Renewable Energy最新文献_第3页

A novel linear programming-based predictive control method for building battery operations with reduced cost and enhanced computational efficiency 基于线性规划的新型建筑电池运行预测控制方法，可降低成本并提高计算效率

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121847

Cheng Fan , Mengyan Lu , Yongjun Sun , Dekun Liang

Battery energy storage systems can be readily integrated with buildings to enhance renewable energy self-consumptions while leveraging time-variant electricity tariffs for possible operation cost reductions. The extensive variability in building operating conditions presents significant challenges in developing universally applicable methods for optimal controls. To ensure reliable and robust controls, this study integrates predictive control with efficient linear programming to effectively fine-tune battery controls for real-time operations. An adaptive time aggregation scheme has been proposed to streamline the optimization process by accounting for unique changes in energy balances and tariffs. Comprehensive data experiments, based on measurements from 95 unique building operation scenarios, have been conducted to quantify the control performance given different optimization formulations, varying types and levels of prediction uncertainties in building energy demands and PV generations. The results validate the value of the method proposed, leading to 11.75 %–34.63 % operation cost reductions on average, while reducing computation steps by 87.75 %–92.60 % compared with conventional linear programming approaches. The insights obtained are useful for developing flexible building control strategies with improved computation efficiency and robustness, while providing extensible optimization frameworks for buildings with various energy patterns and storage systems.

电池储能系统可随时与建筑物集成，以提高可再生能源的自我消耗，同时利用随时间变化的电价来降低运营成本。建筑物运行条件的广泛可变性给开发普遍适用的优化控制方法带来了巨大挑战。为确保可靠、稳健的控制，本研究将预测控制与高效线性编程相结合，以有效微调电池控制，实现实时运行。本研究提出了一种自适应时间聚合方案，通过考虑能量平衡和电价的独特变化来简化优化过程。基于 95 个独特建筑运行场景的测量数据，进行了综合数据实验，以量化不同优化公式、建筑能源需求和光伏发电预测不确定性的不同类型和水平下的控制性能。结果验证了所提方法的价值，与传统的线性规划方法相比，该方法平均降低了 11.75 %-34.63 % 的运营成本，同时减少了 87.75 %-92.60 % 的计算步骤。所获得的见解有助于开发灵活的楼宇控制策略，提高计算效率和鲁棒性，同时为具有各种能源模式和存储系统的楼宇提供可扩展的优化框架。

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引用次数: 0

A theoretical study on the insights of designing and optimization of a CsSn(IxBr1-x)3 based solar cell 基于硒化锑(IxBr1-x)3 的太阳能电池的设计和优化见解的理论研究

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121852

Rupam Sinha

This work focuses on designing and optimizing a lead-free perovskite solar cell. The significance of band gap grading in obtaining better performance of the solar cell was studied in detail with CsSn(I_xBr_1-x)₃ (

0 \leq x \leq 1

) being used as the active absorber material. The device showed a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of

\sim 32.32 %

when the interfacial defects were not considered. The optimum thickness was obtained to be 1 μm, and the corresponding doping concentration was 10²⁰ cm⁻³. Further, a detailed discussion on the band diagrams, electric fields, and different recombination processes has been carried out in this work to get an idea about the varying PCE values at different operating conditions. The presence of Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination at various temperature values was observed, which partially contributed to the reduction in PCE values at higher temperatures. This work also discusses briefly about the probable losses involved with the device, which may be considered as the plausible reasons for obtaining PCE values less than the Shockley Quisser (SQ) limit. This information opens up a wide window for researchers to experimentally fabricate solar cells with proper cautions so that a device with PCE value exceeding SQ limit can be made available commercially.

这项研究的重点是设计和优化无铅过氧化物太阳能电池。以 CsSn（IxBr1-x）3（0≤x≤1）为活性吸收材料，详细研究了带隙分级对提高太阳能电池性能的重要意义。在不考虑界面缺陷的情况下，该器件的最大功率转换效率（PCE）为 32.32%。最佳厚度为 1 μm，相应的掺杂浓度为 1020 cm-3。此外，本研究还对带图、电场和不同的重组过程进行了详细讨论，以了解不同工作条件下的不同 PCE 值。观察到在不同温度值下存在肖克利-雷德-霍尔（SRH）重组，这在一定程度上导致了较高温度下 PCE 值的降低。这项工作还简要讨论了该器件可能涉及的损耗，这些损耗可被视为获得小于肖克利-奎塞尔（SQ）极限的 PCE 值的合理原因。这些信息为研究人员打开了一扇广阔的窗口，使他们能够在实验中小心谨慎地制造太阳能电池，从而使 PCE 值超过 SQ 限值的设备能够在市场上销售。

