Renewable Energy最新文献_第2页

Predicting the higher heating value of products through solid yield in torrefaction process 通过托烷分解过程中的固体产量预测产品的较高热值

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121446

Torrefaction is a widely employed method to upgrade biomass for energy purpose. The higher heating value (HHV) serves as a vital indicator for assessing the energy potential of biomass. Nevertheless, HHV measurement is a time-consuming and costly process. HHV of raw biomass, torrefied biomass, and biochar has been extensively estimated using the results of elemental analysis and/or proximate analysis. However, these data must be repeatedly measured for each target object. To reduce the efforts required for the measurement of each object, this study proposes, for the first time, the use of solid yield (the most easily obtainable data) to predict the HHV of torrefied biomass.

A total of 215 sets of data were retrieved from different biomass types undergoing various torrefaction technologies. Artificial neural network (ANN) and hierarchical linear regression (HLR) were employed to develop prediction models. Solid yield demonstrated a clear correlation to HHV for each individual biomass; however, diverse biomass types exhibited significant variation. Therefore, the results of elemental analysis of raw feedstocks were incorporated to account for variations in feedstock types and to iterate the models. Generally, ANN is superior to HLR in predicting the HHV of torrefied biomass with the optimized model achieving an R² of 0.9133. Additionally, two biomasses subjected to two torrefaction technologies were used to validate the model, and an R² of 0.9676 was achieved.

As a result, in a torrefaction process, once the raw biomass is analyzed, the HHV of any torrefied biomass can be predicted simply by measuring the weight of the product.

为提高生物质的能源利用率，广泛采用的方法是进行热解。高热值（HHV）是评估生物质能源潜力的重要指标。然而，高热值测量是一个耗时且成本高昂的过程。人们利用元素分析和/或近似分析的结果，对原生物质、焙烧生物质和生物炭的 HHV 进行了广泛的估算。但是，必须对每个目标对象重复测量这些数据。为了减少测量每个目标所需的工作量，本研究首次提出使用固体产量（最容易获得的数据）来预测干馏生物质的 HHV。人工神经网络（ANN）和分层线性回归（HLR）被用来开发预测模型。固体产量与每种生物质的 HHV 都有明显的相关性；然而，不同的生物质类型表现出显著的差异。因此，将原料的元素分析结果纳入其中，以考虑原料类型的变化，并对模型进行迭代。总体而言，在预测干馏生物质的 HHV 方面，ANN 优于 HLR，优化模型的 R2 为 0.9133。因此，在扭矩烧结过程中，一旦对生物质原料进行了分析，只需测量产品的重量即可预测任何扭矩烧结生物质的 HHV。

{"title":"Predicting the higher heating value of products through solid yield in torrefaction process","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121446","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121446","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Torrefaction is a widely employed method to upgrade biomass for energy purpose. The higher heating value (HHV) serves as a vital indicator for assessing the energy potential of biomass. Nevertheless, HHV measurement is a time-consuming and costly process. HHV of raw biomass, torrefied biomass, and biochar has been extensively estimated using the results of elemental analysis and/or proximate analysis. However, these data must be repeatedly measured for each target object. To reduce the efforts required for the measurement of each object, this study proposes, for the first time, the use of solid yield (the most easily obtainable data) to predict the HHV of torrefied biomass.</div><div>A total of 215 sets of data were retrieved from different biomass types undergoing various torrefaction technologies. Artificial neural network (ANN) and hierarchical linear regression (HLR) were employed to develop prediction models. Solid yield demonstrated a clear correlation to HHV for each individual biomass; however, diverse biomass types exhibited significant variation. Therefore, the results of elemental analysis of raw feedstocks were incorporated to account for variations in feedstock types and to iterate the models. Generally, ANN is superior to HLR in predicting the HHV of torrefied biomass with the optimized model achieving an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.9133. Additionally, two biomasses subjected to two torrefaction technologies were used to validate the model, and an R<sup>2</sup> of 0.9676 was achieved.</div><div>As a result, in a torrefaction process, once the raw biomass is analyzed, the HHV of any torrefied biomass can be predicted simply by measuring the weight of the product.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142359078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Selective synthesis of oxygenated fuel derivative from microwave assisted acetalization of glycerol: Optimization and mechanistic investigations 微波辅助甘油缩醛化选择性合成含氧燃料衍生物：优化和机理研究

