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Unravelling the Link Between Bilateral Investment Treaties and Environmental Sustainability in Sub-Saharan African Countries 揭示双边投资条约与撒哈拉以南非洲国家环境可持续性之间的联系
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-05-28 DOI: 10.1177/09750878241241792
Luqman Afolabi, Patrick Efe Ejumedia, Adebunmi Olusola Oduyoye-Ejumedia, Richard Kabanda, Nnamdi O Madichie
This study investigates the practical relationship between foreign direct investments (FDI), bilateral investment treaties (BITs), income, energy consumption and CO2 emissions in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries between 2000 and 2020. To address the challenges of heterogeneity, non-stationarity and cross-sectional dependence, we employed the dynamic common-correlated effects estimation method introduced by Chudik and Pesaran. This methodology provides reliable results for panel datasets of significant to moderate size. The results indicate a direct connection between FDI and CO2 emissions, providing evidence for the pollution haven theory. Notably, BITs also have a favourable and substantial impact on environmental degradation in SSA countries. These findings emphasise the need for effective environmental regulatory frameworks and management techniques. Achieving sustainable growth and economic development in SSA countries requires prioritising the adoption and implementation of carbon reduction strategies. SSA countries can attain balanced growth between economic progress and environmental preservation by reducing the negative effects of FDI inflows and BITs on environmental sustainability. This study expands the current knowledge base by providing insights into the complex relationship between FDI inflows, BITs, income, energy consumption and CO2 emissions in SSA countries. The findings offer valuable guidance to policymakers and stakeholders in formulating and executing effective environmental policies and regulations to promote sustainable development in the area.
本研究探讨了 2000 年至 2020 年撒哈拉以南非洲(SSA)国家的外国直接投资(FDI)、双边投资条约(BIT)、收入、能源消耗和二氧化碳排放之间的实际关系。为了解决异质性、非平稳性和横截面依赖性等难题,我们采用了 Chudik 和 Pesaran 提出的动态共同相关效应估计方法。该方法可为中等规模的面板数据集提供可靠的结果。结果表明,外国直接投资与二氧化碳排放之间存在直接联系,为污染天堂理论提供了证据。值得注意的是,双边投资条约也对撒哈拉以南非洲国家的环境退化产生了有利的实质性影响。这些发现强调了建立有效的环境监管框架和管理技术的必要性。要实现撒哈拉以南非洲国家的可持续增长和经济发展,就必须优先采用和实施碳减排战略。通过减少外国直接投资流入和双边投资条约对环境可持续性的负面影响,撒哈拉以南非洲国家可以在经济进步和环境保护之间实现平衡增长。本研究对撒哈拉以南非洲国家的外国直接投资流入、双边投资条约、收入、能源消耗和二氧化碳排放之间的复杂关系进行了深入分析,从而扩展了现有的知识库。研究结果为政策制定者和利益相关者提供了宝贵的指导,帮助他们制定和执行有效的环境政策和法规,促进该地区的可持续发展。
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Nathanael Ojong (Ed.), Off-Grid Solar Electrification in Africa: A Critical Perspective 书评:Nathanael Ojong (Ed.), Off-Grid Solar Electrification in Africa:批判性视角
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1177/09750878241239901
Kavita Arora
Nathanael Ojong (Ed.), Off-Grid Solar Electrification in Africa: A Critical Perspective, Palgrave Macmillan, 2022, pp. 372, ₹8,808 (Hardback).
Nathanael Ojong (Ed.), Off-Grid Solar Electrification in Africa:关键视角》,Palgrave Macmillan,2022 年,第 372 页,₹8,808(精装本)。
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引用次数: 0
Ethio-Eritrean Relation: From Jubilant Liaison to Paroxysm Hostility Since 2018 埃塞俄比亚与厄立特里亚的关系:从欢欣鼓舞的联络到2018年以来的阵发性敌意
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-04-26 DOI: 10.1177/09750878241239902
Yalemzewd Dessie
For the past two decades, the border conflict between Ethiopia and Eritrea has posed political, economic and social security threats in the Horn of Africa. The seemingly unexpected resurgence of jovial contact between Eritrea and Ethiopia grabbed national, regional and international attention. It was Abiy who jumpstarted the peace process in June 2018. Unfortunately, their relationship gradually deteriorated from a cheerful amorousness to a vicious enmity. Thus, Ethiopia and Eritrea have both shown the ability and readiness to utilise proxy armies against one another. However, the literature on Ethiopia–Eritrea relations now avoids the topic of how peace and security might be restored. Therefore, the primary goal of this article has been to discuss and analyse the development of the Ethio-Eritrean relationship since 2018, from jubilant liaison to paroxysm hostility. To record and analyse this exciting issue, the article would be limited to primary sources such as letters, reports, journals, interviews, live streaming media and published secondary texts that this writer has access to.
