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Foreign Aid, Political Power and FDI: Do Aid-dependent Institutions Facilitate Investment in Africa? 外国援助、政治权力和外国直接投资:依赖援助的机构是否促进了对非洲的投资?
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1177/09750878231209921
Dongni Wang, Carmen Fillat-Castejon
In this article, we examine the nexus between foreign development assistance and the attraction of foreign direct investment (FDI) through a de facto political power, as an aid-seeking and likely aid-dependent group. We apply structural equation modelling to investigate the direct and indirect effect of aid on FDI via economic institutions for a sample of 42 African countries from 2002 to 2016. Our results corroborate a direct positive effect of aid and institutions on FDI as a productive financial source. However, an aid-dependent de facto political power does not improve the economic institutions, and within a broad institutional context, it may even worsen them, evidencing the indirect effect of reducing a country’s attractiveness for FDI. This study offers robust evidence under different specifications and variables of institutions in addition to several controls for political and strategic interests and economic conditions. We ultimately develop a model explaining why aid barely makes any contribution to institutional reforms. In countries that are heavily dependent on aid, the beneficiary group is discouraged from improving institutional qualities as the source of benefits would be discontinued.
在本文中,我们考察了外国发展援助与通过事实上的政治力量吸引外国直接投资(FDI)之间的关系,作为寻求援助和可能依赖援助的群体。我们运用结构方程模型,以2002年至2016年42个非洲国家为样本,研究了援助对通过经济机构进行的外国直接投资的直接和间接影响。我们的研究结果证实了援助和制度对外国直接投资作为一种生产性资金来源的直接积极影响。然而,依赖援助的事实上的政治权力并不能改善经济制度,在广泛的制度背景下,它甚至可能使经济制度恶化,这证明了降低一个国家对外国直接投资的吸引力的间接影响。除了对政治战略利益和经济条件的若干控制外,本研究还在不同的制度规范和变量下提供了强有力的证据。我们最终建立了一个模型来解释为什么援助对制度改革几乎没有任何贡献。在严重依赖援助的国家,受益群体不愿改进体制素质,因为福利的来源将会停止。
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引用次数: 0
India’s Export Potential to Southern African Customs Union 印度对南部非洲关税同盟的出口潜力
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-12-04 DOI: 10.1177/09750878231203997
Jai Prakash Yadav, Bimlesh Singh
The Southern African Customs Union (SACU) is a prominent economic association of the African continent. SACU comprises five southern African countries: South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho, and Eswatini. The overall value of India’s trade with SACU increased from $1,477.52 million in 2001 to $1,0941.24 million in 2020, an almost sixfold increase. The export increased almost tenfold between 2001 and 2020, from US$ 343.49 million to US$ 3,760.94 million. In order to increase India’s trade with SACU, the Indian-SACU PTA negotiations are now ongoing. This article examines India’s export potential to SACU nations using the revealed comparative advantage index, the revealed import dependency index, and the Potential bilateral trade equation. The study shows India has trade potential with all SACU member states. Still, it has only utilised this potential with South Africa. India has not taken advantage of the vast potential of exporting its goods to SACU countries except South Africa. The trade intensity index indicates that India’s export and import intensities with SACU have increased over time.
南部非洲关税同盟(SACU)是非洲大陆一个重要的经济协会。南部非洲合作联盟由五个南部非洲国家组成:南非、博茨瓦纳、纳米比亚、莱索托和斯威士兰。印度与中南合作联盟的贸易总额从2001年的147752万美元增加到2020年的10941.24万美元,几乎增长了六倍。从2001年到2020年,出口增长了近10倍,从3.3449亿美元增加到37.6094亿美元。为了增加印度与南共体的贸易,印度-南共体PTA谈判正在进行中。本文利用显性比较优势指数、显性进口依赖指数和潜在双边贸易方程考察了印度对中南合作联盟国家的出口潜力。研究表明,印度与所有南共体成员国都有贸易潜力。不过,中国只在与南非的合作中发挥了这一潜力。印度没有利用向南非以外的南亚合作联盟国家出口商品的巨大潜力。贸易强度指数表明,印度与SACU的出口和进口强度随着时间的推移而增加。
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引用次数: 0
Proxy Neo-colonialism? The Case of Wagner Group in the Central African Republic 代理新殖民主义?中非共和国瓦格纳集团案例
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-11-26 DOI: 10.1177/09750878231209705
Bohumil Doboš, Alexander Purton
Central African Republic is a fragile state mired in internal instability and external interventions. The article presents the case of Russian involvement in the country. It argues that the utilisation of the Wagner Group is setting up proxy neo-colonial ties between the regime and Moscow. The political elite in the Central African Republic is protected against a possible takeover by rebel troops or an army coup and the external benefactor is allowed to export the sought-after natural resources and gather some diplomatic support. The relationship thus clearly follows the neo-colonial pattern rather than developing the state capacities.