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引用次数: 0

External environmental costs of electricity generation using a life cycle approach: A case study of Spain 采用生命周期法计算发电的外部环境成本：西班牙案例研究

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121849

Guillermo San Miguel

Electricity generation produces impacts on the natural and human environment that need to be measured and properly managed. This investigation describes the potential of integrating LCA with monetary valuation to quantify the magnitude of these impacts in economic terms (€). Fourteen power generation technologies (5 fossil, 8 renewable and nuclear, based in Spain) were evaluated using LCA on 18 midpoint and 3 endpoint categories, as listed in ReCiPe2016. The results showed very high external costs in fossil technologies (from 435 to 636 €/MWh for coal-based to 109–154 €/MWh for natural gas) and significantly lower for renewables (5–77 €/MWh) and nuclear (3.3 €/MWh), with higher values corresponding to biomass and lowest to wind power and nuclear. External costs from fossil technologies were dominated by damage to human health caused by climate change, particulate emissions and exhaustion of fossil resources generated during the operation stage. External costs from renewables were dominated by the same categories plus exhaustion of mineral resources, in this case produced during the extraction of raw materials stage. These results demonstrate the profound unsustainability of fossil, whose external costs largely exceed wholesale market prices.

发电对自然和人类环境造成的影响需要加以衡量和妥善管理。本研究介绍了将生命周期评估与货币估值相结合，以经济价值（欧元）量化这些影响的潜力。根据 ReCiPe2016 列出的 18 个中点和 3 个终点类别，使用生命周期评估对 14 种发电技术（5 种化石发电技术、8 种可再生能源发电技术和核电技术，均位于西班牙）进行了评估。结果显示，化石技术的外部成本非常高（煤炭技术为 435 至 636 欧元/兆瓦时，天然气技术为 109 至 154 欧元/兆瓦时），而可再生能源技术（5 至 77 欧元/兆瓦时）和核能技术（3.3 欧元/兆瓦时）的外部成本明显较低，生物质能技术的外部成本较高，而风能和核能技术的外部成本最低。化石技术的外部成本主要是气候变化、微粒排放和运行阶段产生的化石资源枯竭对人类健康造成的损害。可再生能源的外部成本主要来自于相同类别以及矿物资源的耗竭，在这种情况下，矿物资源是在原材料提取阶段产生的。这些结果表明，化石能源的外部成本大大超过了市场批发价格，因而极不具有可持续性。

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引用次数: 0

Performance enhancement of photovoltaic/thermal system using dimpled channel subjected to forced convection 利用受强制对流作用的凹槽提高光伏/热系统的性能

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121851

Ashif Perwez, Ashwaq Ahmaed, Da Li, Xiong Zheng, Guangzhao Qin

To alleviate the energy and environmental problems caused by traditional energy consumption, the evolution of green energy such as solar energy has been recently encouraged by policymakers. For better extraction of available solar energy, a hybrid system, termed a photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system, has been developed owing to its effectiveness in the performance enhancement of photovoltaic (PV) cells. In this work, a novel PV/T system containing a dimpled teardrop plate was proposed, which can significantly reduce the temperature and enhance the efficiency of PV cells due to the enhanced heat transfer of the dimpled teardrop structures distributed regularly on the plate. As a result, the steady temperature of the PV cell under 95 mW·cm-2 irradiance was reduced from 67.0 to 32.8 °C and the corresponding maximum power was improved from 209.66 to 232.60 mW when Reynolds number (Re) is 4268, showing a significantly high-power enhancement of 13.79 %. Meanwhile, the efficiency enhancement of the PV/T system with a dimpled teardrop plate is better than that with a flat plate, which proves the effectiveness of dimpled teardrop structures. Furthermore, the influence of Re on the heat transfer performance of the PV/T system is also systematically analysed. A numerical simulation has also been carried out, which provides a detailed flow analysis through dimpled and flat PV/T systems. This work is helpful in the promotion of PV/T technology in PV power stations.