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121465

Glycerol contains 52 wt% oxygen content, therefore unable to be directly used as fuel due to its poor combustion ability. Thus, the catalytic conversion of glycerol into various oxygen-containing fuel additives is grabbing more attention nowadays. This work provides a novel, sustainable, and eco-friendly method for synthesizing heterogeneous acid carbon catalysts from pearl millet cob (PMC) waste. The hydrothermal carbonization process was carried out at different temperatures to fabricate the series of sulfonated pearl millet cob (SPMC) catalysts. XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, XPS, BET, TGA, and CHNSO analyses were performed to characterize fabricated catalysts. The synthesized catalyst, SPMC-70 (catalyst synthesized at 70 °C temperature), possesses OH, COOH, and SO₃H functional groups and a significant total acid density (2.03 mmol/g) with 37 m²/g surface area. The SPMC catalysts were employed for the microwave-assisted acetalization reaction of glycerol with acetone for solketal production. The optimization process was carried out using various reaction parameters, including catalyst dosage (2–6 wt.%), reaction temperature (30–60 °C), glycerol to acetone (GL to AC) molar ratio (1:3–1:9), and reaction time (4–13 min). The SPMC-70 catalyst showed the highest catalytic activity among all the synthesized catalysts and provided 99.11 ± 0.3 % GL conversion with 100 % selectivity of solketal under optimal reaction conditions. Additionally, the recyclability test was performed, and it found that the best catalyst was reusable for up to five reaction cycles. These results showed the effectiveness of carbon-based heterogeneous acid catalysts in deriving a fuel additive, solketal.

甘油的含氧量为 52%，燃烧能力差，不能直接用作燃料。因此，将甘油催化转化为各种含氧燃料添加剂越来越受到人们的关注。本研究提供了一种新颖、可持续和环保的方法，利用珍珠粟（PMC）废料合成异质酸性碳催化剂。在不同温度下进行水热碳化过程，制备出一系列磺化珍珠粟（SPMC）催化剂。对制备的催化剂进行了 XRD、FT-IR、SEM-EDS、XPS、BET、TGA 和 CHNSO 分析。合成的催化剂 SPMC-70（在 70 °C 温度下合成的催化剂）具有 OH、COOH 和 SO3H 官能团，总酸密度大（2.03 mmol/g），比表面积为 37 m2/g。SPMC 催化剂被用于微波辅助的丙三醇与丙酮的缩醛化反应，以生产缩酮。催化剂用量（2-6 wt.%）、反应温度（30-60 °C）、甘油与丙酮（GL-AC）摩尔比（1:3-1:9）和反应时间（4-13 分钟）等反应参数进行了优化。在所有合成催化剂中，SPMC-70 催化剂的催化活性最高，在最佳反应条件下，其甘油转化率为 99.11 ± 0.3%，对索酮醛的选择性为 100%。此外，还进行了可回收性测试，结果发现最佳催化剂可重复使用长达五个反应周期。这些结果表明了碳基异构酸催化剂在衍生燃料添加剂 Solketal 方面的有效性。

{"title":"Selective synthesis of oxygenated fuel derivative from microwave assisted acetalization of glycerol: Optimization and mechanistic investigations","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121465","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121465","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glycerol contains 52 wt% oxygen content, therefore unable to be directly used as fuel due to its poor combustion ability. Thus, the catalytic conversion of glycerol into various oxygen-containing fuel additives is grabbing more attention nowadays. This work provides a novel, sustainable, and eco-friendly method for synthesizing heterogeneous acid carbon catalysts from pearl millet cob (PMC) waste. The hydrothermal carbonization process was carried out at different temperatures to fabricate the series of sulfonated pearl millet cob (SPMC) catalysts. XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDS, XPS, BET, TGA, and CHNSO analyses were performed to characterize fabricated catalysts. The synthesized catalyst, SPMC-70 (catalyst synthesized at 70 °C temperature), possesses OH, COOH, and SO<sub>3</sub>H functional groups and a significant total acid density (2.03 mmol/g) with 37 m<sup>2</sup>/g surface area<strong>.</strong> The SPMC catalysts were employed for the microwave-assisted acetalization reaction of glycerol with acetone for solketal production. The optimization process was carried out using various reaction parameters, including catalyst dosage (2–6 wt.%), reaction temperature (30–60 °C), glycerol to acetone (GL to AC) molar ratio (1:3–1:9), and reaction time (4–13 min). The SPMC-70 catalyst showed the highest catalytic activity among all the synthesized catalysts and provided 99.11 ± 0.3 % GL conversion with 100 % selectivity of solketal under optimal reaction conditions. Additionally, the recyclability test was performed, and it found that the best catalyst was reusable for up to five reaction cycles. These results showed the effectiveness of carbon-based heterogeneous acid catalysts in deriving a fuel additive, solketal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142319777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A niobium and tantalum co-doped perovskite electrolyte with high ionic conduction for low-temperature Ceramics Fuel cell 用于低温陶瓷燃料电池的高离子传导性铌钽共掺杂过氧化物电解质

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121466

In recent studies, fast ionic conduction through surface doping and coating has been a favorite subject and has indicated a promising and stable strategy to optimize ions in the developed electrolytes for low-temperature ceramic fuel cells (LT-CFCs). We have designed co-doped perovskite (Nb/Ta-SrCoO₃) to enhance further ionic properties using the Solid-state blending technique. The prepared SCNT (SrCoNb_0.3Ta_0.3O₃) was used as an electrolyte sandwiched between symmetrical electrodes and delivered attractive fuel cell performance (650 mW/cm²) with better stability at the low operating temperature of 520 °C compared to other compositions of SCNT. The low grain boundary resistance manifests SCNT's high ionic conduction + microstructural properties, assisting with higher fuel cell performance. The co-doping enables the fermi-level to move towards the -ive side, establishing a space charge region constituting BIEF (built in electric field) and helping to enhance the ions' transportation through the surface and interface. This work thus points out a new type of electrolyte with a different working mechanism from previous studies. It indicates a feasible approach to developing high-performing and stable electrolytes for LT-CFCs.