过去二十年来,埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚之间的边界冲突一直对非洲之角的政治、经济和社会安全构成威胁。厄立特里亚和埃塞俄比亚之间似乎出人意料地重新开始了愉快的接触,这引起了国家、地区和国际社会的关注。正是阿比在 2018 年 6 月启动了和平进程。不幸的是,两国关系逐渐恶化,从欢快的友好变成了恶毒的敌意。因此,埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚都表现出了利用代理军队对付对方的能力和意愿。然而,目前有关埃塞俄比亚-厄立特里亚关系的文献都回避了如何恢复和平与安全的话题。因此,本文的主要目标是讨论和分析 2018 年以来埃塞-厄立特里亚关系的发展,从欢欣鼓舞的联络到阵发性的敌对。为了记录和分析这一激动人心的问题,文章将仅限于作者所能接触到的信件、报告、期刊、访谈、直播媒体和已出版的二手文本等原始资料。
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引用次数: 0
Same Game, Different Participation in Nigeria: A qualitative study of (2006) National Gender Policy 同样的游戏,尼日利亚不同的参与:对(2006 年)国家性别政策的定性研究
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.1177/09750878231218650
Owoeye Gbenga, Aleyomi Michael, Ngozi Bridget Ogor-Igbosuah, Babatunde Samson
Equal participation in politics are a goal of democracy, independent of gender, race, or ethnicity. This essay contends that if these values are not given top priority and prominence in society, democracy will have failed. By examining the opinions of participants, this study assesses the implementation of the 2006 National Gender Policy in Nigeria. To learn how participants, assess the policy’s execution since it was created, the research employs a qualitative methodology.The results show that sexism, illiteracy, and a lack of strong government support are the main barriers to full implementation of the national gender policy. The policy implementation framework is hindered, as evidenced by the participants’ experiences, raising questions about its efficacy in promoting gender equality. In order to accomplish the goals of the policy, the government and other players will need to provide better support, raise awareness of the issue, and make firmer promises.The implications of these findings are examined within the social learning theory, which suggests that behavior is learned from the environment, and that people adapt by observing the consequences of their actions and the actions of others. The research reveals that social learning is critical in the implementation of gender policies, but the limited application of the policy undermines its ability to promote change. Therefore, this paper argues that there is an urgent need for comprehensive action and policy reform, aimed at addressing the limitations identified and ensuring gender equity in Nigeria.
平等参与政治是民主的目标,与性别、种族或民族无关。本文认为,如果这些价值观在社会中没有得到最优先的重视和突出的地位,民主就会失败。通过研究参与者的意见,本研究评估了尼日利亚 2006 年国家性别政策的实施情况。研究结果表明,性别歧视、文盲和缺乏强有力的政府支持是全面实施国家性别政策的主要障 碍。从参与者的经历来看,政策实施框架受到了阻碍,这让人们对其在促进性别平等方面的成效产生了疑问。为了实现该政策的目标,政府和其他参与者需要提供更好的支持,提高人们对该问题的认识,并做出更坚定的承诺。这些研究结果的意义将在社会学习理论中进行考察,该理论认为,行为是从环境中学来的,人们通过观察自己和他人行为的后果来适应环境。研究表明,社会学习对性别政策的实施至关重要,但政策的有限应用削弱了其促进变革的能力。因此,本文认为,迫切需要采取全面行动和政策改革,以解决所发现的局限性,确保尼日利亚的性别平等。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Violent Extremism on Local Conflicts and Vice Versa: Differences and Similarities among Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger 暴力极端主义对地方冲突的影响:马里、布基纳法索和尼日尔之间的异同
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1177/09750878231221930
Eun Kyung Kim, Kwang-Su Kim
Research on violent extremism in Africa argues that jihadi insurgents exploit inter-ethnic cleavages and local grievances in order to recruit and gain support from the region because such political mobilisation leads to an escalation of clashes and violence among communal groups. On the other hand, local militias, especially those aided by governments, incite acts of anti-government terrorists. Using the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data (ACLED) data set, we explore at which duration-area level the jihadist and militia attacks affect each other’s atrocities and how the effects vary in three Francophone Sahelian countries—Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger. We find that violent acts by militias (or jihadists) tend to be reactive to terrorist attacks (or militia movements) rather than happening concurrently or against one another. More specifically, violent incidents by jihadi insurgents and local militias have an aggravating effect on each other’s violent acts in sub-regional administrative units over a week at the highest rate in Mali and Burkina Faso. Further, results from a cross-country analysis suggest that homegrown factors, including terrorist group rivalry, government responses to terrorism and self-defence militias’ intentions and determination, might affect how the jihadists’ exploitation of the cleavages and the growing challenges posed by ethnic militias to the extremists exacerbate the situation.
