Background: Non-financial reporting in the public sector is a relatively new topic. In the European Union, through Directive 2014/95/EU, non-financial reporting of public interest entities with over five hundred employees at the reporting date was introduced. Thus, member states are obliged to incorporate non-financial reporting into their national legislation. Purpose: The paper examines the assumption that more profitable companies will publish more information in non-financial reports to show their performance. Another assumption is that more indebted companies are producing more non-financial disclosures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a relationship between the information that is made public in public sector enterprises' (SOEs') non-financial reports and their financial performance. Methods/Approach: The paper analyses data from publicly available non-financial reports of SOEs for the period 2017-2019. The sample consists of 27 companies, including 10 Croatian SOEs, 10 Slovenian SOEs, and 7 Hungarian SOEs. Findings: Based on the conducted research we have drawn following findings; State ownership has a negative impact on the information provided in non-financial reports, while the quantity of information provided and the number of employees are positively correlated. Profitability has a negative impact on non-financial reporting, while a higher net profit will increase non-financial disclosures. Leverage has a positive impact on the IRD index in the sample of Croatia and Slovenia that was observed. Conclusion: Non-financial reporting has been implemented in accordance with Directive 2014/95/EU. In the examined sample of SOEs a correlation was found between non-financial reporting and the profitability and indebtedness of SOEs. Originality: Research in the paper has been made on previously unresearched examples – SOEs non-financial reporting in Croatia, Slovenia and Hungary.
{"title":"NON-FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ELEMENTS OF PERFORMANCE - ANALYSIS OF STATE OWNED ENTERPRISES IN CROATIA, SLOVENIA AND HUNGARY","authors":"Martina Dragija Kostić, Josip Čičak, Matej Ljubić","doi":"10.17818/emip/2022/2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17818/emip/2022/2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Non-financial reporting in the public sector is a relatively new topic. In the European Union, through Directive 2014/95/EU, non-financial reporting of public interest entities with over five hundred employees at the reporting date was introduced. Thus, member states are obliged to incorporate non-financial reporting into their national legislation. Purpose: The paper examines the assumption that more profitable companies will publish more information in non-financial reports to show their performance. Another assumption is that more indebted companies are producing more non-financial disclosures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a relationship between the information that is made public in public sector enterprises' (SOEs') non-financial reports and their financial performance. Methods/Approach: The paper analyses data from publicly available non-financial reports of SOEs for the period 2017-2019. The sample consists of 27 companies, including 10 Croatian SOEs, 10 Slovenian SOEs, and 7 Hungarian SOEs. Findings: Based on the conducted research we have drawn following findings; State ownership has a negative impact on the information provided in non-financial reports, while the quantity of information provided and the number of employees are positively correlated. Profitability has a negative impact on non-financial reporting, while a higher net profit will increase non-financial disclosures. Leverage has a positive impact on the IRD index in the sample of Croatia and Slovenia that was observed. Conclusion: Non-financial reporting has been implemented in accordance with Directive 2014/95/EU. In the examined sample of SOEs a correlation was found between non-financial reporting and the profitability and indebtedness of SOEs. Originality: Research in the paper has been made on previously unresearched examples – SOEs non-financial reporting in Croatia, Slovenia and Hungary.","PeriodicalId":42135,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomska Misao i Praksa-Economic Thought and Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49492789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the purpose of establishing differences in behaviour of tourist destination visitors this paper aims to identify their habits, attitudes and activities with regard to transport modalities used on a daily basis, during the trip to the destination, and while staying in the destination, highlighting the aspect of smart technology usage. The results of this study are part of a more extensive research on the behaviour of tourist destination visitors, conducted as part of the Project Cekom – Competence Center for Smart Cities, whereby the research tools and methods were built on the ETIS (European Tourism Indicators System) methodology. Approximately seven hundred visitors of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, which was taken as a case study, were included in the research. The study showed that accessibility was one of the key factors in destination choice for the respondents, and that their everyday transport behaviour patterns differ somewhat from their behaviour pattern when travelling and vacationing. Statistically significant differences were determined in the perceived experience of different groups of destination visitors’, as well as in the frequency of use of smart technologies among groups of visitors with different transport behaviour. One of the research limitations with regard to generalization of conclusions is research focus on a specific destination area, as well as the pre-defined structure of the research sample, which is in line with the requirements of the funding EU project. Differences in transportation behaviour among groups of respondents in general, and in relation to the use of smart technologies, should be verified on a larger sample, in other destination areas. Acknowledging the behavioural aspects, i.e. the differences in the transport behaviour and smart technologies usage has social and practical implications for destinations, in the context of the changed dynamics in the relationships and roles of stakeholders on the tourism market.