在最近的研究中，通过表面掺杂和涂层实现快速离子传导一直是一个热门话题，这也为优化低温陶瓷燃料电池（LT-CFCs）所开发电解质中的离子提供了一种前景广阔的稳定策略。我们设计了共掺杂包晶（Nb/Ta-SrCoO3），利用固态混合技术进一步增强离子特性。制备出的 SCNT（SrCoNb0.3Ta0.3O3）被用作夹在对称电极之间的电解质，与其他成分的 SCNT 相比，它在 520 °C 的低工作温度下具有更好的稳定性，燃料电池性能（650 mW/cm2）也很有吸引力。低晶界电阻体现了 SCNT 的高离子传导和微结构特性，有助于提高燃料电池性能。共掺杂使费米级向负电侧移动，建立了一个构成 BIEF（内置电场）的空间电荷区，有助于增强离子通过表面和界面的传输。因此，这项研究指出了一种新型电解质，其工作机制不同于以往的研究。它为开发高性能、稳定的 LT-CFC 电解质提供了一种可行的方法。

{"title":"A niobium and tantalum co-doped perovskite electrolyte with high ionic conduction for low-temperature Ceramics Fuel cell","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent studies, fast ionic conduction through surface doping and coating has been a favorite subject and has indicated a promising and stable strategy to optimize ions in the developed electrolytes for low-temperature ceramic fuel cells (LT-CFCs). We have designed co-doped perovskite (Nb/Ta-SrCoO<sub>3</sub>) to enhance further ionic properties using the Solid-state blending technique. The prepared SCNT (SrCoNb<sub>0.3</sub>Ta<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) was used as an electrolyte sandwiched between symmetrical electrodes and delivered attractive fuel cell performance (650 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>) with better stability at the low operating temperature of 520 °C compared to other compositions of SCNT. The low grain boundary resistance manifests SCNT's high ionic conduction + microstructural properties, assisting with higher fuel cell performance. The co-doping enables the fermi-level to move towards the -ive side, establishing a space charge region constituting BIEF (built in electric field) and helping to enhance the ions' transportation through the surface and interface. This work thus points out a new type of electrolyte with a different working mechanism from previous studies. It indicates a feasible approach to developing high-performing and stable electrolytes for LT-CFCs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142323823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Analysis of hydropower plant guide bearing vibrations by machine learning based identification of steady operations 通过基于机器学习的稳定运行识别分析水电站导轴承振动

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121463

A novel machine learning based method is proposed to automatically identify steady operations of hydropower plants (HPPs) in this study. The approach applies the Pruned Exact Linear Time (PELT) algorithm to obtain the number of segments (steady operations & transients) for each working period by multiple change points detection in the HPP power output time series. An adaptive Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm, capable of self-adjusting its hyperparameters according to the PELT-defined segments, is then deployed for identification of steady operations. This adaptive characteristic can outperform other clustering methods in diverse HPP operational patterns through extensive comparison based on a three-year HPP measurement dataset and statistical tests. Based on the identification from the proposed method, the statistics of the HPP's upper guide bearing vibrations during both steady operations and transients before and after a known maintenance are compared, and an apparent bearing performance degradation can be revealed during signals from steady operations. It indicates that the proposed method can help to plan optimal bearing maintenance based on data of steady operations, and shows the potential for other practical applications for predictive maintenance of the different components of the HPP.

本研究提出了一种基于机器学习的新型方法，用于自动识别水电站（HPP）的稳定运行。该方法采用剪枝精确线性时间（PELT）算法，通过检测水电站输出功率时间序列中的多个变化点，获得每个工作周期的段数（稳定运行& 瞬变）。然后采用一种自适应的基于密度的带噪声应用空间聚类算法（DBSCAN）来识别稳定运行，该算法能够根据 PELT 定义的分段自我调整超参数。通过基于三年水力发电厂测量数据集和统计测试的广泛比较，这种自适应特性在各种水力发电厂运行模式下均优于其他聚类方法。根据所提方法的识别结果，比较了水力发电站上导轴承在已知维护前后的稳定运行和瞬态振动的统计数据，可以发现在稳定运行信号中存在明显的轴承性能下降。这表明，所提出的方法有助于根据稳定运行的数据制定轴承维护的最佳计划，并显示出对水力发电厂不同组件进行预测性维护的其他实际应用潜力。

