发电系统的主要组成部分。真空管太阳能集热器（ESWCs）包含多个真空管，形成于管状吸收器和每个管子的玻璃盖之间，以减少热量损失。本研究旨在通过使用石英纳米流体作为工作流体，改善热管真空管太阳能集热器（HP-ESWCs）的热性能，并详细解释了实验和数值结果。对系统热管部分进行数值模拟的目的是展示热管的能量获取、管内工作液体的蒸发以及在冷凝器部分释放能量的蒸汽冷凝的总体情况。此外，还利用四种不同的工作液体对整个集热器的性能进行了实验研究。结果表明，在流量为 0.008、0.016、0.033 和 0.050 公斤/秒时，使用去离子水的 HP-EWSC 的热效率分别为 29.63% 至 55.78%、36.50% 至 61.13%、40.73% 至 64.35%、32.81% 至 75.92%。此外，在 0.008、0.016、0.033 和 0.050 千克/秒流量条件下，使用石英/水的 HP-EWSC 效率变化范围分别为 43.87-71.95%、50.86-78.22%、46.37-79.66% 和 55.60-85.64%。在本研究中，利用石英/水纳米流体提高的平均能效在 34.23-99.97 % 之间变化。本研究的总体结论清楚地表明，在 HP-ESWC 中使用石英/水作为工作流体对整体性能有积极影响。

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引用次数: 0

The impacts of DC/AC ratio, battery dispatch, and degradation on financial evaluation of bifacial PV+BESS systems 直流/交流比、电池调度和衰减对双面光伏+BESS 系统财务评估的影响

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121402

As the price of solar modules has decreased, oversizing PV system becomes a general practice. Without proper energy management, the oversized systems could lead to over-generation waste which cause a loss in revenue. Battery energy storage system (BESS) can be integrated to the PV system for utilizing the over-consumption energy and increasing the system’s financial benefits. This paper highlights the influence of technical and financial factors on the photovoltaic (PV) and PV with BESS design. To analyze the impacts of the factors on PV systems, thirty-six system configurations with a variety of geographic locations, tariff structures, billing methods, and PV system technology are simulated using System Advisor Model (SAM) as a tool with result validation from measurements on a real oversized residential grid-tied bifacial PV+BESS system. To study the financial criteria that affect the optimal system design, we conducted the sensitivity analysis of the DC/AC ratio, battery replacement threshold, and battery size to observe the optimal system design based on three financial outputs: levelized cost of energy (LCOE), net present value (NPV), and payback period. The findings show that the optimal DC/AC ratio for residential-scale PV systems lies between 1.1 - 1.3 and can go up to 1.6 with BESS. PV+BESS systems can reduce the payback period by 20% and boost NPV by 80% compared to the PV-only systems. The sensitivity study of the battery replacement shows that the battery can be degraded until 50% of its maximum capacity for the lowest LCOE. To achieve the optimal grid-tied PV system design, each economic parameter should be evaluated together.

随着太阳能组件价格的下降，光伏系统规模过大已成为一种普遍做法。如果没有适当的能源管理，过大的系统可能导致过度发电浪费，造成收入损失。蓄电池储能系统（BESS）可与光伏系统集成，以利用过度消耗的能源，增加系统的经济效益。本文强调了技术和财务因素对光伏（PV）和光伏与 BESS 设计的影响。为了分析这些因素对光伏系统的影响，本文以系统顾问模型（SAM）为工具，模拟了 36 种系统配置，包括不同的地理位置、电价结构、计费方法和光伏系统技术，并通过对实际超大型住宅并网双面光伏+BESS 系统的测量结果进行了验证。为了研究影响最优系统设计的财务标准，我们对直流/交流比、电池更换阈值和电池尺寸进行了敏感性分析，以观察基于三种财务输出的最优系统设计：平准化能源成本（LCOE）、净现值（NPV）和投资回收期。研究结果表明，住宅级光伏系统的最佳直流/交流比在 1.1 - 1.3 之间，使用 BESS 后可达到 1.6。与纯光伏系统相比，光伏+BESS 系统可将投资回收期缩短 20%，将净现值提高 80%。对电池更换的敏感性研究表明，电池可降至其最大容量的 50%，以获得最低的 LCOE。为实现最佳并网光伏系统设计，应综合评估每个经济参数。

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引用次数: 0

Heliostat field aiming strategy based on deterministic optimization: An experimental validation 基于确定性优化的 Heliostat 场瞄准策略：实验验证

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121406

In Solar Power Tower plants, the aiming strategy plays a key role in the performance and interaction between heliostat field and receiver. This work presents an aiming strategy based on a deterministic optimization that maximizes the flux uniformity and minimizes the spillage losses. The algorithm can be fed either by a flux mapping model or by the synthesis – superposition – of experimental images. Both approaches are experimentally tested at PROTEAS research facility, aiming 16 heliostats at a flat Lambertian target. In the comparison between experimental and computed flux maps, the cross-correlation coefficient exceeds 97%. The spillage loss factors are underestimated by the computations: 9.2 percentage points by the model-based and 6.7 points by the synthesis-based approach.