{"title":"TRANSPORT BEHAVIOUR, PERCEIVED EXPERIENCE AND SMART TECHNOLOGY USAGE OF TOURIST DESTINATION VISITORS","authors":"N. Kovačić, T. Car, Ljubica Pilepić Stifanich","doi":"10.17818/emip/2022/2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17818/emip/2022/2.5","url":null,"abstract":"With the purpose of establishing differences in behaviour of tourist destination visitors this paper aims to identify their habits, attitudes and activities with regard to transport modalities used on a daily basis, during the trip to the destination, and while staying in the destination, highlighting the aspect of smart technology usage. The results of this study are part of a more extensive research on the behaviour of tourist destination visitors, conducted as part of the Project Cekom – Competence Center for Smart Cities, whereby the research tools and methods were built on the ETIS (European Tourism Indicators System) methodology. Approximately seven hundred visitors of the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, which was taken as a case study, were included in the research. The study showed that accessibility was one of the key factors in destination choice for the respondents, and that their everyday transport behaviour patterns differ somewhat from their behaviour pattern when travelling and vacationing. Statistically significant differences were determined in the perceived experience of different groups of destination visitors’, as well as in the frequency of use of smart technologies among groups of visitors with different transport behaviour. One of the research limitations with regard to generalization of conclusions is research focus on a specific destination area, as well as the pre-defined structure of the research sample, which is in line with the requirements of the funding EU project. Differences in transportation behaviour among groups of respondents in general, and in relation to the use of smart technologies, should be verified on a larger sample, in other destination areas. Acknowledging the behavioural aspects, i.e. the differences in the transport behaviour and smart technologies usage has social and practical implications for destinations, in the context of the changed dynamics in the relationships and roles of stakeholders on the tourism market.","PeriodicalId":42135,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomska Misao i Praksa-Economic Thought and Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48433500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Upravljanje korisničkim iskustvom podrazumijeva analizu i oblikovanje interakcije korisnika s proizvodom i brendom radi unapređenja prodaje, imidža organizacije i lojalnosti korisnika. U ovom radu analizira se kako poslovne organizacije u Republici Hrvatskoj prikupljaju podatke o korisnicima i koja korisnička iskustva najčešće stvaraju. U empirijskom istraživanju koristi se mrežni anketni upitnik sa 16 pitanja na koja su u potpunosti odgovorile 54 (N) poslovne organizacije iz Republike Hrvatske. Čak 38,9% ispitanih organizacija ne prikuplja nikakve podatke o korisnicima, a samo 46,3% ispitanih organizacija omogućuje korisnicima evaluaciju proizvoda i usluga. Analizom je identificirana statistički značajna pozitivna povezanost između percipiranog unaprjeđenja korisničkog iskustva i percipirane lojalnosti korisnika (τb = .335, p = .005). Poslovne organizacije obuhvaćene istraživanjem tek ponekad ili rijetko stvaraju obrazovna i estetska iskustva, a vrlo rijetko ili nikad zabavna i eskapistička iskustva. Ovaj je rad namijenjen vlasnicima tvrtki i menadžerima koji nastoje unaprijediti prodaju, imidž organizacije i lojalnost korisnika.