{"title":"Analysis of hydropower plant guide bearing vibrations by machine learning based identification of steady operations","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121463","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121463","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel machine learning based method is proposed to automatically identify steady operations of hydropower plants (HPPs) in this study. The approach applies the Pruned Exact Linear Time (PELT) algorithm to obtain the number of segments (steady operations & transients) for each working period by multiple change points detection in the HPP power output time series. An adaptive Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm, capable of self-adjusting its hyperparameters according to the PELT-defined segments, is then deployed for identification of steady operations. This adaptive characteristic can outperform other clustering methods in diverse HPP operational patterns through extensive comparison based on a three-year HPP measurement dataset and statistical tests. Based on the identification from the proposed method, the statistics of the HPP's upper guide bearing vibrations during both steady operations and transients before and after a known maintenance are compared, and an apparent bearing performance degradation can be revealed during signals from steady operations. It indicates that the proposed method can help to plan optimal bearing maintenance based on data of steady operations, and shows the potential for other practical applications for predictive maintenance of the different components of the HPP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142326846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Numerical investigation of the impact of the diameter and rotational motion of a multi-blade rotor on the hydrokinetic combined turbine performance 多叶转子的直径和旋转运动对水动联合涡轮机性能影响的数值研究

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121439

The vertical axis combined hydrokinetic turbine (VACHT) presents promising applications in marine environments due to its high self-starting performance and efficiency. However, traditional VACHTs suffer from significant performance losses in the outer rotor when the diameter ratio is large and the startup dead zone issue of the inner Savonius rotor. To address these challenges, this study proposes a VACHT composed of an H-type rotor and a multi-blade (M-type) rotor, categorized into two structures based on counter-rotating and co-rotating operations. Numerical simulations reveal that the diameter ratio (f) has a greater impact on VACHT performance than the tip speed ratio. Counter-rotating allows the VACHTs to accommodate larger diameter ratios (f > 0.6) than co-rotation. The diameter ratio primarily influences the interference between the inner and outer rotors. The M-type rotor enhances the self-starting performance of both VACHTs, providing enhancements exceeding 200 %. Moreover, cluster arrangements of VACHTs benefit from increased power output due to enhanced blockage effects, with co-rotating VACHTs exhibiting higher gains (13.65 %) compared to counter-rotating VACHTs (9.84 %). The lengths of both VACHTs’ wake are similar to H-type turbines, indicating that the compactness of the VACHT cluster remains unaffected.

垂直轴组合式水动力涡轮机（VACHT）因其高自启动性能和效率，在海洋环境中有着广阔的应用前景。然而，当直径比较大时，传统 VACHT 的外转子存在显著的性能损失，内萨沃尼乌斯转子也存在启动死区问题。为应对这些挑战，本研究提出了一种由 H 型转子和多叶片（M 型）转子组成的 VACHT，根据反向旋转和同向旋转操作分为两种结构。数值模拟显示，直径比（f）对 VACHT 性能的影响大于叶尖速度比。与同向旋转相比，反向旋转使 VACHT 能够适应更大的直径比（f > 0.6）。直径比主要影响内外转子之间的干涉。M 型转子提高了两个 VACHT 的自启动性能，提高幅度超过 200%。此外，由于阻塞效应增强，VACHT 的集群排列可提高功率输出，与反向旋转 VACHT（9.84%）相比，同向旋转 VACHT 的增益更高（13.65%）。两种 VACHT 的尾流长度与 H 型涡轮机相似，表明 VACHT 组的紧凑性未受影响。

{"title":"Numerical investigation of the impact of the diameter and rotational motion of a multi-blade rotor on the hydrokinetic combined turbine performance","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121439","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121439","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The vertical axis combined hydrokinetic turbine (VACHT) presents promising applications in marine environments due to its high self-starting performance and efficiency. However, traditional VACHTs suffer from significant performance losses in the outer rotor when the diameter ratio is large and the startup dead zone issue of the inner Savonius rotor. To address these challenges, this study proposes a VACHT composed of an H-type rotor and a multi-blade (M-type) rotor, categorized into two structures based on counter-rotating and co-rotating operations. Numerical simulations reveal that the diameter ratio (<em>f</em>) has a greater impact on VACHT performance than the tip speed ratio. Counter-rotating allows the VACHTs to accommodate larger diameter ratios (<em>f</em> > 0.6) than co-rotation. The diameter ratio primarily influences the interference between the inner and outer rotors. The M-type rotor enhances the self-starting performance of both VACHTs, providing enhancements exceeding 200 %. Moreover, cluster arrangements of VACHTs benefit from increased power output due to enhanced blockage effects, with co-rotating VACHTs exhibiting higher gains (13.65 %) compared to counter-rotating VACHTs (9.84 %). The lengths of both VACHTs’ wake are similar to H-type turbines, indicating that the compactness of the VACHT cluster remains unaffected.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142323819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental study on enhancing the performance of hydrokinetic integrated Darrieus-Savonius rotor in open water-channel 提高水动力集成达里厄斯-萨沃纽斯转子在开放水道中的性能的实验研究

