Abstract The 3D geoinformation is becoming important for cities and their policies. The cities are therefore exploring the possibilities of 3D virtual city models for more efficient decision making. To maximize the economic benefit of such data, the cities can provide their 3D geospatial data for further usage, and so, new applications can be created. The paper defines a way how the freely available 3D geospatial data of Prague can be transformed from the proprietary data format into the open data model. The 3D geospatial data about the buildings, bridges and digital terrain model were transformed from the 3D shapefile into the CityGML. This is an application independent information model and exchange format. This will allow for the wider use of the 3D city model by different groups of users. The generated CityGML files were further imported into the spatial database with appropriate database CityGML-based scheme. It enables more efficient management and querying of CityGML data. To enable the wider audience to explore the 3D city model, the visualization in the web environment was also explored. The paper also presents the way how the attributes from the external data sources can be connected to the 3D objects in the web environment.
{"title":"Transformation of 3D geospatial data into CityGML – a case of Prague","authors":"K. Janecka","doi":"10.2478/rgg-2019-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2019-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The 3D geoinformation is becoming important for cities and their policies. The cities are therefore exploring the possibilities of 3D virtual city models for more efficient decision making. To maximize the economic benefit of such data, the cities can provide their 3D geospatial data for further usage, and so, new applications can be created. The paper defines a way how the freely available 3D geospatial data of Prague can be transformed from the proprietary data format into the open data model. The 3D geospatial data about the buildings, bridges and digital terrain model were transformed from the 3D shapefile into the CityGML. This is an application independent information model and exchange format. This will allow for the wider use of the 3D city model by different groups of users. The generated CityGML files were further imported into the spatial database with appropriate database CityGML-based scheme. It enables more efficient management and querying of CityGML data. To enable the wider audience to explore the 3D city model, the visualization in the web environment was also explored. The paper also presents the way how the attributes from the external data sources can be connected to the 3D objects in the web environment.","PeriodicalId":42010,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83269484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Seismic events in the area of Poland are related mostly to copper and coal mining, and they are regarded as the most dangerous natural hazard. Although development of geomechanical modelling as the development of geophysical methods determining seismic hazard are evident, low predictability of the time-effect relationship still remains. Geomechanical models as geophysical data analysis highlight the interaction between parts of rock mass or allow to reconstruct the way of rock mass destruction and to understand the processes that take place in the high-energy tremors. However, the association of larger mining tremors with pre-existing geological features has been reported by many investigators; in geomechanical practice, investigations of rock mass condition concentrate on this problem in the local scale. Therefore, the problem of relations between high-energy seismic events in Legnica–Głogów Copper District (LGCD) and regional scale deformations of terrain surface resulting from possible tectonic activity is discussed in this paper. The GNSS data evaluated from the observations of ASG-EUPOS (Active Geodetic Network – EUPOS) stations in the area of LGCD and in the adjacent areas is analysed in this study. Temporal variation of distances between the stations and evaluated on that base so called apparent strain was combined with the occurrence of high-energy tremors. Consequently, after the examination and analysis of occurrences of mining tremors, it is found that high-energy seismic events and periods of strain accumulation evaluated from GPS/GNSS data have temporal relations. Although the seismic events were triggered by mining, nearly all the events with energy E > 108 J occurred in the periods when the analysed stations’ positions demonstrated a decrease in the baseline length.