{"title":"KREIRANJE I ANALIZA KORISNIČKOG ISKUSTVA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ","authors":"Ozren Rafajac","doi":"10.17818/emip/2022/2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17818/emip/2022/2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Upravljanje korisničkim iskustvom podrazumijeva analizu i oblikovanje interakcije korisnika s proizvodom i brendom radi unapređenja prodaje, imidža organizacije i lojalnosti korisnika. U ovom radu analizira se kako poslovne organizacije u Republici Hrvatskoj prikupljaju podatke o korisnicima i koja korisnička iskustva najčešće stvaraju. U empirijskom istraživanju koristi se mrežni anketni upitnik sa 16 pitanja na koja su u potpunosti odgovorile 54 (N) poslovne organizacije iz Republike Hrvatske. Čak 38,9% ispitanih organizacija ne prikuplja nikakve podatke o korisnicima, a samo 46,3% ispitanih organizacija omogućuje korisnicima evaluaciju proizvoda i usluga. Analizom je identificirana statistički značajna pozitivna povezanost između percipiranog unaprjeđenja korisničkog iskustva i percipirane lojalnosti korisnika (τb = .335, p = .005). Poslovne organizacije obuhvaćene istraživanjem tek ponekad ili rijetko stvaraju obrazovna i estetska iskustva, a vrlo rijetko ili nikad zabavna i eskapistička iskustva. Ovaj je rad namijenjen vlasnicima tvrtki i menadžerima koji nastoje unaprijediti prodaju, imidž organizacije i lojalnost korisnika.","PeriodicalId":42135,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomska Misao i Praksa-Economic Thought and Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43217800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the key macroeconomic factors of non-performing loans (NPLs) in the banking sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research is conducted on quarterly time series data within the period from 2005 to 2019. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach is used to model the long-run and short-run relationship between macroeconomic time series. The research results show that increase in real GDP is associated with decrease in NPLs, while rising unemployment and consumer prices are correlated with higher levels of NPLs at 5% significance level.
{"title":"MACROECONOMIC FACTORS OF NON-PERFORMING LOANS: THE CASE OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA","authors":"Ante Džidić, I. Živko, A. Çolak","doi":"10.17818/emip/2022/2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17818/emip/2022/2.4","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the key macroeconomic factors of non-performing loans (NPLs) in the banking sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research is conducted on quarterly time series data within the period from 2005 to 2019. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach is used to model the long-run and short-run relationship between macroeconomic time series. The research results show that increase in real GDP is associated with decrease in NPLs, while rising unemployment and consumer prices are correlated with higher levels of NPLs at 5% significance level.","PeriodicalId":42135,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomska Misao i Praksa-Economic Thought and Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47282380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The goal of the paper is to examine the influence of the economic environment of the individual’s place of origin on the intensity of entrepreneurial intentions which are seen in the desire to start an entrepreneurial venture. Economic factors primarily mean the economic development of a certain area, which in the present study is expressed as the size of GDP. The study’s respondents were students who had enrolled at the Republic of Croatia’s higher education institutions where the study programmes are focused on some of the forms of entrepreneurial education: entrepreneurship, economy, and management. According to the data provided by the Agency for Science and Higher Education, in the academic year 2017/18, the total number of students enrolled in study programs relevant to research was 3768.The research was conducted on a sample of 690 students, which makes the sample size 18.31% of the total number of enrolled students. For the empirical part of the paper, the anonymous survey method was used, while different statistical methods were used to analyse the results of the survey, such as the Regression analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, and the t-test. The conducted study proves that the level of development of the economic environment directly influenced the entrepreneurial intentions of the respondents. Entrepreneurial intentions represent the intensity of aspiration and how much an individual wants to start their entrepreneurial venture. Certain individuals might have the desire to become an entrepreneur, but multiple factors affect whether they will start their venture. It is a long way from desiring to implementing the entrepreneurial idea that initially appeared as an entrepreneurial intention. Multiple factors and determinants guide someone’s behaviour, and the intensity of the influence is different for each determinant.