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121443

The kinetic energy stored in water streams could be used to generate electricity via hydrokinetic rotors, due to the availability of kinetic energy from flowing water. Darrieus and Savonius are vertical axis kinetic rotors, they are promising for generating power in low speed flows. The integrated Darrieus- Savonius hydrokinetic rotor works on the principles of integrated forces including lift and drag forces. An experimental investigation has been conducted to get the optimum configuration for Darrieus-Savonius integrated rotor in order to attain improved self-starting and high-power-factor in open channel water flow, under different inflow conditions. This study investigated the effects of the radius ratio, add-on angle, water heights, and flow velocity on performance of hydrokinetic integrated Darrieus-Savonius rotor with three standard NACA 020 airfoil shape as Darrieus rotor and single/double stage semi-circular blades as Savonius rotor on the power factor. Three radius ratios (R.R) namely (0.8, 0.6 and 0.4) and add-on angles of (0^o, 30^o, 45^o, 60^o and 90^o) were studied. The experimental channel was (26 m) long water flume with a (1m wide ×1.2 m depth). The horizontal walls of the flume were made of glass with a strengthened frame, to permit visual examination. The flume entrance consisted of a receiving tank (3 m long, 1.5 m wide, and 0.75 m depth), a honeycomb pattern pipe box, and a screen box field with a large stone to dissipate the water turbulence and energy at the entrance. Two centrifugal pumps were used to supply water to the channel. Darrieus-Savonius integrated rotor was placed at distance equal to ten times width of the experimental channel, to avoid any turbulence and to make sure that the flow was steady.

Based on the experimental results, it was observed that the optimum Cp values at λ (1.84), add-on angle of (45^o) and R.R (0.4, 0.6 and 0.8) were (0.335, 0.29 and 0.299) respectively. The maximum hybrid performance was attained at R.R (0.4), add-on angle (45^o) and tip-speed ratio (1.8) and Re (240x106) with value of (0.339). Decrease in the Re values by 25 % enhanced the performance by 1.19 %. Accordingly, it is not necessary to rely on Re values in calculating the power-factor values compared to the influence of the rest of the variables.

由于可以从流动的水中获得动能，水流中储存的动能可以通过水动力转子发电。达里厄斯（Darrieus）和萨沃尼（Savonius）是垂直轴动能转子，它们有望在低速水流中发电。集成式达里厄斯-萨沃尼尔斯水动力转子的工作原理是综合力，包括升力和阻力。为了获得达里厄斯-萨沃尼乌斯集成转子的最佳配置，我们进行了一项实验研究，以便在不同的水流条件下，在明渠水流中实现更好的自启动和高功率因数。本研究探讨了半径比、附加角、水高和流速对达里厄斯-萨沃尼乌斯水动力集成转子性能的影响，达里厄斯转子采用三种标准 NACA 020 翼型，萨沃尼乌斯转子采用单/双级半圆叶片。研究了三种半径比（R.R），即（0.8、0.6 和 0.4）和附加角（0o、30o、45o、60o 和 90o）。实验水槽长（26 米），宽（1 米）×深（1.2 米）。水槽的水平壁由玻璃制成，并带有加强框架，以便进行目视检查。水槽入口由一个接收槽（长 3 米、宽 1.5 米、深 0.75 米）、一个蜂窝状管箱和一个筛箱组成，筛箱上有一块大石头，用于消散入口处的水湍流和能量。两台离心泵用于向渠道供水。根据实验结果，λ（1.84）、附加角（45o）和 R.R（0.4、0.6 和 0.8）时的最佳 Cp 值分别为（0.335、0.29 和 0.299）。在 R.R（0.4）、附加角（45o）和顶速比（1.8）以及 Re 值（240x106）为（0.339）时，混合动力性能最大。Re 值降低 25%，性能提高 1.19%。因此，与其他变量的影响相比，在计算功率因数值时不必依赖 Re 值。

{"title":"Experimental study on enhancing the performance of hydrokinetic integrated Darrieus-Savonius rotor in open water-channel","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The kinetic energy stored in water streams could be used to generate electricity via hydrokinetic rotors, due to the availability of kinetic energy from flowing water. Darrieus and Savonius are vertical axis kinetic rotors, they are promising for generating power in low speed flows. The integrated Darrieus- Savonius hydrokinetic rotor works on the principles of integrated forces including lift and drag forces. An experimental investigation has been conducted to get the optimum configuration for Darrieus-Savonius integrated rotor in order to attain improved self-starting and high-power-factor in open channel water flow, under different inflow conditions. This study investigated the effects of the radius ratio, add-on angle, water heights, and flow velocity on performance of hydrokinetic integrated Darrieus-Savonius rotor with three standard NACA 020 airfoil shape as Darrieus rotor and single/double stage semi-circular blades as Savonius rotor on the power factor. Three radius ratios (R.R) namely (0.8, 0.6 and 0.4) and add-on angles of (0<sup>o</sup>, 30<sup>o</sup>, 45<sup>o</sup>, 60<sup>o</sup> and 90<sup>o</sup>) were studied. The experimental channel was (26 m) long water flume with a (1m wide ×1.2 m depth). The horizontal walls of the flume were made of glass with a strengthened frame, to permit visual examination. The flume entrance consisted of a receiving tank (3 m long, 1.5 m wide, and 0.75 m depth), a honeycomb pattern pipe box, and a screen box field with a large stone to dissipate the water turbulence and energy at the entrance. Two centrifugal pumps were used to supply water to the channel. Darrieus-Savonius integrated rotor was placed at distance equal to ten times width of the experimental channel, to avoid any turbulence and to make sure that the flow was steady.</div><div>Based on the experimental results, it was observed that the optimum Cp values at λ (1.84), add-on angle of (45<sup>o</sup>) and R.R (0.4, 0.6 and 0.8) were (0.335, 0.29 and 0.299) respectively. The maximum hybrid performance was attained at R.R (0.4), add-on angle (45<sup>o</sup>) and tip-speed ratio (1.8) and Re (240x106) with value of (0.339). Decrease in the Re values by 25 % enhanced the performance by 1.19 %. Accordingly, it is not necessary to rely on Re values in calculating the power-factor values compared to the influence of the rest of the variables.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142323932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mechanism of lattice oxygen migration in decarburized Fe-based oxygen carriers to chemical looping gasification 化学循环气化脱碳铁基氧气载体中晶格氧迁移的机理