有关非洲暴力极端主义的研究认为,圣战叛乱分子利用种族间的裂痕和当地人的不满情绪来招募人员并获得该地区的支持,因为这种政治动员会导致族群间的冲突和暴力升级。另一方面,地方民兵,尤其是那些得到政府援助的民兵,会煽动反政府恐怖分子的行为。利用武装冲突地点和事件数据集(ACLED),我们探讨了圣战分子和民兵的袭击在哪个时间段和地区层面会影响彼此的暴行,以及在三个萨赫勒法语国家--马里、布基纳法索和尼日尔--的影响有何不同。我们发现,民兵(或圣战分子)的暴力行为往往是对恐怖袭击(或民兵运动)的反应,而不是同时发生或相互对抗。更具体地说,在马里和布基纳法索,圣战叛乱分子和当地民兵的暴力事件在一周内对次区域行政单位的暴力事件产生了相互加剧的影响,这种情况在马里最为严重。此外,一项跨国分析的结果表明,本土因素,包括恐怖组织之间的竞争、政府对恐怖主义的反应以及自卫民兵的意图和决心,可能会影响圣战分子如何利用分裂以及少数民族民兵对极端分子构成的日益严峻的挑战来加剧局势。
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引用次数: 0
Criminality at Shopping Malls: A South African Perspective 商场犯罪:南非视角
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1177/09750878231221167
N. Lallupersad, D. Govender
A sharp rise in crimes at shopping malls in KwaZulu-Natal and other provinces around the country has prompted shopping mall owners to keep shopping malls safe. Some of the crimes that shopping malls experience include armed robberies, common robberies, parking lot crimes (theft from motor vehicles), assaults, store holdups, shoplifting and property crimes. Shoppers and retailers at malls are concerned about their safety. Criminals commit crimes for numerous reasons, and the situations are always different. The purpose of this article was to assess the crime risks at these malls so that the malls can be made safe, secure and a pleasant environment for all. The Criminal Opportunity Theory served as the basis for this study. A qualitative case study design was used in this study. One-on-one interviews, observation and criminal case docket analysis were used to collect data. Nine shopping malls, 30 criminal case dockets and 30 participants were purposively sampled, based on specific criteria. The collected data were thematically analysed and interpreted. It was found that there was a great need for both violent and nonviolent crimes to be reduced at shopping malls. The study showed that security measures should be enhanced to deter potential criminals and mitigate the risk of criminal activities.
夸祖鲁-纳塔尔省和全国其他省份购物中心的犯罪率急剧上升,这促使购物中心业主必须确保购物中心的安全。购物中心发生的一些犯罪包括持械抢劫、普通抢劫、停车场犯罪(盗窃机动车)、袭击、抢劫商店、商店盗窃和财产犯罪。购物中心的顾客和零售商都很担心自己的安全。犯罪分子犯罪的原因很多,情况也总是各不相同。本文的目的是评估这些商场的犯罪风险,从而使商场变得安全可靠,为所有人提供一个舒适的环境。犯罪机会理论是本研究的基础。本研究采用了定性案例研究设计。通过一对一访谈、观察和刑事案件卷宗分析来收集数据。根据特定标准,有目的性地抽取了 9 个商场、30 份刑事案件卷宗和 30 名参与者。对收集到的数据进行了专题分析和解释。研究发现,商场亟需减少暴力和非暴力犯罪。研究表明,应加强安全措施,以威慑潜在的犯罪分子,降低犯罪活动的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the Impact of Trade Policies on Growth and Development of the Manufacturing and Agricultural Sectors in Nigeria 评估贸易政策对尼日利亚制造业和农业增长与发展的影响
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.1177/09750878231217956
Felix Ibeh
This article examines the impact of trade policies in Nigeria (1960–2022) on the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. To set the context, I have grouped the trade policy periods into two categories: (a) the pre–structural adjustment programme (SAP) era (1960–1985) and (b) the post-SAP era (1986–2022). I have then examined economic data and all the existing literature to understand the pattern of manufacturing and agricultural outputs during these policy periods. Pre-SAP and post-SAP trade policies show a shift from protectionism to liberalisation, moderately improving agricultural and industrial sectors but still facing obstacles. Despite policies and agreements to improve trade, economic development remains unrealised. This study demonstrated that trade policies have led to erratic progress in both the agricultural and manufacturing sectors, consequently making a lesser contribution to the overall Nigerian development. Within this debate, three different schools of thought can be distinguished. The first school of thought holds that trade policy reforms benefit the growth of Nigerian manufacturing and agricultural sectors. The second school of thought contends that trade policy reforms (such as trade liberalisation) have a detrimental effect on industrial and agricultural sectors. The third school of thought argues that there is no proof or substantial linkage between trade policy reforms and the productivity and growth of manufacturing and agricultural sectors. Nevertheless, to benefit from trade liberalisation, this article identifies the need to revise the Nigerian trade policy as well as stabilise foreign exchange rates to advance and boost local manufacturing and agricultural sectors and promote active participation in trade agreements and policies.