在太阳能发电塔设备中，瞄准策略对定日镜场和接收器之间的性能和互动起着关键作用。这项研究提出了一种基于确定性优化的瞄准策略，可最大限度地提高流量均匀性，并将溢出损失降至最低。该算法可以通过流量映射模型或实验图像的合成叠加来实现。这两种方法都在 PROTEAS 研究设施进行了实验测试，将 16 个定日镜瞄准一个平坦的朗伯目标。在对实验通量图和计算通量图进行比较时，交叉相关系数超过 97%。计算结果低估了溢出损失系数：基于模型的方法低估了 9.2 个百分点，基于合成的方法低估了 6.7 个百分点。

引用次数: 0

Comparative study of grass pyrolysis over regenerated catalysts: Tyre ash, zeolite, and nickel-supported ash and zeolite 草热解在再生催化剂上的比较研究：轮胎灰、沸石以及镍支撑灰和沸石

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121440

This paper presents investigations on catalytic and non-catalytic grass pyrolysis conducted at 500 °C using two reactor scales: a micro-scale reactor and a laboratory fixed-bed reactor. Four catalysts were employed in the catalytic pyrolysis process: car tyre ash, commercial zeolite mordenite-sodium, nickel supported on ash, and nickel supported on zeolite. The use of catalysts reduced the production of oxygenates and promoted the formation of gaseous compounds, with the most pronounced effect observed for nickel supported on zeolite. Catalytic pyrolysis produced chars with yields that were higher than those of the non-catalytic process. The coking behaviour of the spent catalysts was evaluated by analysing carbon content, with the highest content (3 wt% C) obtained for ash after the first cycle. In the second cycle, the deposited carbon content decreased for all catalysts. Furthermore, the employment of catalysts was shown to promote the production of hydrogen, methane, and other hydrocarbons in pyrolysis gas. The higher heating value of the pyrolysis gas was the highest at 21.1 MJ/m³ when the ash catalyst was first used for pyrolysis. Reusing the pyrolysis catalysts slightly reduced the heating value of the gas to 20.3 MJ/m³ over ash and 20.6 MJ/m³ over zeolite.

本文介绍了在 500 ℃ 下使用两种反应器（微尺度反应器和实验室固定床反应器）进行的催化和非催化草热解研究。在催化热解过程中使用了四种催化剂：汽车轮胎灰、商用沸石莫代森钠、灰上支撑的镍和沸石上支撑的镍。催化剂的使用减少了含氧化合物的产生，促进了气态化合物的形成，其中以沸石载镍的效果最为明显。催化热解产生的焦炭产量高于非催化工艺。通过分析碳含量评估了废催化剂的结焦性能，第一个循环后灰分的碳含量最高（3 wt%）。在第二个循环中，所有催化剂的沉积碳含量都有所下降。此外，催化剂的使用还促进了热解气体中氢、甲烷和其他碳氢化合物的产生。首次使用灰分催化剂进行热解时，热解气体的较高热值最高，为 21.1 MJ/m³。再次使用热解催化剂时，灰烬催化剂的气体热值略微降低到 20.3 MJ/m³，沸石催化剂的气体热值降低到 20.6 MJ/m³。

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引用次数: 0

Thermo-hydraulic performance of a parabolic trough solar collector filled with three different waste materials 填充三种不同废料的抛物面槽式太阳能集热器的热液压性能

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121421

This study presents the experimental investigation of the performance enhancement of a parabolic trough solar collcector (PTC) utilising air as the working fluid and various metallic waste materials as absorber fillers. The experiments have been carried out according to the ISO 9806:2017 norm under clear sky conditions for several days. The application of wire mesh, metal chips and bearing balls as the absorber filling has led to the increase in the performance of PTC and higher outlet temperatures compared to the smooth pipe as a receiver: 282 % (117.6 °C), 250 % (103.1 °C) and 335 % (128.3 °C) respectively. A decrease in PTC performance due to pressure drop was observed. The maximum drop for wire mesh, metal chips and bearing balls filling was: 9.7 %, 5.7 % and 5.7 % respectively. It has been shown that the use of metallic waste materials can significantly improve the thermal performance of PTC, but the rapidly increasing hydraulic resistance may limit their application for high flow rates.

本研究介绍了利用空气作为工作流体和各种金属废料作为吸收填充物的抛物槽太阳能集热板（PTC）性能提升的实验研究。实验按照 ISO 9806:2017 标准在晴空条件下进行，持续数天。与作为接收器的光滑管道相比，使用金属丝网、金属碎片和轴承球作为吸收填充物提高了 PTC 的性能和出口温度：分别为 282 %（117.6 °C）、250 %（103.1 °C）和 335 %（128.3 °C）。由于压力下降，PTC 性能有所降低。金属丝网、金属碎片和轴承球填充物的最大压降分别为：9.7 %、5.7 % 和 5.7 %。研究表明，使用金属废料可以显著提高 PTC 的热性能，但快速增加的水力阻力可能会限制其在大流量情况下的应用。

引用次数: 0