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121456

In chemical looping cycling, Fe-based oxygen carriers often suffer from agglomeration and phase separation. This study addresses these issues by developing a decarbonized Fe-based oxygen carrier with NiFe₂O₄ as the active site, CaO as the decarbonizer, and La₂O₃ as the stabilizer to enhance structural stability. The improvements are achieved through two mechanisms: restricting the thermal movement of the active site and facilitating lattice oxygen migration. Density functional theory calculations suggest that both CaO and La₂O₃ promote the detachment of lattice oxygen from NiFe₂O₄. Experimental results demonstrate that the NF@CaLa carrier exhibits a total gas production of 857.4 ml/g at 650 °C with a hydrogen selectivity of 50 %, while maintaining stable performance over 50 cycles. The decarbonized Fe-based oxygen carrier modulates the size and morphology of the active nanoparticles through interactions among the active sites, decarbonizer, and stabilizer, which enhances the size effect. Furthermore, the incorporation of CaO shifts the reaction equilibrium, further improving reactivity. The stabilizer, La₂O₃, ensures the structural integrity of the oxygen carrier throughout the cycling process.

在化学循环周期中，铁基氧载体通常会出现团聚和相分离现象。为了解决这些问题，本研究开发了一种脱碳铁基氧载体，以 NiFe2O4 作为活性位点，CaO 作为脱碳剂，La2O3 作为稳定剂，以增强结构稳定性。这些改进是通过两种机制实现的：限制活性位点的热运动和促进晶格氧迁移。密度泛函理论计算表明，CaO 和 La2O3 都能促进晶格氧从 NiFe2O4 上脱离。实验结果表明，NF@CaLa 载体在 650 ℃ 时的总产气量为 857.4 毫升/克，氢气选择性为 50%，同时在 50 次循环中保持稳定的性能。脱碳铁基氧载体通过活性位点、脱碳剂和稳定剂之间的相互作用调节活性纳米粒子的尺寸和形态，从而增强了尺寸效应。此外，CaO 的加入改变了反应平衡，进一步提高了反应活性。稳定剂 La2O3 可确保氧载体在整个循环过程中的结构完整性。

{"title":"Mechanism of lattice oxygen migration in decarburized Fe-based oxygen carriers to chemical looping gasification","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121456","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121456","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In chemical looping cycling, Fe-based oxygen carriers often suffer from agglomeration and phase separation. This study addresses these issues by developing a decarbonized Fe-based oxygen carrier with NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> as the active site, CaO as the decarbonizer, and La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> as the stabilizer to enhance structural stability. The improvements are achieved through two mechanisms: restricting the thermal movement of the active site and facilitating lattice oxygen migration. Density functional theory calculations suggest that both CaO and La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> promote the detachment of lattice oxygen from NiFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. Experimental results demonstrate that the NF@CaLa carrier exhibits a total gas production of 857.4 ml/g at 650 °C with a hydrogen selectivity of 50 %, while maintaining stable performance over 50 cycles. The decarbonized Fe-based oxygen carrier modulates the size and morphology of the active nanoparticles through interactions among the active sites, decarbonizer, and stabilizer, which enhances the size effect. Furthermore, the incorporation of CaO shifts the reaction equilibrium, further improving reactivity. The stabilizer, La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, ensures the structural integrity of the oxygen carrier throughout the cycling process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142358983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermochemical analysis of premixed ammonia/biogas flames in a model gas turbine swirl combustion system 模型燃气轮机漩涡燃烧系统中预混合氨/生物气火焰的热化学分析

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121478

This study examined the premixed NH₃/biogas combustion at near stoichiometric using an experimentally validated numerical method. Raising the NH₃ wt.% in NH₃/CH₄ combustion at φ = 0.8 brought up the average reaction temperature (T_avg) due to heat retention. Intensified by CO₂ addition, T_avg in NH₃/biogas increased by a factor of 1.2 compared to NH₃/CH₄. At φ = 1.1, higher NH₃ and CO₂ wt.% reduced T_avg. The local Damköhler number (Da) was reduced marginally in the absence of CO₂ as φ increased from 0.8 to 1.1. Conversely, local Da grew considerably in the presence of CO₂ and was particularly sensitive to variations in the excess air ratio. Increased NH₃ wt.% promoted NO emission, primarily via N + OH → NO + H and H + HCNO → CH₂ + NO pathways. NH₃/biogas produced more NO than NH₃/CH₄ from φ = 0.9 to 1.1, but as φ approached 1.1, NO is generally lowered. N₂O is produced mainly by NH + NO → N₂O + H. Fuel-lean operation generally results in a higher N₂O than fuel-rich operation. The NH₃/biogas combustion at φ = 0.8 is a potential clean fuel solution in lowering NO emissions, as compared to NH₃/CH₄ combustion.