为了缓解传统能源消耗带来的能源和环境问题，决策者最近鼓励发展太阳能等绿色能源。为了更好地利用太阳能，人们开发了一种被称为光伏/热（PV/T）系统的混合系统，因为它能有效地提高光伏（PV）电池的性能。这项研究提出了一种包含凹陷水滴板的新型 PV/T 系统，由于板上规则分布的凹陷水滴结构增强了传热，因此可以显著降低光伏电池的温度并提高其效率。结果，当雷诺数（Re）为 4268 时，光伏电池在 95 mW-cm-2 辐照度下的稳定温度从 67.0 ℃ 降至 32.8 ℃，相应的最大功率从 209.66 mW 提高到 232.60 mW，功率提高了 13.79%。同时，采用凹陷水滴板的 PV/T 系统的效率提升效果优于采用平板的系统，这证明了凹陷水滴结构的有效性。此外，还系统分析了 Re 对 PV/T 系统传热性能的影响。还进行了数值模拟，详细分析了流经凹陷和平板 PV/T 系统的流动情况。这项工作有助于在光伏电站中推广 PV/T 技术。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical study on efficiency and applicability of prefabricated modular ground heat exchangers in shallow depth 浅层预制模块式地热交换器的效率和适用性数值研究

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121857

Hobyung Chae , Yujin Nam

This study developed and validated a CFD model to evaluate the performance of modular ground heat exchangers (GHEs) compared to vertical closed-loop GHEs. The reliability of the model was confirmed through comparison with field experiment data, with RMSE values of 0.35 °C and 0.27 °C for inlet and outlet temperatures, respectively. Additionally, the performance of modular GHEs installed at shallow depths was evaluated under various external environmental conditions, revealing a temperature difference of approximately 7 °C between the intermediate and cooling periods. A comparison of the performance of modular and vertical GHEs of the same heat exchanger length showed that, when a constant heat load of 2 kW was maintained for 100 h, the temperature in the vertical GHE increased to 32.8 °C, while the modular GHE reached 38.5 °C. Despite the high thermal conductivity resulting from ground heat storage effects, the modular GHE exhibited a greater temperature increase due to its shallow installation depth compared to the vertical GHE. On the other hand, as the thermal conductivity of the ground decreased, the temperature difference between the two systems also decreased. These results suggest that modular GHEs can be a cost-effective and efficient solution, particularly in regions with low ground thermal conductivity.

本研究开发并验证了一个 CFD 模型，用于评估模块式地热交换器（GHEs）与垂直闭环地热交换器（GHEs）相比的性能。通过与现场实验数据对比，确认了模型的可靠性，入口和出口温度的 RMSE 值分别为 0.35 ℃ 和 0.27 ℃。此外，还在各种外部环境条件下评估了安装在浅层的模块式 GHE 的性能，结果表明中间期和冷却期的温差约为 7 ℃。对具有相同换热器长度的模块式和立式 GHE 的性能进行比较后发现，当 2 kW 的恒定热负荷维持 100 小时时，立式 GHE 的温度升至 32.8 °C，而模块式 GHE 则达到 38.5 °C。尽管地热储存效应产生了较高的热传导率，但与垂直式地热供暖器相比，模块式地热供暖器由于安装深度较浅，温度上升幅度更大。另一方面，随着地面导热系数的降低，两个系统之间的温差也在缩小。这些结果表明，模块式 GHE 是一种经济高效的解决方案，特别是在地面导热系数较低的地区。

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引用次数: 0

Trends in solar radiation across Bangladesh during 1983–2022: A multi-method analysis 1983-2022 年期间孟加拉国各地的太阳辐射趋势：多方法分析

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121812

Md Mehedi Hasan Prodhan , Md Bashirul Islam , Nosin Tarannum , Md Rabby Hasan

Solar radiation is a crucial indicator of solar energy potential, agricultural productivity, hydrological cycles, and precipitation patterns. This study employed three traditional approaches (Linear Regression Analysis (LRA), Mann-Kendall (MK)/Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) tests, and Spearman Rank Correlation (SRC)) alongside Innovative Trend Analysis (ITA), to detect seasonal and annual solar radiation trends across 15 stations in Bangladesh during 1983–2022. ITA revealed the highest annual increasing trend at Sitakunda (34.56 MJ/year) and the highest decreasing trend at Dhaka (−27.89 MJ/year). While traditional methods identified 61 significant (p < 0.05) trends, ITA surpassed them by detecting 70 significant (p < 0.05) trends out of 75 data series. Notably, nearly all significant trends identified by traditional methods were also captured by ITA (58 data series), demonstrating its effectiveness in uncovering hidden trends. The trends observed at most stations were likely influenced by variations in anthropogenic aerosol loadings and sunshine durations. A comprehensive comparison of ITA, LRA, SRC, and MK/MMK tests highlights their distinct advantages. The outcomes of this study are significant for advancing solar energy technologies, mitigating climate change impacts, and enhancing agricultural productivity. Moreover, they offer valuable insights for managing hydrological cycles and water resources, aiding policymakers and practitioners in developing sustainable strategies.