中非共和国是一个深陷内部不稳定和外部干预的脆弱国家。文章介绍了俄罗斯介入该国的案例。文章认为,瓦格纳集团的利用正在中非共和国政权与莫斯科之间建立起代理新殖民主义关系。中非共和国的政治精英得到了保护,以防叛军或军队政变夺取政权,而外部援助者则可以出口所需的自然资源,并获得一些外交支持。因此,这种关系显然遵循的是新殖民主义模式,而不是发展国家能力。
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引用次数: 0
Constitutional and Legislative Frameworks for the Local Sphere of Government in South Africa: Analytical and Interpretive Perspective 南非地方政府领域的宪法和立法框架:分析与解释视角
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-11-26 DOI: 10.1177/09750878231211887
D. N. Mlambo, M. H. Maserumule
After many years of apartheid rule, South Africa held its first democratic elections in 1994. As evident in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996, a commitment to establish developmental and human rights became an imperative doctrine. Three government spheres were established here: national, provincial and local. The latter is the sphere closest to the public and is constitutionally mandated to render and deliver sustainable essential services. Since 1994, significant strides have been made by the local sphere of government with both successes and failures. South Africa’s legal and policy framework transformation took place between 1993 and 2000 through changes in legislation, proclamations, white papers and by-laws. However, the elements of bad governance since 1994 have created a loss of confidence and service delivery hindrances in South African local government. Much of the population, especially the previously marginalised, face inadequate health services, unclean water and poorly maintained infrastructure and housing because some state institutions have become paralysed due to corruption and maladministration. This article aims to delve into the constitutional and legislative framework of local government in South Africa. The premise from which this article moves is that the quality of governance at the local government level directly impacts service delivery and is, therefore, critical to understanding some of the constitutional and legislative underpinnings driving local government. Municipalities should ensure that all actions and conducts comply with the statutes (acts of parliament, legislations and laws) and regulatory documents (white papers, official rules and regulations and by-laws) to local government.
经过多年的种族隔离统治,南非于 1994 年举行了首次民主选举。正如 1996 年《南非共和国宪法》所表明的那样,致力于建立发展和人权已成为当务之急。宪法规定了三个政府领域:国家、省和地方。后者是最接近公众的领域,宪法授权其提供可持续的基本服务。自 1994 年以来,地方政府领域取得了长足的进步,其中既有成功也有失败。1993 至 2000 年间,南非通过修改立法、公告、白皮书和细则,实现了法律和政策框架的转型。然而,1994 年以来的不良治理因素使南非地方政府丧失了信心,并阻碍了服务的提供。由于一些国家机构因腐败和管理不善而陷入瘫痪,许多人,尤其是以前被边缘化的人,面临着医疗服务不足、水质不洁、基础设施和住房维护不善等问题。本文旨在深入探讨南非地方政府的宪法和立法框架。本文的前提是,地方政府的治理质量直接影响到服务的提供,因此,了解推动地方政府发展的一些宪法和立法基础至关重要。市政当局应确保所有行动和行为都符合地方政府的法规(议会法案、立法和法律)和规范性文件(白皮书、正式规则和条例以及细则)。
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引用次数: 0
Nigeria in ECOWAS Politics: Major Contributions, Dividends and Setbacks 西非经共体政治中的尼日利亚:主要贡献、红利和挫折
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-11-26 DOI: 10.1177/09750878231209706
Segun Oshewolo, A. Azeez, O. Adesanya, T. Oladipo, O. Olaleye, Opeyemi Ade-Ibijola
This article examines Nigeria’s interventions in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Relying on data from key ranking bodies, memoirs of retired career ambassadors, general library materials and thematic data analysis, the study observes that Nigeria’s interventions in ECOWAS have not only been remarkable, they have also allowed the country to consolidate its position as the undisputed leader in West Africa. While the platform of ECOWAS has allowed Nigeria to pursue some noble objectives, there are some inconveniences associated with this policy orientation. These contradictions, which have sometimes constrained Nigeria’s diplomacy in West Africa and contracted the returns, include the anti-Nigerian sentiments from some Francophone members of ECOWAS, occasional unfriendly attitude of some small West African countries, and Nigeria’s worsening security challenges that are now spilling into neighbouring countries. Appropriate policy measures are also provided to counteract these contradictions.