{"title":"High-energy seismic events in Legnica–Głogów Copper District in light of ASG-EUPOS data","authors":"Z. Szczerbowski","doi":"10.2478/rgg-2019-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2019-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Seismic events in the area of Poland are related mostly to copper and coal mining, and they are regarded as the most dangerous natural hazard. Although development of geomechanical modelling as the development of geophysical methods determining seismic hazard are evident, low predictability of the time-effect relationship still remains. Geomechanical models as geophysical data analysis highlight the interaction between parts of rock mass or allow to reconstruct the way of rock mass destruction and to understand the processes that take place in the high-energy tremors. However, the association of larger mining tremors with pre-existing geological features has been reported by many investigators; in geomechanical practice, investigations of rock mass condition concentrate on this problem in the local scale. Therefore, the problem of relations between high-energy seismic events in Legnica–Głogów Copper District (LGCD) and regional scale deformations of terrain surface resulting from possible tectonic activity is discussed in this paper. The GNSS data evaluated from the observations of ASG-EUPOS (Active Geodetic Network – EUPOS) stations in the area of LGCD and in the adjacent areas is analysed in this study. Temporal variation of distances between the stations and evaluated on that base so called apparent strain was combined with the occurrence of high-energy tremors. Consequently, after the examination and analysis of occurrences of mining tremors, it is found that high-energy seismic events and periods of strain accumulation evaluated from GPS/GNSS data have temporal relations. Although the seismic events were triggered by mining, nearly all the events with energy E > 108 J occurred in the periods when the analysed stations’ positions demonstrated a decrease in the baseline length.","PeriodicalId":42010,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88847678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Litynskyi, Svyatoslav Litynskyi, A. Vivat, Mykhailo Fys, A. Brydun
Abstract Modern scanners can perform terrestrial topographic survey with resolution of 1 cm and accuracy of 2 mm in just a few minute‘s time, from the distance of up to 100 meters. However, for surface topographical surveying of large territories or complex industrial objects, it is necessary to conduct geodetic traverses and perform their binding to the points of the geodesic basis. One method of coordinate transferring during surveying is by using the method of inverse linear-angular intersection, which involves the measuring of the respective sides S1, S2 and the β angle between them. This method is more precise than the classical one, which usually contains centring and reduction errors. The linear-angular intersection method can also be used for many applications in engineering geodesy, for laying geodetic traverses, and for binding to the wall based points of ground-surveying.
{"title":"The accuracy investigation of point coordinates’ determination using a fixed basis for high-precision geodesy binding","authors":"V. Litynskyi, Svyatoslav Litynskyi, A. Vivat, Mykhailo Fys, A. Brydun","doi":"10.2478/rgg-2019-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2019-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Modern scanners can perform terrestrial topographic survey with resolution of 1 cm and accuracy of 2 mm in just a few minute‘s time, from the distance of up to 100 meters. However, for surface topographical surveying of large territories or complex industrial objects, it is necessary to conduct geodetic traverses and perform their binding to the points of the geodesic basis. One method of coordinate transferring during surveying is by using the method of inverse linear-angular intersection, which involves the measuring of the respective sides S1, S2 and the β angle between them. This method is more precise than the classical one, which usually contains centring and reduction errors. The linear-angular intersection method can also be used for many applications in engineering geodesy, for laying geodetic traverses, and for binding to the wall based points of ground-surveying.","PeriodicalId":42010,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75206770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Currently, UAVs are intensively being introduced into topographic-photogrammetric production for topographic digital aerial photography and laser scanning. These technologies have a number of advantages: they don’t require specially prepared platforms and launchers, they are relatively inexpensive unlike large aircrafts, and they are safe. However, there are still many unsolved problems for ultralight UAVs, especially when the aerial photography is made. As you know, the requirements for the implementation of the aerial survey process are quite stringent, first of all, for horizontal flight: the angles of inclination must be within 3–5 degrees, since exceeding these tolerances significantly affects the accuracy for determining the spatial coordinates of objects. Therefore, there was an idea to conduct researches of dependences between the pitch α, roll ω and yaw κ. For this purpose, 100 images obtained from aircraft-type UAV ‘Arrow’ developed and created by specialists from Lviv Polytechnic National University and ‘Abris’ were used. As a result of the study, the multiple correlation coefficient and the parameters of the linear regression equation for the angular elements of the exterior orientation of digital images were calculated. In addition, statistical quality evaluations for the obtained regression model were carried out. Analysis of the received data allows to assert that angular elements of exterior orientation are correlated with each other. Therefore, in the further imaging materials, processing it becomes possible to make compensation of this fact and to improve calculation accuracy of spatial coordinates of points.