太阳辐射是太阳能潜力、农业生产力、水文循环和降水模式的重要指标。本研究采用了三种传统方法（线性回归分析法（LRA）、曼-肯德尔（MK）/修正曼-肯德尔（MMK）检验法和斯皮尔曼等级相关法（SRC））以及创新趋势分析法（ITA），以检测 1983-2022 年期间孟加拉国 15 个站点的季节和年度太阳辐射量趋势。创新趋势分析显示，Sitakunda 的年增长趋势最高（34.56 兆焦耳/年），达卡的下降趋势最高（-27.89 兆焦耳/年）。传统方法发现了 61 种显著趋势（p < 0.05），而 ITA 则超越了传统方法，在 75 个数据序列中发现了 70 种显著趋势（p < 0.05）。值得注意的是，ITA 也捕捉到了传统方法发现的几乎所有重要趋势（58 个数据序列），这证明了它在发现隐藏趋势方面的有效性。大多数站点观测到的趋势可能受到人为气溶胶负荷和日照时间变化的影响。ITA、LRA、SRC 和 MK/MMK 试验的综合比较凸显了它们的独特优势。这项研究的成果对于推动太阳能技术、减轻气候变化影响和提高农业生产力具有重要意义。此外，它们还为管理水文循环和水资源提供了宝贵的见解，有助于政策制定者和实践者制定可持续战略。

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引用次数: 0

Design and application optimization of static and dynamic shading technologies in multi-climate based on parameter simulation 基于参数模拟的多气候条件下静态和动态遮阳技术的设计与应用优化

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121846

Shuangdui Wu , Peijin Zhu , Junkang Song , Hongli Sun , Zhu Cheng , Borong Lin

Efficient shading is an important channel to realize energy savings. Static and dynamic shading technologies are diverse and complex but improper use can lead to additional burdens. This study explores the design and application of shadings in multiple climates. Single-parameter and multi-parameter simulations were carried out to obtain the best energy-efficient design of shading parameters and to clarify the differences in climate adaptation of shading devices. Results show that for louver-shading design, high-latitude cities with larger window and wider slats can better control low-angle sunlight, while low-latitude cities need smaller window and larger shading angle to control high-intensity solar radiation. For adaptive shading design, hot cities should adopt lower phase change temperature based on small windows and cooler cities should adopt larger windows and it is relatively difficult to stimulate phase change. For application, thermochromic adaptive window (TAW) has the best energy performance, followed by cooling-excited tracking louver shading (CLSW) and static louver shading window (SLSW), while track louver shading window (TLSW) consistently consume the most energy. The difference in energy consumption between TLSW and TAW is as high as 8 to 14.5 kWh/m². This study is expected to clarify the design and application of shading strategies from a bidirectional perspective.

高效遮阳是实现节能的重要渠道。静态和动态遮阳技术多样而复杂，但使用不当会导致额外负担。本研究探讨了多种气候条件下的遮阳设计和应用。通过单参数和多参数模拟，获得遮阳参数的最佳节能设计，并阐明遮阳设备在气候适应性方面的差异。结果表明，对于百叶遮阳设计，高纬度城市采用较大的窗户和较宽的板条可以更好地控制低角度的太阳光，而低纬度城市则需要较小的窗户和较大的遮阳角度来控制高强度的太阳辐射。在自适应遮阳设计方面，炎热的城市应在小窗的基础上采用较低的相变温度，而凉爽的城市则应采用较大的窗户，且相变刺激相对较难。在应用方面，热致变色自适应窗（TAW）的能耗性能最好，其次是冷激跟踪百叶遮阳窗（CLSW）和静态百叶遮阳窗（SLSW），而跟踪百叶遮阳窗（TLSW）的能耗始终最高。TLSW 和 TAW 的能耗差异高达 8-14.5 kWh/m2。这项研究有望从双向角度阐明遮阳策略的设计和应用。

