{"title":"Avant-propos","authors":"Pape François","doi":"10.1787/924cd57b-fr","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/924cd57b-fr","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42153,"journal":{"name":"Revue General de Droit","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74293191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sous le régime français, le catholicisme était religion d’État en pratique sinon même en théorie. Après la Conquête, sous le régime britannique (1760-1867), quatre constitutions se sont succédées. La première fut peu libérale pour les catholiques. La seconde de 1774 reconnut le libre exercice de la religion catholique qui coexista avec la religion anglicane; sous la troisième constitution, celle de 1791, les juifs se virent reconnaître par une loi un statut d’égalité; sous la quatrième constitution, celle de 1840, fut adoptée en 1851 une loi sur la liberté des cultes, encore en vigueur. L’origine du régime canadien remonte à 1867, date de l’adoption de notre constitution fédérale actuelle; cette cinquième constitution ne traite pas expressément de religion si ce n’est pour protéger les droits confessionnels des catholiques et des protestants. En 1982, le Canada se dotait d’une charte constitutionnelle des droits qui consacre inter alia la liberté de conscience et de religion. Bien avant 1982 toutefois, la jurisprudence avait établi qu’il n’y a pas au Canada de religion d’État, que toutes les religions sont sur un même pied, que tout citoyen peut pratiquer sa religion dans le respect des lois et qu’il a aussi le droit de n’en point avoir. Les religions catholique et protestante ont joué un grand rôle au Canada. Dans ce pays multiculturel, multiconfessionnel, en pratique séculier, laïc, elles continuent quand même d’influencer la législation dans le respect des croyances de chacun.
{"title":"Considérations sur l’influence de la religion en droit public au Canada","authors":"Gérald-A. Beaudoin","doi":"10.7202/1059526AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1059526AR","url":null,"abstract":"Sous le régime français, le catholicisme était religion d’État en pratique sinon\u0000 même en théorie.\u0000 Après la Conquête, sous le régime britannique (1760-1867), quatre constitutions se\u0000 sont succédées. La première fut peu libérale pour les catholiques. La seconde de 1774\u0000 reconnut le libre exercice de la religion catholique qui coexista avec la religion\u0000 anglicane; sous la troisième constitution, celle de 1791, les juifs se virent reconnaître\u0000 par une loi un statut d’égalité; sous la quatrième constitution, celle de 1840, fut adoptée\u0000 en 1851 une loi sur la liberté des cultes, encore en vigueur.\u0000 L’origine du régime canadien remonte à 1867, date de l’adoption de notre\u0000 constitution fédérale actuelle; cette cinquième constitution ne traite pas expressément de\u0000 religion si ce n’est pour protéger les droits confessionnels des catholiques et des\u0000 protestants. En 1982, le Canada se dotait d’une charte constitutionnelle des droits qui\u0000 consacre inter alia la liberté de conscience et de religion. Bien avant 1982\u0000 toutefois, la jurisprudence avait établi qu’il n’y a pas au Canada de religion d’État, que\u0000 toutes les religions sont sur un même pied, que tout citoyen peut pratiquer sa religion dans\u0000 le respect des lois et qu’il a aussi le droit de n’en point avoir.\u0000 Les religions catholique et protestante ont joué un grand rôle au Canada. Dans ce\u0000 pays multiculturel, multiconfessionnel, en pratique séculier, laïc, elles continuent quand\u0000 même d’influencer la législation dans le respect des croyances de chacun.","PeriodicalId":42153,"journal":{"name":"Revue General de Droit","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47736469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The preservation of parenting rights in contested custody or access proceedings arising on the dissolution of marriage necessitates a judicial reconciliation or balancing of the competing interests of the children, the parents and members of any extended or reconstituted families. In C. v. C., (unreported, March 7, 1984, Ont. S.C.) the mother was held to the terms of a prior separation agreement and was ordered not to remove the children from the Province of Ontario without the father's consent or a further order of the court. In reaching this decision, the trial judge placed heavy reliance on the evidence of a mediator who had unsuccessfully attempted to resolve the differences between the parents and who was of the opinion that the children would be at risk if the mother proceeded with her plans to remarry and establish a new home for herself and the children in England. C. v. C. raises diverse fundamental issues concerning the legal resolution of parenting disputes on marriage breakdown or divorce. The following issues are addressed in the commentary of this judgment (reproduced in annex): 1. What significance, if any, does, and should, a court give to the express terms of a separation agreement? 2. If a mediator is retained, should the mediation process, including the mediator's evaluation, be “open” (i.e. subject to disclosure to the court) or “closed” (i.e. confidential and excluded from any evidence adduced in subsequent judicial proceedings)? 3. How can the best interests of the children — the legal criterion to be applied in the adjudication of parenting disputes — be reconciled with the best interests of other concerned family members? 4. Could, and should, the court have addressed the possibility of some alternative form of parenting arrangements that might accomodate the competing interests of all the affected parties? 5. To what extent can the courts legally fetter the freedom of a custodial parent to establish a new home for (i) herself (or himself) and (ii) the children? Some of these issues are specifically addressed in the unreported reasons for judgment. Others are ignored. The purpose of this commentary is to canvass these issues and point to the need for a family-oriented approach to the resolution of parenting disputes, rather than an individual rights approach, such as has been traditionally adhered to by the courts in the adjudication of custody and access disputes.