{"title":"THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AS A PREDICTOR OF ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS","authors":"Željko Požega, D. Ribić","doi":"10.17818/emip/2022/2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17818/emip/2022/2.8","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of the paper is to examine the influence of the economic environment of the individual’s place of origin on the intensity of entrepreneurial intentions which are seen in the desire to start an entrepreneurial venture. Economic factors primarily mean the economic development of a certain area, which in the present study is expressed as the size of GDP. The study’s respondents were students who had enrolled at the Republic of Croatia’s higher education institutions where the study programmes are focused on some of the forms of entrepreneurial education: entrepreneurship, economy, and management. According to the data provided by the Agency for Science and Higher Education, in the academic year 2017/18, the total number of students enrolled in study programs relevant to research was 3768.The research was conducted on a sample of 690 students, which makes the sample size 18.31% of the total number of enrolled students. For the empirical part of the paper, the anonymous survey method was used, while different statistical methods were used to analyse the results of the survey, such as the Regression analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, and the t-test. The conducted study proves that the level of development of the economic environment directly influenced the entrepreneurial intentions of the respondents. Entrepreneurial intentions represent the intensity of aspiration and how much an individual wants to start their entrepreneurial venture. Certain individuals might have the desire to become an entrepreneur, but multiple factors affect whether they will start their venture. It is a long way from desiring to implementing the entrepreneurial idea that initially appeared as an entrepreneurial intention. Multiple factors and determinants guide someone’s behaviour, and the intensity of the influence is different for each determinant.","PeriodicalId":42135,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomska Misao i Praksa-Economic Thought and Practice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41718351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines two claims about the ontology of globalisation. First, it interrogates the claim that the contemporary phenomenon of globalisation is underpinned by the theoretical construct of economic and information-epistemic determinism (EI-ED), which has been developmentally significant in the North. The paper contends that this claim is likely to propagate some values that ought not to undergird the end-state vision of the prospective global village (PGV) if the PGV is to be essentially conjunctive rather than essentially disjunctive. Second, the paper contends that if a cohesive and egalitarian PGV is truly the end-point of the philosophy of globalisation, then the African socio-cultural values of a relational understanding of the self and universal brotherhood ought to be globally recognised and emphasised by the North as fundamental to the realisation of the vision of the PGV. The paper seeks to illustrate that if properly applied to the globalising process, these cultural values are ontologically conjunctive in the sense that they have the potential to promote the building of a cohesive and egalitarian global village, since they tend to encourage acceptance and co-operation among the different peoples of the world. Keywords Africa, culture, determinism, globalisation, philosophy
{"title":"The Philosophy of Globalisation and African Culture","authors":"B. Olufemi","doi":"10.4314/tp.v8i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tp.v8i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines two claims about the ontology of globalisation. First, it interrogates the claim that the contemporary phenomenon of globalisation is underpinned by the theoretical construct of economic and information-epistemic determinism (EI-ED), which has been developmentally significant in the North. The paper contends that this claim is likely to propagate some values that ought not to undergird the end-state vision of the prospective global village (PGV) if the PGV is to be essentially conjunctive rather than essentially disjunctive. Second, the paper contends that if a cohesive and egalitarian PGV is truly the end-point of the philosophy of globalisation, then the African socio-cultural values of a relational understanding of the self and universal brotherhood ought to be globally recognised and emphasised by the North as fundamental to the realisation of the vision of the PGV. The paper seeks to illustrate that if properly applied to the globalising process, these cultural values are ontologically conjunctive in the sense that they have the potential to promote the building of a cohesive and egalitarian global village, since they tend to encourage acceptance and co-operation among the different peoples of the world. \u0000 \u0000Keywords \u0000Africa, culture, determinism, globalisation, philosophy","PeriodicalId":42135,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomska Misao i Praksa-Economic Thought and Practice","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82478074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries have generally remained relatively poor for many