本研究采用经过实验验证的数值方法，研究了 NH3/沼气在接近化学计量时的预混合燃烧。在 φ = 0.8 的条件下，提高 NH3/CH4 燃烧中的 NH3 重量百分比，会因热量滞留而提高平均反应温度 (Tavg)。加入 CO2 后，NH3/沼气中的 Tavg 比 NH3/CH4 增加了 1.2 倍。当 φ = 1.1 时，较高的 NH3 和 CO2 重量百分比会降低 Tavg。在没有 CO2 的情况下，当 φ 从 0.8 升至 1.1 时，局部达姆克勒数（Da）略有降低。相反，在有 CO2 的情况下，局部达姆克勒数（Da）显著增加，并且对过量空气比率的变化特别敏感。NH3 重量百分比的增加促进了 NO 的排放，主要是通过 N + OH → NO + H 和 H + HCNO → CH2 + NO 途径。从 φ = 0.9 到 1.1，NH3/沼气产生的 NO 多于 NH3/CH4，但当φ接近 1.1 时，NO 普遍降低。N2O 主要是由 NH + NO → N2O + H 产生的。与 NH3/CH4 燃烧相比，φ = 0.8 时的 NH3/ 沼气燃烧是一种降低 NO 排放的潜在清洁燃料解决方案。

{"title":"Thermochemical analysis of premixed ammonia/biogas flames in a model gas turbine swirl combustion system","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121478","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121478","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examined the premixed NH<sub>3</sub>/biogas combustion at near stoichiometric using an experimentally validated numerical method. Raising the NH<sub>3</sub> wt.% in NH<sub>3</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> combustion at <em>φ</em> = 0.8 brought up the average reaction temperature (T<sub>avg</sub>) due to heat retention. Intensified by CO<sub>2</sub> addition, T<sub>avg</sub> in NH<sub>3</sub>/biogas increased by a factor of 1.2 compared to NH<sub>3</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub>. At <em>φ</em> = 1.1, higher NH<sub>3</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> wt.% reduced T<sub>avg</sub>. The local Damköhler number (Da) was reduced marginally in the absence of CO<sub>2</sub> as <em>φ</em> increased from 0.8 to 1.1. Conversely, local Da grew considerably in the presence of CO<sub>2</sub> and was particularly sensitive to variations in the excess air ratio. Increased NH<sub>3</sub> wt.% promoted NO emission, primarily via N + OH → NO + H and H + HCNO → CH<sub>2</sub> + NO pathways. NH<sub>3</sub>/biogas produced more NO than NH<sub>3</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> from <em>φ</em> = 0.9 to 1.1, but as <em>φ</em> approached 1.1, NO is generally lowered. N<sub>2</sub>O is produced mainly by NH + NO → N<sub>2</sub>O + H. Fuel-lean operation generally results in a higher N<sub>2</sub>O than fuel-rich operation. The NH<sub>3</sub>/biogas combustion at <em>φ</em> = 0.8 is a potential clean fuel solution in lowering NO emissions, as compared to NH<sub>3</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> combustion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142359077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An experimental study on performance improvement of concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) systems using phase change materials (PCMs) 利用相变材料（PCM）提高聚光光伏（CPV）系统性能的实验研究

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121458

This study was conducted experimentally to investigate the effect of cooling on the efficiency of concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) systems using phase change materials (PCMs). The influence of the type of PCM, sun concentration factor, and volume of the cooling tank was also examined. An experimental setup was built to test the CPV system. A concentrator with a surface area of 0.36 cm² and a panel with dimensions of 7 × 13 cm² were utilized. A cooling tank was used behind the panel that was filled with PCM and latently absorbed the heat produced by the panel during electricity generation. The results showed that using PCM with higher latent heat led to better results. Also, increasing the concentration factor and increasing the volume of the cooling tank increased the system power. It was indicated that using paraffin C₃₈ results in a 280 % increase in power output, compared to a 144 % increase when paraffin C₂₀ is utilized, relative to scenarios without any PCM. A PCM tank with a thickness of 1 cm yielded approximately a 70 % boost in power output. This enhancement increased to about 104 % with a 2 cm thick tank and reached around 214 % with a 3 cm thick tank.