本文探讨了尼日利亚贸易政策(1960-2022 年)对制造业和农业部门的影响。为了确定背景,我将贸易政策时期分为两类:(a) 结构调整方案前时期(1960-1985 年)和(b) 结构调整方案后时期(1986-2022 年)。然后,我研究了经济数据和所有现有文献,以了解这些政策时期的制造业和农业产出模式。前《附加议定书》时期和后《附加议定书》时期的贸易政策显示出从保护主义向自由化的转变,农业和工业部门得到适度改善,但仍面临障碍。尽管有改善贸易的政策和协议,但经济发展仍未实现。本研究表明,贸易政策导致农业和制造业部门的进展不稳定,因此对尼日利亚整体发展的贡献较小。在这场辩论中,可以区分出三种不同的观点。第一派认为,贸易政策改革有利于尼日利亚制造业和农业部门的发展。第二种观点认为,贸易政策改革(如贸易自由化)会对工农业部门产生不利影响。第三种观点认为,贸易政策改革与制造业和农业部门的生产力和增长之间没有证据或实质性联系。然而,为了从贸易自由化中获益,本文认为有必要修订尼日利亚的贸易政策并稳定外汇汇率,以推动和促进当地制造业和农业部门的发展,并促进其积极参与贸易协定和政策。
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Adetokunbo Johnson and Ashwanee Budoo-Scholtz (Ed.), COVID-19 and Women’s Intersectionalities in Africa 书评:Adetokunbo Johnson 和 Ashwanee Budoo-Scholtz(编辑),COVID-19 和非洲妇女的交叉性
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.1177/09750878231212123
Ankur Srivastava
Adetokunbo Johnson and Ashwanee Budoo-Scholtz (Ed.), COVID-19 and Women’s Intersectionalities in Africa, Pretoria UniversitZy Law Press (PULP), 2023, 279 pp.
Adetokunbo Johnson 和 Ashwanee Budoo-Scholtz(编辑),《COVID-19 与非洲妇女的交叉性》,比勒陀利亚大学法律出版社(PULP),2023 年,279 页。
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Diana Højlund Madsen (Ed.), Gendered Institutions and Women’s Political Representation in Africa 书评:Diana Højlund Madsen (Ed.), Gendered Institutions and Women's Political Representation in Africa
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1177/09750878231212121
Tara Shanker Chaudhary
Diana Højlund Madsen (Ed.), Gendered Institutions and Women’s Political Representation in Africa, Zed Books and Nordic Africa Institute, 2020, pp. 272, 90$.
Diana Højlund Madsen (Ed.), Gendered Institutions and Women's Political Representation in Africa, Zed Books and Nordic Africa Institute, 2020, pp.
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Frank Aragbonfoh Abumere, African Identities and International Politics 书评:Frank Aragbonfoh Abumere,《非洲身份与国际政治
IF 0.8 Q2 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1177/09750878231212881
Rajneesh Kumar Gupta
Frank Aragbonfoh Abumere, African Identities and International Politics, Routledge Publication, 2023, pp. 159, £130.00.
Frank Aragbonfoh Abumere,《非洲身份与国际政治》,Routledge 出版社,2023 年,第 159 页,130.00 英镑。
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引用次数: 0
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Insight on Africa
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