本文探讨了尼日利亚在西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)中的干预行动。根据主要排名机构提供的数据、退休职业大使的回忆录、一般图书馆资料和专题数据分析,本研究认为,尼日利亚在西非国家经济共同体中的干预不仅引人注目,而且还使该国巩固了其作为西非无可争议的领导者的地位。虽然西非经共体这一平台使尼日利亚得以追求一些崇高目标,但这一政策取向也带来了一些不便。这些矛盾有时制约了尼日利亚在西非的外交活动,并使其回国受到影响,其中包括西非经共体一些法语国家成员的反尼日利亚情绪,西非一些小国偶尔表现出的不友好态度,以及尼日利亚日益恶化的安全挑战,这些挑战现已蔓延到邻国。还提供了适当的政策措施来应对这些矛盾。
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引用次数: 0
Factors Influencing Financial Inclusion for Social Inclusion in Selected African Countries 影响选定非洲国家金融包容性促进社会包容的因素
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-11-26 DOI: 10.1177/09750878231194558
Kosmas Njanike, Raphael T. Mpofu
The study investigated the determinants of financial inclusion in selected African countries. Researchers have found an extraordinarily strong positive association between social inclusion and financial inclusion; financial inclusion is the key to eradicating poverty and social exclusion as it presents an opportunity for people to benefit from financial services. A single data set was formed by combining four samples from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Eswatini, Kenya and South Africa. Data were obtained from surveys done by FinScope. FinScope Consumer Survey is a probability survey with an end-user focus (individual or household) on financial services and products. The FinScope Consumer Survey, done by the FinMark Trust, is uniquely aimed at increasing understanding of the informal financial product/service market. Probit regression models were estimated to find significant factors influencing financial inclusion in selected African countries. The linear probability model was used for the robustness check. The study found that age, education, marital status, bank branch accessibility, location, internet, salary, income, proof of residence, social networks, financial advice, gender and connectivity were significant in influencing financial inclusion. Governments must implement policies that enhance financial inclusion, in particular, ethnic groups, small communities and minorities. These policies will also lead to the reduction of poverty and the attainment of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
该研究调查了选定非洲国家金融包容性的决定因素。研究人员发现,社会包容性与金融包容性之间存在着非常密切的正相关关系;金融包容性是消除贫困和社会排斥的关键,因为它为人们提供了从金融服务中受益的机会。通过合并刚果民主共和国、埃斯瓦提尼、肯尼亚和南非的四个样本,形成了一个单一的数据集。数据来自 FinScope 的调查。FinScope 消费者调查是一项以金融服务和产品的最终用户(个人或家庭)为重点的概率调查。FinScope 消费者调查由 FinMark 信托公司完成,其独特的目的是增进对非正规金融产品/服务市场的了解。对 Probit 回归模型进行了估算,以发现影响选定非洲国家金融包容性的重要因素。线性概率模型用于稳健性检验。研究发现,年龄、教育程度、婚姻状况、银行网点便利性、地理位置、互联网、工资、收入、居住证明、社交网络、财务咨询、性别和连接性对金融包容性的影响显著。各国政府必须实施提高金融包容性的政策,特别是针对少数民族、小社区和少数群体的政策。这些政策还将有助于减少贫困和实现联合国可持续发展目标。
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引用次数: 0
Are Borders a Burden? Debates and Counter-Narratives on Nigeria’s National Security 边境是负担吗?关于尼日利亚国家安全的辩论和反叙述
Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.1177/09750878231194560
Oladotun E. Awosusi, Ferim Valery
Nigeria is in a security quandary. The country’s security debacles are impacting its socio-economic and political landscapes. Aside from the protracted Boko Haram terrorism, banditry and kidnapping have taken on momentary dimensions in the country. Many studies have attributed this menace to the porous and ill-manned status of Nigerian borders, which lend ambience to unwholesome intrusions and thus render the borders a national burden. This study unpacks the state of Nigeria’s borders vis-à-vis the national security experiences of the country. It argues that, beyond the ‘porosity’ debates and narratives, the lingering cross-border challenges are the effects of patronage networks and internal crises that have engulfed domestic lives and state politics. It submits further that, notwithstanding the subjective colonial status and the uncoordinated management agenda of Nigeria’s borders, they have inherent geo-strategic potentials and advantages capable of transforming national lives and enhancing state security.