decades, despite various internal and external measures. Every year, African governments conceive and implement poverty reduction and eradication policies, and multi-lateral agencies and developed countries provide development assistance to enable SSA countries achieve their development goals. This article utilises systems theory to advance the thesis that sub-Saharan countries’ failure to develop is, to a significant extent, a consequence of poor knowledge utilisation. The significance of knowledge utilisation arises from the fact that in modern society, differentiation is pronounced and each sphere requires special knowledge for optimal outcomes. However, in sub-Saharan countries, knowledge is largely utilised to secure the vulgar goals of the political elite. When knowledge is perceived to require policies that are in disharmony with those goals, it is not utilised. This paper demonstrates that the selective under-utilisation of knowledge accounts for the failure of sub-Saharan countries to realise their development goals. The analysis concludes that while in his Social Systems Niklas Luhmann conceived society to be a constituent of systems and sub-systems that work to enable it to maintain and renew itself, in SSA countries dysfunctional political systems impede the process of self-maintenance and self-renewal. As such, Sub-Saharan states must re-orient to utilise knowledge correctly. Keywords Knowledge, modern society, differentiation, political elite, development
{"title":"The Factor of Knowledge Implementation and the Development Status of Sub-Saharan African Countries","authors":"J. Situma, B. Mutsotso","doi":"10.4314/tp.v8i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tp.v8i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries have generally remained relatively poor for many decades, despite various internal and external measures. Every year, African governments conceive and implement poverty reduction and eradication policies, and multi-lateral agencies and developed countries provide development assistance to enable SSA countries achieve their development goals. This article utilises systems theory to advance the thesis that sub-Saharan countries’ failure to develop is, to a significant extent, a consequence of poor knowledge utilisation. The significance of knowledge utilisation arises from the fact that in modern society, differentiation is pronounced and each sphere requires special knowledge for optimal outcomes. However, in sub-Saharan countries, knowledge is largely utilised to secure the vulgar goals of the political elite. When knowledge is perceived to require policies that are in disharmony with those goals, it is not utilised. This paper demonstrates that the selective under-utilisation of knowledge accounts for the failure of sub-Saharan countries to realise their development goals. The analysis concludes that while in his Social Systems Niklas Luhmann conceived society to be a constituent of systems and sub-systems that work to enable it to maintain and renew itself, in SSA countries dysfunctional political systems impede the process of self-maintenance and self-renewal. As such, Sub-Saharan states must re-orient to utilise knowledge correctly. \u0000 \u0000Keywords \u0000Knowledge, modern society, differentiation, political elite, development","PeriodicalId":42135,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomska Misao i Praksa-Economic Thought and Practice","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82788205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editor's Note","authors":"Oriare Nyarwath","doi":"10.4314/tp.v8i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tp.v8i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Not available","PeriodicalId":42135,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomska Misao i Praksa-Economic Thought and Practice","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91064129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By the 1940s, the Municipal Council of Nairobi had enacted a host of By-Laws to control the presence of Africans, especially women, and had set up several agencies to implement them. Consequently, women street vendors were not only denied access to legal trade, but remained unwanted in the town except under very special circumstances. Nonetheless, pushed by their adversity, a number of them resorted to illegal hawking and demonstrated their resilience against the odds. However, as the hawkers’ earnings subsidised the colonial low wage migrant labour system, it became difficult for the colonial administration in Nairobi to resolutely stamp out their activities, especially in Eastlands. Besides, by the end of the 1940s, the Council’s fight against hawking had slackened owing to unsustainable expenses. This paper examines the effect of colonial repression of African women street traders in Nairobi’s Eastlands area in the 1940s. Using the Gender and Development (GAD) perspective along with data mainly from libraries, archives and oral sources, it interrogates the women’s attractions to Nairobi and the logic behind their street trading activities. It also examines the colonial dynamics that exploited the attitudes and beliefs of African male elders to validate the colonial government’s gender marginalisation policies against women, particularly the hawkers. The paper concludes that the gender-based constraints against African women traders notwithstanding, propelled by need, the women irrepressibly struggled to find space in the prosperous economy of Nairobi in the 1940s. Keywords Racism, gender discrimination, patriarchy, street trading, hawkers, licensing