{"title":"The Co-Parental Divorce: Removing the Children from the Jurisdiction","authors":"J. D. Payne, Eileen Overend","doi":"10.7202/1059529AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1059529AR","url":null,"abstract":"The preservation of parenting rights in contested custody or access proceedings\u0000 arising on the dissolution of marriage necessitates a judicial reconciliation or balancing\u0000 of the competing interests of the children, the parents and members of any extended or\u0000 reconstituted families. In C. v. C., (unreported, March 7, 1984, Ont.\u0000 S.C.) the mother was held to the terms of a prior separation agreement and was ordered not\u0000 to remove the children from the Province of Ontario without the father's consent or a\u0000 further order of the court. In reaching this decision, the trial judge placed heavy reliance\u0000 on the evidence of a mediator who had unsuccessfully attempted to resolve the differences\u0000 between the parents and who was of the opinion that the children would be at risk if the\u0000 mother proceeded with her plans to remarry and establish a new home for herself and the\u0000 children in England.\u0000 C. v. C. raises diverse fundamental issues concerning the legal\u0000 resolution of parenting disputes on marriage breakdown or divorce. The following issues are\u0000 addressed in the commentary of this judgment (reproduced in annex):\u0000 1. What significance, if any, does, and should, a court give to the express terms\u0000 of a separation agreement?\u0000 2. If a mediator is retained, should the mediation process, including the\u0000 mediator's evaluation, be “open” (i.e. subject to disclosure to the court) or\u0000 “closed” (i.e. confidential and excluded from any evidence adduced in subsequent\u0000 judicial proceedings)?\u0000 3. How can the best interests of the children — the legal criterion to be applied\u0000 in the adjudication of parenting disputes — be reconciled with the best interests of other\u0000 concerned family members?\u0000 4. Could, and should, the court have addressed the possibility of some alternative\u0000 form of parenting arrangements that might accomodate the competing interests of all the\u0000 affected parties?\u0000 5. To what extent can the courts legally fetter the freedom of a custodial parent\u0000 to establish a new home for (i) herself (or himself) and (ii) the children?\u0000 Some of these issues are specifically addressed in the unreported reasons for\u0000 judgment. Others are ignored. The purpose of this commentary is to canvass these issues and\u0000 point to the need for a family-oriented approach to the resolution of parenting disputes,\u0000 rather than an individual rights approach, such as has been traditionally adhered to by the\u0000 courts in the adjudication of custody and access disputes.","PeriodicalId":42153,"journal":{"name":"Revue General de Droit","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47485291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The refugee determination process under the Immigration Act, 1976 comprises many steps which have been the subject of judicial interpretation. An individual claiming to be a “Convention refugee” in Canada will first be examined under oath with regard to his claim. The Refugee Status Advisory Committee will study the transcript of this examination. After obtaining the advice of the Committee, the Minister of Employment and Immigration will determine whether or not the claimant is a “Convention refugee”. Should this determination be negative, the person concerned will have the choice to apply to the Immigration Appeal Board for a redetermination of his claim. At this stage, the Board will grant an oral hearing to the applicant and render a decision thereafter if it is of the opinion that there are reasonable grounds to believe that he could prove that he is a “Convention refugee”. If no oral hearing is granted, the Board will determine that the applicant is not a “Convention refugee”. The Federal Court and the Supreme Court of Canada have had a considerable input in the interpretation of the provisions relating to this refugee determination process, including the wording of the definition of “Convention refugee”. This paper limits itself to a review of the decisions rendered by these courts.
{"title":"Redetermination of a Claim to Be a Convention Refugee; A Review of the\u0000 Jurisprudence","authors":"R. Cantin","doi":"10.7202/1059528AR","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7202/1059528AR","url":null,"abstract":"The refugee determination process under the Immigration Act, 1976\u0000 comprises many steps which have been the subject of judicial interpretation. An individual\u0000 claiming to be a “Convention refugee” in Canada will first be examined under oath with\u0000 regard to his claim. The Refugee Status Advisory Committee will study the transcript of this\u0000 examination. After obtaining the advice of the Committee, the Minister of Employment and\u0000 Immigration will determine whether or not the claimant is a “Convention refugee”. Should\u0000 this determination be negative, the person concerned will have the choice to apply to the\u0000 Immigration Appeal Board for a redetermination of his claim. At this stage, the Board will\u0000 grant an oral hearing to the applicant and render a decision thereafter if it is of the\u0000 opinion that there are reasonable grounds to believe that he could prove that he is a\u0000 “Convention refugee”. If no oral hearing is granted, the Board will determine that the\u0000 applicant is not a “Convention refugee”. The Federal Court and the Supreme Court of Canada\u0000 have had a considerable input in the interpretation of the provisions relating to this\u0000 refugee determination process, including the wording of the definition of “Convention\u0000 refugee”. This paper limits itself to a review of the decisions rendered by these\u0000 courts.","PeriodicalId":42153,"journal":{"name":"Revue General de Droit","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2019-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43669735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}