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引用次数: 0

Advancing sustainable EV charging infrastructure: A hybrid solar-wind fast charging station with demand response 推进可持续电动汽车充电基础设施：具有需求响应功能的太阳能-风能混合快速充电站

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121843

Li He , Zhixin Wu

This study aims to design an efficient hybrid solar-wind fast charging station with an energy storage system (ESS) to maximize station efficiency and reduce grid dependence. The research employs Monte Carlo simulation to capture renewable energy source (RES) uncertainties, models stochastic electric vehicles (EVs) driver behavior and fleet diversity, and utilizes an Erlang B queuing model for EV load demand estimation. A hybrid optimization approach combining the Binary-Gravitational Search Optimization Algorithm (B-GOA) and the Non-dominated Crowding Sort Optimization Algorithm (NCSOA) is implemented for efficient optimization in a combined binary-continuous solution space. Results demonstrate superior performance of the proposed approach compared to existing methods, with high-RES penetration significantly reducing grid reliance. This study contributes to advancing sustainable EV charging infrastructure development and enhancing overall grid stability through improved load flexibility and demand response management. The analysis reveals Scenario IV as the most economically viable, with the highest Net Present Value of 1,025,895.32€. Most scenarios favor 5 chargers (44–46 kW) and 4 Type 3 wind generators. Battery capacity varies widely (108–372 kWh), as does grid connection (0–292 kW). Despite varying initial investments, Scenarios II-VII show a consistent 4-year Internal Rate of Return, indicating good economic potential across different configurations.

本研究旨在设计一种带有储能系统（ESS）的高效太阳能-风能混合快速充电站，以最大限度地提高充电站效率并减少对电网的依赖。研究采用蒙特卡罗模拟来捕捉可再生能源（RES）的不确定性，建立随机电动汽车（EV）驾驶员行为和车队多样性模型，并利用 Erlang B 队列模型进行电动汽车负载需求估算。为了在二元连续解空间中进行高效优化，采用了二元轨道搜索优化算法（B-GOA）和非支配拥挤排序优化算法（NCSOA）相结合的混合优化方法。研究结果表明，与现有方法相比，所提出的方法性能更优越，高 RES 渗透率大大降低了对电网的依赖。这项研究有助于推动可持续电动汽车充电基础设施的发展，并通过提高负载灵活性和需求响应管理来增强整体电网的稳定性。分析表明，方案 IV 最具经济可行性，净现值最高，为 1,025,895.32 欧元。大多数方案倾向于使用 5 台充电器（44-46 千瓦）和 4 台 3 类风力发电机。电池容量差异很大（108-372 千瓦时），电网连接也是如此（0-292 千瓦）。尽管初始投资各不相同，但方案 II-VII 显示出一致的 4 年内部收益率，表明不同配置具有良好的经济潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Optimization of regional power low-carbon transition pathways in China under differentiated tradable green certificates trading models 差异化可交易绿证交易模式下的中国区域电力低碳转型路径优化

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121845

Yu Hu , Jialin Li , Yuanying Chi , Yi Zheng

In line with China's carbon dioxide peaking and carbon neutrality goals, the widespread adoption of renewable energy has become a key global and national trend. Tradable Green Certificates (TGC), used as a policy tool to implement the Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) system, stimulate the supply and demand for renewable energy. China's current TGC trading model comprises Electricity Certificate Combination (ECC) and Electricity Certificate Separation (ECS). These models lead to varying low-carbon transition pathways in the regional power sector. This study investigates the development trends of low-carbon power under different TGC models, aiming to identify the optimal transition path. By formulating policy parameters from a global optimization perspective, this study considers factors such as power balance, natural resource allocation, technological constraints, and carbon reduction policies. Using a bottom-up optimization model for energy expansion, the study analyzes the impacts of different market models and carbon emission reduction pressures on China's low-carbon power transition from 2023 to 2050. The recommendation is first to use the ECC model to promote renewable energy development by 2030, then transition to the ECS model to optimize TGC benefits, achieving a balanced approach to carbon reduction, economic costs, and social costs for the sustainable development of electricity.