{"title":"Determining of correlation relationship between roll, pitch, and yaw for UAVs","authors":"V. Hlotov, A. Hunina, M. Yurkiv, Z. Siejka","doi":"10.2478/rgg-2019-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2019-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Currently, UAVs are intensively being introduced into topographic-photogrammetric production for topographic digital aerial photography and laser scanning. These technologies have a number of advantages: they don’t require specially prepared platforms and launchers, they are relatively inexpensive unlike large aircrafts, and they are safe. However, there are still many unsolved problems for ultralight UAVs, especially when the aerial photography is made. As you know, the requirements for the implementation of the aerial survey process are quite stringent, first of all, for horizontal flight: the angles of inclination must be within 3–5 degrees, since exceeding these tolerances significantly affects the accuracy for determining the spatial coordinates of objects. Therefore, there was an idea to conduct researches of dependences between the pitch α, roll ω and yaw κ. For this purpose, 100 images obtained from aircraft-type UAV ‘Arrow’ developed and created by specialists from Lviv Polytechnic National University and ‘Abris’ were used. As a result of the study, the multiple correlation coefficient and the parameters of the linear regression equation for the angular elements of the exterior orientation of digital images were calculated. In addition, statistical quality evaluations for the obtained regression model were carried out. Analysis of the received data allows to assert that angular elements of exterior orientation are correlated with each other. Therefore, in the further imaging materials, processing it becomes possible to make compensation of this fact and to improve calculation accuracy of spatial coordinates of points.","PeriodicalId":42010,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82496227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Urban changes occur as a result of new constructions or destructions of buildings, extensions, excavation works and earth fill arising from urbanization or disasters. The fast and efficient detection of urban changes enables us to update geo-databases and allows effective planning and disaster management. This study concerns the visualization and analysis of urban changes using multi-period point clouds from aerial images. The urban changes in the city centre of the Konya Metropolitan area within arbitrary periods between the years 1951, 1975, 1998 and 2010 were estimated after comparing the point clouds by using the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm. The changes were detected with the point-to-surface distances between the point clouds. The degrees of the changes were expressed with the RMSEs of these point-to-surface distances. In addition, the change size and proportion during the historical periods were analysed. The proposed multi-period change visualization and analysis method ensures strict management against unauthorized building or excavation and more operative urban planning.
{"title":"Urban area change visualization and analysis using high density spatial data from time series aerial images","authors":"C. Altuntas","doi":"10.2478/rgg-2019-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2019-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Urban changes occur as a result of new constructions or destructions of buildings, extensions, excavation works and earth fill arising from urbanization or disasters. The fast and efficient detection of urban changes enables us to update geo-databases and allows effective planning and disaster management. This study concerns the visualization and analysis of urban changes using multi-period point clouds from aerial images. The urban changes in the city centre of the Konya Metropolitan area within arbitrary periods between the years 1951, 1975, 1998 and 2010 were estimated after comparing the point clouds by using the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm. The changes were detected with the point-to-surface distances between the point clouds. The degrees of the changes were expressed with the RMSEs of these point-to-surface distances. In addition, the change size and proportion during the historical periods were analysed. The proposed multi-period change visualization and analysis method ensures strict management against unauthorized building or excavation and more operative urban planning.","PeriodicalId":42010,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78579100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Intensified investment processes in construction have resulted in increased interest in the methods of efficient detection, verification and location of underground utility networks. In addition to the well-known pipe and cable locating equipment, which has increased its efficiency and reliability through the development of technologies, GPRs are becoming more and more popular. This publication presents the results of the experimental research carried out with the use of GPRs manufactured by two different companies as well as the results of the verification of underground utilities in real conditions. The GPRs have worked in the mode of the real-time location of their own position using the GNSS system or robotic total stations. The GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) surveys performed on a test field, consisting of 9 pipes with a known position, were aimed at assessing the accuracy of their identification on echograms. The utility line location errors were determined using three different combinations between the GPR and the locating instrument. It allowed the evaluation of the possibility of using these solutions for detection, verification and location of underground utility networks in the light of the Polish legal regulations and the British specification PAS 128. The verification in real conditions was carried out in a typical urban space, characterised by an intense occurrence of underground utilities, that is, sewage systems, gas pipelines and power cables. It was based on the GESUT database captured from the county geodetic and cartographic documentation centre. The results of the visual analysis of the materials captured with the help of two measurement systems were described in detail, however, the verification was carried out only for one set of data. The authors have presented the procedure of processing echograms and detecting the location of pipeline axes based on their vectorisation. The authors of this research paper have performed a numerical analysis of the compliance of the profiles of utility lines with the information from the base map for two variants of the GPR data integration with the coordinates. The authors of this research paper have also presented an alternative concept of capturing the profile of a utility line in the field based on the processing of GPR data in 3D – the so-called C-scan. The conclusions summarise the possible factors affecting the surveying results and the methods of eliminating sources of errors, both for the GPR and geodetic data.