本研究通过实验探讨了冷却对使用相变材料（PCM）的聚光光伏（CPV）系统效率的影响。研究还考察了 PCM 类型、太阳浓度系数和冷却槽容积的影响。为测试 CPV 系统建立了一个实验装置。使用了一个表面积为 0.36 平方厘米的聚光器和一个尺寸为 7 × 13 平方厘米的面板。电池板后面有一个冷却槽，槽内装满了 PCM，可以吸收电池板在发电过程中产生的热量。结果表明，使用潜热较高的 PCM 可以获得更好的效果。此外，提高浓缩系数和增加冷却槽的容积也会增加系统功率。结果表明，与不使用任何 PCM 的情况相比，使用石蜡 C38 可使功率输出提高 280%，而使用石蜡 C20 则只能提高 144%。厚度为 1 厘米的 PCM 罐的功率输出提高了约 70%。厚度为 2 厘米的 PCM 罐的功率输出提高了约 104%，厚度为 3 厘米的 PCM 罐的功率输出提高了约 214%。

{"title":"An experimental study on performance improvement of concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) systems using phase change materials (PCMs)","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121458","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121458","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study was conducted experimentally to investigate the effect of cooling on the efficiency of concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) systems using phase change materials (PCMs). The influence of the type of PCM, sun concentration factor, and volume of the cooling tank was also examined. An experimental setup was built to test the CPV system. A concentrator with a surface area of 0.36 cm<sup>2</sup> and a panel with dimensions of 7 × 13 cm<sup>2</sup> were utilized. A cooling tank was used behind the panel that was filled with PCM and latently absorbed the heat produced by the panel during electricity generation. The results showed that using PCM with higher latent heat led to better results. Also, increasing the concentration factor and increasing the volume of the cooling tank increased the system power. It was indicated that using paraffin C<sub>38</sub> results in a 280 % increase in power output, compared to a 144 % increase when paraffin C<sub>20</sub> is utilized, relative to scenarios without any PCM. A PCM tank with a thickness of 1 cm yielded approximately a 70 % boost in power output. This enhancement increased to about 104 % with a 2 cm thick tank and reached around 214 % with a 3 cm thick tank.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142319819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimization and analysis of the deflector system for a bidirectional H-type hydrokinetic twin-turbine system 双向 H 型水动力双涡轮系统偏转器系统的优化与分析

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121462

Integrating deflectors enables H-type vertical axis hydrokinetic turbines (H-VAHTs) to effectively harness energy in bidirectional tidal regions. Despite advances in studies of individual turbines, a research void persists in adapting these enhancements for turbine clusters within bidirectional flows. Addressing this, this study introduces a numerical framework dedicated to refining deflector configurations, seeking to boost the performance across the twin-turbine system. The optimization results demonstrate that the turbine's average power output in the optimized twin-turbine system is 1.5 times higher than the single H-VAHT. Regarding turbine static startup, numerical results show that without deflectors, the static torque coefficients of the turbines within the twin-turbine system are nearly identical to those of single H-VAHTs. However, with the introduction of optimized deflectors, the average static torque coefficients of the two turbines increase by 46.4 % and 92.8 %, significantly improving the self-starting performance. The enhancement in performance is due to the flow collection and localized high-speed flow. Furthermore, the twin-turbine system with deflectors exhibited high power output within a range of 120° of flow direction.

集成偏转器使 H 型垂直轴水动力涡轮机（H-VAHT）能够在双向潮汐区有效利用能量。尽管对单个涡轮机的研究取得了进展，但在将这些增强技术应用于双向流中的涡轮机群方面仍存在研究空白。为解决这一问题，本研究引入了一个数值框架，专门用于改进导流板配置，以提高整个双涡轮系统的性能。优化结果表明，优化后的双涡轮系统的涡轮平均功率输出是单个 H-VAHT 的 1.5 倍。在涡轮机静态启动方面，数值结果表明，在没有导流板的情况下，双涡轮系统中涡轮机的静态扭矩系数几乎与单个 H-VAHT 相同。然而，引入优化导流板后，两台涡轮机的平均静态扭矩系数分别增加了 46.4% 和 92.8%，显著提高了自启动性能。性能的提高得益于流量收集和局部高速流动。此外，带导流板的双涡轮系统在流向 120° 范围内表现出较高的功率输出。

{"title":"Optimization and analysis of the deflector system for a bidirectional H-type hydrokinetic twin-turbine system","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121462","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.renene.2024.121462","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrating deflectors enables H-type vertical axis hydrokinetic turbines (H-VAHTs) to effectively harness energy in bidirectional tidal regions. Despite advances in studies of individual turbines, a research void persists in adapting these enhancements for turbine clusters within bidirectional flows. Addressing this, this study introduces a numerical framework dedicated to refining deflector configurations, seeking to boost the performance across the twin-turbine system. The optimization results demonstrate that the turbine's average power output in the optimized twin-turbine system is 1.5 times higher than the single H-VAHT. Regarding turbine static startup, numerical results show that without deflectors, the static torque coefficients of the turbines within the twin-turbine system are nearly identical to those of single H-VAHTs. However, with the introduction of optimized deflectors, the average static torque coefficients of the two turbines increase by 46.4 % and 92.8 %, significantly improving the self-starting performance. The enhancement in performance is due to the flow collection and localized high-speed flow. Furthermore, the twin-turbine system with deflectors exhibited high power output within a range of 120° of flow direction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":419,"journal":{"name":"Renewable Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142323828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0