尼日利亚正处于安全困境。该国的安全问题正在影响其社会经济和政治格局。除了长期的博科圣地恐怖主义外,该国的土匪和绑架也只是暂时的。许多研究将这一威胁归因于尼日利亚边境漏洞百出和人员不足的状况,这种状况为不健康的入侵提供了氛围,从而使边界成为国家负担。这项研究揭示了尼日利亚的边界状况-à-vis国家安全经验的国家。它认为,除了“多孔性”的辩论和叙述之外,挥之不去的跨境挑战是庇护网络和内部危机的影响,这些危机已经吞没了国内生活和国家政治。它还认为,尽管尼日利亚的边界具有主观的殖民地地位和不协调的管理议程,但它们具有内在的地缘战略潜力和优势,能够改变国民生活和加强国家安全。
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引用次数: 0
Global Capitalism and the Underdevelopment of African Political Economy: Where Will Our Help Come From? 全球资本主义与非洲政治经济的欠发达:我们的帮助从哪里来?
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/09750878231170178
C. Onah, B. Amujiri
The global capitalist system created and sustained by the West has eaten deep into the global economy, serving as the ideological and economic hegemony upon which it revolves. Against this backdrop, this article explores the trends and partners of accumulation in the global political economy of capitalism and interrogates how it benefits the West and oppresses Africa through forced integration and unequal power relations. A key finding of the analysis is that global integration of the world economy that runs on capitalism has not benefited Africa significantly, as claimed by capitalist bourgeoisie scholars.
由西方创造和维持的全球资本主义体系已经深深侵蚀了全球经济,成为其赖以运转的意识形态和经济霸权。在此背景下,本文探讨了资本主义全球政治经济中积累的趋势和伙伴,并探讨了资本主义如何通过强制一体化和不平等的权力关系使西方受益并压迫非洲。该分析的一个关键发现是,资本主义世界经济的全球一体化并没有像资本主义资产阶级学者所声称的那样使非洲显著受益。
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Ucheoma Nwagbara, The Struggles of Post-Independence Nigeria: Missed Opportunities and a Continuing Crisis 书评:Ucheoma Nwagbara,《独立后的尼日利亚:错失的机会和持续的危机》
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/09750878231174678
R. Anand
Ucheoma Nwagbara, The Struggles of Post-Independence Nigeria: Missed Opportunities and a Continuing Crisis, Lexington Books, 2022, 372pp.
Ucheoma Nwagbara,《独立后的尼日利亚:错失的机会和持续的危机》,列克星敦出版社,2022年,372页。
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引用次数: 1
Diagnosing Ethiopia’s Tigray War: Reverberations in the Horn of Africa 诊断埃塞俄比亚的提格雷战争:在非洲之角的反响
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-07-01 DOI: 10.1177/09750878231170177
Frederick Appiah Afriyie, Shirley Ayangbah, Kwaku Obeng Effah
The flare-up of hostilities in Ethiopia’s Tigray district in November 2020 is simply the aftereffect of a forced battle between so-called reformist Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed’s central government and the Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF). This previous revolutionary development ruled Ethiopian legislative issues for over 25 years before Abiy’s rise to control of power in 2018. Numerous Ethiopians considered the TPLF’s rule authoritative, and misconducts executed under its authority stirred up scorn in several groups. The fight additionally displays ethnic strains in the country, which have been exacerbated as of late as the nation goes through political and financial modifications. The advancing battle has effectively brought about outrage, expanded the flow of refugees, and stressed territorial relations. This research article provides an account of the origins of the TPLF and the Tigrayans, Eritrea’s involvement in the conflict, the sources of tension, and the paths to war. Finally, the repercussions of Ethiopia’s Tigray conflict and its corollaries on the Horn of Africa. Specifically, the article draws on the Protracted Social Conflict Theory to explain Ethiopia’s Tigray conflict. The answer stipulates a hint at addressing the current problem.
2020年11月埃塞俄比亚提格雷地区爆发的敌对行动只是所谓的改革派总理阿比·艾哈迈德的中央政府与提格雷人民解放阵线(TPLF)之间的强迫战斗的后果。在阿比于2018年掌权之前,这一先前的革命性发展统治了埃塞俄比亚的立法问题超过25年。许多埃塞俄比亚人认为蒂格雷人阵的统治具有权威性,在其权威下实施的不当行为在几个团体中激起了蔑视。这场斗争还显示出该国的种族紧张局势,随着该国经历政治和财政调整,这种紧张局势最近加剧。不断推进的战斗实际上引起了愤怒,扩大了难民的流动,并强调了领土关系。这篇研究文章介绍了蒂格雷人阵和提格雷人的起源、厄立特里亚参与冲突、紧张局势的根源以及战争的途径。最后,埃塞俄比亚提格雷冲突及其对非洲之角的影响。具体而言,本文借鉴了长期社会冲突理论来解释埃塞俄比亚的提格雷冲突。答案提供了解决当前问题的提示。
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引用次数: 0
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Insight on Africa
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