{"title":"GPR surveying method as a tool for geodetic verification of GESUT database of utilities in the light of BSI PAS128","authors":"Marta Gabrys, Katarzyna Kryszyn, Ł. Ortyl","doi":"10.2478/rgg-2019-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2019-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Intensified investment processes in construction have resulted in increased interest in the methods of efficient detection, verification and location of underground utility networks. In addition to the well-known pipe and cable locating equipment, which has increased its efficiency and reliability through the development of technologies, GPRs are becoming more and more popular. This publication presents the results of the experimental research carried out with the use of GPRs manufactured by two different companies as well as the results of the verification of underground utilities in real conditions. The GPRs have worked in the mode of the real-time location of their own position using the GNSS system or robotic total stations. The GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) surveys performed on a test field, consisting of 9 pipes with a known position, were aimed at assessing the accuracy of their identification on echograms. The utility line location errors were determined using three different combinations between the GPR and the locating instrument. It allowed the evaluation of the possibility of using these solutions for detection, verification and location of underground utility networks in the light of the Polish legal regulations and the British specification PAS 128. The verification in real conditions was carried out in a typical urban space, characterised by an intense occurrence of underground utilities, that is, sewage systems, gas pipelines and power cables. It was based on the GESUT database captured from the county geodetic and cartographic documentation centre. The results of the visual analysis of the materials captured with the help of two measurement systems were described in detail, however, the verification was carried out only for one set of data. The authors have presented the procedure of processing echograms and detecting the location of pipeline axes based on their vectorisation. The authors of this research paper have performed a numerical analysis of the compliance of the profiles of utility lines with the information from the base map for two variants of the GPR data integration with the coordinates. The authors of this research paper have also presented an alternative concept of capturing the profile of a utility line in the field based on the processing of GPR data in 3D – the so-called C-scan. The conclusions summarise the possible factors affecting the surveying results and the methods of eliminating sources of errors, both for the GPR and geodetic data.","PeriodicalId":42010,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87545238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Twenty four hour GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) data acquired monthly for 5 years from 8 CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Station) stations in Central Valley, California are processed and vertical velocities of the points are determined. To process GNSS data, online GNSS data processing service APPS (Automatic Precise Positioning Service) is used. GNSS data downloaded from NGS (National Geodetic Survey) CORS are analyzed and subsidence at these points is portrayed with graphics. It is revealed that elevation changes range from 5 mm uplift in the north to 163 mm subsidence in the southern part of the valley.