{"title":"Colonialism and the Repression of Nairobi African Women Street Traders in the 1940s","authors":"P. Ngesa, F. Kiruthu, Mildred J. Ndeda","doi":"10.4314/tp.v8i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tp.v8i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"By the 1940s, the Municipal Council of Nairobi had enacted a host of By-Laws to control the presence of Africans, especially women, and had set up several agencies to implement them. Consequently, women street vendors were not only denied access to legal trade, but remained unwanted in the town except under very special circumstances. Nonetheless, pushed by their adversity, a number of them resorted to illegal hawking and demonstrated their resilience against the odds. However, as the hawkers’ earnings subsidised the colonial low wage migrant labour system, it became difficult for the colonial administration in Nairobi to resolutely stamp out their activities, especially in Eastlands. Besides, by the end of the 1940s, the Council’s fight against hawking had slackened owing to unsustainable expenses. \u0000 \u0000This paper examines the effect of colonial repression of African women street traders in Nairobi’s Eastlands area in the 1940s. Using the Gender and Development (GAD) perspective along with data mainly from libraries, archives and oral sources, it interrogates the women’s attractions to Nairobi and the logic behind their street trading activities. It also examines the colonial dynamics that exploited the attitudes and beliefs of African male elders to validate the colonial government’s gender marginalisation policies against women, particularly the hawkers. The paper concludes that the gender-based constraints against African women traders notwithstanding, propelled by need, the women irrepressibly struggled to find space in the prosperous economy of Nairobi in the 1940s. \u0000 \u0000Keywords \u0000Racism, gender discrimination, patriarchy, street trading, hawkers, licensing","PeriodicalId":42135,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomska Misao i Praksa-Economic Thought and Practice","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73635950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
African jurisprudence, like African philosophy, continues to be hotly debated. This article contends that the debate straddles the uniqueness claim which either emphasises the existence or possibility of a peculiar legal framework on the continent, and a historical co-extensional position reiterating that African jurisprudence is a continuum of other legal traditions. The article argues that there is no uniquely African jurisprudence, and that what obtains within the structures of jurisprudence on the continent also exists within various legal traditions elsewhere, and as such can at best be described as ‘jurisprudence in Africa’ rather than ‘African jurisprudence’. It defends this thesis through analytic and comparative explications of the content of natural law theory and legal positivism as experienced on the continent. It concedes that relics of the colonial legal experience create contestations that inform scholars’ calls for a return to traditional legal systems. It concludes that a reconstructive jurisprudence in Africa must take cognisance of the continent’s historical and evolutionary legal experiences, but that a unified or monolithic theory may not be sufficient to address the choice of functional jurisprudence. Keywords African jurisprudence, jurisprudence in Africa, African legal evolution, diffused legal theories
{"title":"African Jurisprudence as Historical Co-extension of Diffused Legal Theories","authors":"L. Komolafe","doi":"10.4314/tp.v8i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tp.v8i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"African jurisprudence, like African philosophy, continues to be hotly debated. This article contends that the debate straddles the uniqueness claim which either emphasises the existence or possibility of a peculiar legal framework on the continent, and a historical co-extensional position reiterating that African jurisprudence is a continuum of other legal traditions. The article argues that there is no uniquely African jurisprudence, and that what obtains within the structures of jurisprudence on the continent also exists within various legal traditions elsewhere, and as such can at best be described as ‘jurisprudence in Africa’ rather than ‘African jurisprudence’. It defends this thesis through analytic and comparative explications of the content of natural law theory and legal positivism as experienced on the continent. It concedes that relics of the colonial legal experience create contestations that inform scholars’ calls for a return to traditional legal systems. It concludes that a reconstructive jurisprudence in Africa must take cognisance of the continent’s historical and evolutionary legal experiences, but that a unified or monolithic theory may not be sufficient to address the choice of functional jurisprudence. \u0000 \u0000Keywords \u0000African jurisprudence, jurisprudence in Africa, African legal evolution, diffused legal theories","PeriodicalId":42135,"journal":{"name":"Ekonomska Misao i Praksa-Economic Thought and Practice","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80001759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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