随着中国二氧化碳峰值和碳中和目标的实现，广泛采用可再生能源已成为全球和国家的主要趋势。可交易绿色证书（TGC）作为实施可再生能源组合标准（RPS）制度的政策工具，刺激了可再生能源的供需。中国目前的绿色证书交易模式包括电力证书组合（ECC）和电力证书分离（ECS）。这些模式导致地区电力部门的低碳转型路径各不相同。本研究探讨了不同电力证书交易模式下低碳电力的发展趋势，旨在找出最佳过渡路径。通过从全局优化的角度制定政策参数，本研究考虑了电力平衡、自然资源分配、技术约束和碳减排政策等因素。研究采用自下而上的能源扩张优化模型，分析了 2023 至 2050 年不同市场模式和碳减排压力对中国低碳电力转型的影响。建议在 2030 年前首先采用 ECC 模式促进可再生能源发展，然后过渡到 ECS 模式优化 TGC 效益，实现碳减排、经济成本和社会成本的平衡，促进电力的可持续发展。

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引用次数: 0

Efficient H2 evolution over MoS2-NiS2/g-C3N4 S-scheme photocatalyst with NiS2 as electron mediator 以 NiS2 为电子介质的 MoS2-NiS2/g-C3N4 S 型光催化剂的高效 H2 演化

IF 9 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable Energy

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.121773

Jiahui Xia , Siqian Xing , Tao Sun , Haixia Ma , Ting Gao , Enzhou Liu

Low-cost transition metal sulfides are commonly utilized as photocatalysts for H₂ production owing to their exceptional conductivity and superior specific surface area. In this study, MoS₂-NiS₂ nanoflowers with multidimensional space structure was obtained through the sulphuration reaction between S²⁻ and NiMoO₄ under Kirkendall effect during hydrothermal reaction. Subsequently, MoS₂-NiS₂ was loaded on the surface of g-C₃N₄ nanosheets using a solvent self-assembly strategy to form 3D MoS₂-NiS₂/g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions. The experimental results demonstrate that the H₂ production rate of 20 wt% MoS₂-NiS₂/g-C₃N₄ reaches 22153 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ under a 300 W Xe lamp irradiation, which is 59.5 and 201.4-folds than MoS₂-NiS₂ and g-C₃N₄, and surpasses 20 wt% MoS₂/g-C₃N₄ (211 μmolg⁻¹ h⁻¹) and 20 wt% NiS₂/g-C₃N₄ (6183 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹). The XPS and Superoxide radical capture experiments demonstrate that the charge transfer between MoS₂-NiS₂ and g-C₃N₄ follows the S-scheme route, and NiS₂ functions as an electron mediator, facilitating the transfer of electrons from MoS₂ to g-C₃N₄ to consume the holes, which enhances the efficiency of H₂ evolution reaction on g-C₃N₄. Furthermore, the S-scheme heterojunction of MoS₂-NiS₂/g-C₃N₄ with the multidimensional geometric structure can provide abundant active sites for catalytic reactions, this presents a promising approach for the development of cost-effective and high-performance g-C₃N₄-based heterojunctions. This work offers distinctive perspectives on the trajectory of renewable H₂ energy development.

低成本的过渡金属硫化物具有优异的导电性和比表面积，通常被用作生产 H2 的光催化剂。本研究通过水热反应中 S2- 与 NiMoO4 在 Kirkendall 效应下的硫化反应，获得了具有多维空间结构的 MoS2-NiS2 纳米花。随后，利用溶剂自组装策略将 MoS2-NiS2 装载到 g-C3N4 纳米片表面，形成三维 MoS2-NiS2/g-C3N4 异质结。实验结果表明，在 300 W Xe 灯辐照下，20 wt% MoS2-NiS2/g-C3N4 的 H2 产率达到 22153 μmol g-1 h-1，分别是 MoS2-NiS2 和 g-C3N4 的 59.5 倍和 201.4 倍，超过了 20 wt% MoS2/g-C3N4 （211 μmolg-1 h-1）和 20 wt% NiS2/g-C3N4 （6183 μmol g-1 h-1）。XPS 和超氧自由基捕获实验表明，MoS2-NiS2 和 g-C3N4 之间的电荷转移遵循 S 型途径，NiS2 作为电子介质，促进电子从 MoS2 转移到 g-C3N4 上消耗空穴，从而提高了 g-C3N4 上 H2 演化反应的效率。此外，MoS2-NiS2/g-C3N4 的 S 型异质结具有多维几何结构，可为催化反应提供丰富的活性位点，这为开发具有成本效益和高性能的 g-C3N4 基异质结提供了一种前景广阔的方法。这项工作为可再生 H2 能源的发展轨迹提供了独特的视角。

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