{"title":"Subsidence determination in the Central Valley, California","authors":"M. Romero, M. Berber","doi":"10.2478/rgg-2018-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2018-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Twenty four hour GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) data acquired monthly for 5 years from 8 CORS (Continuously Operating Reference Station) stations in Central Valley, California are processed and vertical velocities of the points are determined. To process GNSS data, online GNSS data processing service APPS (Automatic Precise Positioning Service) is used. GNSS data downloaded from NGS (National Geodetic Survey) CORS are analyzed and subsidence at these points is portrayed with graphics. It is revealed that elevation changes range from 5 mm uplift in the north to 163 mm subsidence in the southern part of the valley.","PeriodicalId":42010,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81701432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Nowadays, the growing popularity of terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) allows to obtain a point cloud of many industrial objects along with classic surveying. However, the quality and model’s accuracy in comparison to a real shape seem to be a question, that must be further researched. It is crucial especially for Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis, which, being a part of technical design, estimate the values of construction’s dislocation and deformation. The article describes objects such as headgear with steel support and 4-post headframe with steel sheers. Both supports and sheers were modelled basing on point clouds. All the models were compared to the point cloud. The differences in models’ shape were calculated and the maximal values were determined. The results’ usefulness in FEM analysis was described.
{"title":"Headframe modelling accuracy for finite element method analysis purposes","authors":"Damian Biel, T. Lipecki","doi":"10.2478/rgg-2018-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2018-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nowadays, the growing popularity of terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) allows to obtain a point cloud of many industrial objects along with classic surveying. However, the quality and model’s accuracy in comparison to a real shape seem to be a question, that must be further researched. It is crucial especially for Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis, which, being a part of technical design, estimate the values of construction’s dislocation and deformation. The article describes objects such as headgear with steel support and 4-post headframe with steel sheers. Both supports and sheers were modelled basing on point clouds. All the models were compared to the point cloud. The differences in models’ shape were calculated and the maximal values were determined. The results’ usefulness in FEM analysis was described.","PeriodicalId":42010,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87478695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Records of municipal planning documents directly affect the land use. In this way, the market price of the land is also shaped. Awareness of the economic and social consequences of adapting specific solutions is the primary argument that should condition the local policy in terms of spatial planning. The research results indicate that the network trained with attributes which do not describe a property value by its price was able to estimate it with acceptable and satisfactory results. The possibility to use artificial multilayer networks in spatial policy decision-making seems well founded. The research results show the relevance of the assumption that using them for modeling can be helpful in selecting the most advantageous variant of planning arrangements in a local law document which determines the land use and development, therefore impacts its value.
{"title":"The use of urban indicators in forecasting a real estate value with the use of deep neural network","authors":"A. Bazan-Krzywoszanska, M. Bereta","doi":"10.2478/rgg-2018-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2018-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Records of municipal planning documents directly affect the land use. In this way, the market price of the land is also shaped. Awareness of the economic and social consequences of adapting specific solutions is the primary argument that should condition the local policy in terms of spatial planning. The research results indicate that the network trained with attributes which do not describe a property value by its price was able to estimate it with acceptable and satisfactory results. The possibility to use artificial multilayer networks in spatial policy decision-making seems well founded. The research results show the relevance of the assumption that using them for modeling can be helpful in selecting the most advantageous variant of planning arrangements in a local law document which determines the land use and development, therefore impacts its value.","PeriodicalId":42010,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77682051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The article presents an example of supplementing geotechnical monitoring with geodetic observations. The experimental flood embankment built within the ISMOP project (Information Technology System of Levee Monitoring) was subjected to continuous monitoring based on built-in measuring sensors. The results of geodetic monitoring used for observation of earth-filled flood embankment subjected to external loads are presented in the paper. The tests were carried out on an experimental food embankment forming a closed artificial water reservoir. The observations were carried out for two purposes. The first was long-term monitoring, which was aimed to determine the behaviour of the newly built embankment. The second purpose was to check the reaction of the levee to the simulated flood wave, caused by filling and draining the reservoir. In order to monitor the displacements of the earth-filled embankment, it was necessary to develop the proper methodology. For the needs of research works, an appropriate network of 5 reference points and 48 survey markers has been designed and established. The periodic measurements were carried out using precise robotic total station. The stability of the reference frame was each time checked and displacements of survey markers were determined based on it. The final results allow to reveal the reaction of levee to external loads. The displacement values were referred to the course of the filling and draining experiment to indicate the relationship between them. In the field of long-term monitoring the results clearly imply the dominance of displacements outside the reservoir for points located on the embankment, in contrast to points on the crest and foreground, which do not show significant movements. On the other hand, in the field of testing the embankment reaction to the flood wave, obtaining reliable results was possible thanks to high-accuracy geodetic measurements. Small displacement values, often at the level of their determination errors, were averaged for groups of points with the same height of foundation. A sizable number of points allows to perceive some tendencies and the relation between embankment soaking, hence its movement directions can be noticed. During periods when the levee was still saturated with water, slight movements outside the reservoir were revealed. On the other hand, the following period of drying caused movement in the opposite direction.
摘要本文介绍了一个用大地测量观测补充岩土监测的实例。在ISMOP (Information Technology System of堤防监测信息技术系统)项目中，对实验堤防进行了基于内置测量传感器的连续监测。本文介绍了外荷载作用下填土防洪堤的大地测量监测结果。试验是在一个形成封闭人工水库的试验性食品堤上进行的。进行这些观察有两个目的。第一个是长期监测，目的是确定新建堤防的行为。第二个目的是检查堤防对由水库蓄水和排水引起的模拟洪波的反应。为了监测填土路堤的位移，有必要制定适当的方法。根据研究工作的需要，设计并建立了一个由5个参考点和48个调查标记组成的适当网络。采用精密机器人全站仪进行周期性测量。每次检查参考系的稳定性，并在此基础上确定测量标记的位移。最后的结果揭示了堤防对外部荷载的反应。位移值参考了充填和排水试验过程，以表明它们之间的关系。在长期监测领域，结果清楚地表明，水库外的位移对位于堤岸上的点起主导作用，而波峰和前景上的点则不表现出明显的运动。另一方面，在测试堤防对洪波的反应方面，由于高精度的大地测量，可以获得可靠的结果。对于具有相同基础高度的点组，通常在其确定误差的水平上取小位移值的平均值。相当数量的点可以感知一些趋势和堤防浸泡之间的关系，从而可以注意到其运动方向。在堤防仍被水饱和的时期，水库外的轻微运动显露出来。另一方面，随后一段时间的干燥引起了相反方向的运动。
{"title":"Geodetic monitoring of earth-filled flood embankment subjected to variable loads","authors":"P. Kuras, Ł. Ortyl, T. Owerko, A. Borecka","doi":"10.2478/rgg-2018-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2018-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article presents an example of supplementing geotechnical monitoring with geodetic observations. The experimental flood embankment built within the ISMOP project (Information Technology System of Levee Monitoring) was subjected to continuous monitoring based on built-in measuring sensors. The results of geodetic monitoring used for observation of earth-filled flood embankment subjected to external loads are presented in the paper. The tests were carried out on an experimental food embankment forming a closed artificial water reservoir. The observations were carried out for two purposes. The first was long-term monitoring, which was aimed to determine the behaviour of the newly built embankment. The second purpose was to check the reaction of the levee to the simulated flood wave, caused by filling and draining the reservoir. In order to monitor the displacements of the earth-filled embankment, it was necessary to develop the proper methodology. For the needs of research works, an appropriate network of 5 reference points and 48 survey markers has been designed and established. The periodic measurements were carried out using precise robotic total station. The stability of the reference frame was each time checked and displacements of survey markers were determined based on it. The final results allow to reveal the reaction of levee to external loads. The displacement values were referred to the course of the filling and draining experiment to indicate the relationship between them. In the field of long-term monitoring the results clearly imply the dominance of displacements outside the reservoir for points located on the embankment, in contrast to points on the crest and foreground, which do not show significant movements. On the other hand, in the field of testing the embankment reaction to the flood wave, obtaining reliable results was possible thanks to high-accuracy geodetic measurements. Small displacement values, often at the level of their determination errors, were averaged for groups of points with the same height of foundation. A sizable number of points allows to perceive some tendencies and the relation between embankment soaking, hence its movement directions can be noticed. During periods when the levee was still saturated with water, slight movements outside the reservoir were revealed. On the other hand, the following period of drying caused movement in the opposite direction.","PeriodicalId":42010,"journal":{"name":"Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72700657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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