Nowadays, language performance is likely to be the most predominant factor on which assessment primari- ly focuses for estimating students’ success. Hancock )1994( concludes that assessment is a continuous strategy and interactive process by which both teachers and students collaborate to monitor student learning and make decisions about their performances. Due to the difficulties highlighted in Ismael 2017 and 2018 respectively, there was a limited implementation of performance assessments in the English departments of Kurdistan Re- gion universities. This current study, therefore, looked into some viable solutions to the contextual difficulties of implementing performance assessments in terms of practice and technicality in the English departments of Kurdistan Region universities from the perspectives of university EFL teachers. Following performance assess- ment practices, as this study generally revealed, is tremendously beneficial for the processes of teaching, learn- ing, and assessment of English language but it is not effortless for both teachers and students with the latter bearing a considerable portion of the burden. This study arrived at some feasible solutions and procedures to follow and to cope with these difficulties based on the analyses of the lengthy discussions of the interviews and the focus group interview. According to the findings, the difficulties of implementing performance assessments can be significantly minimized by decreasing the number of students to 25 per class, allocating equal marks for performance assessments and main traditional tests, holding seminars for students to inform them about the types of assessments and tests they are expected to complete, providing training courses for teachers on conducting performance assessments, stating objectives and mentioning outcomes in the curriculum about those assessments, and most significantly reforming the assessment system as a whole gradually by piloting per- formance assessments. The major implications of this study could be informing senior administrators in the administrators in the English departments that the implementation of performance assessments in their departments is insufficient, and that their assessment system requires significant reforms and improvements in several aspects in order to obtain an up-to-date language assessment system, which could subsequently improve university EFL students’ learning of English.
{"title":"Implementing Performance Assessments in University English Departments in the Kurdistan Region: Viable Solutions to the Practice and Technical Difficulties","authors":"Dler Abdullah Ismael","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi1.214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi1.214","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, language performance is likely to be the most predominant factor on which assessment primari- ly focuses for estimating students’ success. Hancock )1994( concludes that assessment is a continuous strategy and interactive process by which both teachers and students collaborate to monitor student learning and make decisions about their performances. Due to the difficulties highlighted in Ismael 2017 and 2018 respectively, there was a limited implementation of performance assessments in the English departments of Kurdistan Re- gion universities. This current study, therefore, looked into some viable solutions to the contextual difficulties of implementing performance assessments in terms of practice and technicality in the English departments of Kurdistan Region universities from the perspectives of university EFL teachers. Following performance assess- ment practices, as this study generally revealed, is tremendously beneficial for the processes of teaching, learn- ing, and assessment of English language but it is not effortless for both teachers and students with the latter bearing a considerable portion of the burden. This study arrived at some feasible solutions and procedures to follow and to cope with these difficulties based on the analyses of the lengthy discussions of the interviews and the focus group interview. According to the findings, the difficulties of implementing performance assessments can be significantly minimized by decreasing the number of students to 25 per class, allocating equal marks for performance assessments and main traditional tests, holding seminars for students to inform them about the types of assessments and tests they are expected to complete, providing training courses for teachers on conducting performance assessments, stating objectives and mentioning outcomes in the curriculum about those assessments, and most significantly reforming the assessment system as a whole gradually by piloting per- formance assessments. The major implications of this study could be informing senior administrators in the administrators in the English departments that the implementation of performance assessments in their departments is insufficient, and that their assessment system requires significant reforms and improvements in several aspects in order to obtain an up-to-date language assessment system, which could subsequently improve university EFL students’ learning of English.","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126113846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research paper sheds light on the problematic that with every crisis there appears an opportunity for reform and transformation for the better. This has been proven by the experiences of many developing and developed countries, but why did the Iraqi economy not confirm this trend and this logic despite the many crises and the multiplicity of opportunities? And The aims research to shed light on the most important historical points of crises and the failure of the macroeconomic policy to shift from crises to building a more stable economic structure, and It concluded that Iraq, despite the accurate diagnostic analyzes during the economic notes on Iraq issued by international and local scientific institutions and bodies, it missed many and great opportunities before and after the 2003 occupation, and the failure of policies and mechanisms to transform crises into real development opportunities to build an economic structure that has the ability to Rapid response to crises, In this context, the research ended with recommendations, including the improvement of Iraq’s performance in the indicators of good governance, especially in the field of government effectiveness and good management, and reaching an acceptable level among the international and Arab community, and this requires the development of human capacities and the eradication of corruption from its roots and attention to the private sector as well, which can play A role in promoting diversification of revenue sources and increasing employment opportunities, by driving innovation and economic activity in untapped sectors and encouraging real competition in strategic and medium-term projects.
{"title":"Crises and opportunities for transformation in the Iraqi economy (1958 - 2021)","authors":"Nihad Khalid, Khalid Hayder Abid Ali","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi1.212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi1.212","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper sheds light on the problematic that with every crisis there appears an opportunity for reform and transformation for the better. This has been proven by the experiences of many developing and developed countries, but why did the Iraqi economy not confirm this trend and this logic despite the many crises and the multiplicity of opportunities? And The aims research to shed light on the most important historical points of crises and the failure of the macroeconomic policy to shift from crises to building a more stable economic structure, and It concluded that Iraq, despite the accurate diagnostic analyzes during the economic notes on Iraq issued by international and local scientific institutions and bodies, it missed many and great opportunities before and after the 2003 occupation, and the failure of policies and mechanisms to transform crises into real development opportunities to build an economic structure that has the ability to Rapid response to crises, In this context, the research ended with recommendations, including the improvement of Iraq’s performance in the indicators of good governance, especially in the field of government effectiveness and good management, and reaching an acceptable level among the international and Arab community, and this requires the development of human capacities and the eradication of corruption from its roots and attention to the private sector as well, which can play A role in promoting diversification of revenue sources and increasing employment opportunities, by driving innovation and economic activity in untapped sectors and encouraging real competition in strategic and medium-term projects.","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117163029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores the relationship between journalists and their sources particularly the poli- tician’s news sources. The study attempts to highlight the nature relationship between that two parties. The journalist-politician interplay In Kurdistan region is questionable and complicated in consequence to public sphere in the region. The study’s finding is that there is a large degree of interplay between these parts, an outdome that strengthens the findings of previous research in this field. The conclusions are also support recent research arguing that the certain variables such as trust and common control governed this relationship as well as recognising the importance of professional norms journalist-politician. Additionally, both sides must keep the distance between them as they require manoeuvring space in which they can create and uphold a balance of power in the relationship to serve the professionalism values. The interplay between the two groups is motely uncharacteristic, both groups attempt to utilize other side to their interests.
{"title":"The Nature Relationship Between Journalists and Politicians and its impact on Objectivity","authors":"Barham Khalid Ahmed","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi1.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi1.213","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the relationship between journalists and their sources particularly the poli- tician’s news sources. The study attempts to highlight the nature relationship between that two parties. The journalist-politician interplay In Kurdistan region is questionable and complicated in consequence to public sphere in the region. The study’s finding is that there is a large degree of interplay between these parts, an outdome that strengthens the findings of previous research in this field. The conclusions are also support recent research arguing that the certain variables such as trust and common control governed this relationship as well as recognising the importance of professional norms journalist-politician. Additionally, both sides must keep the distance between them as they require manoeuvring space in which they can create and uphold a balance of power in the relationship to serve the professionalism values. The interplay between the two groups is motely uncharacteristic, both groups attempt to utilize other side to their interests.","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116815265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kosrat Taha Muhamad Shary, Lana Sabir Mohammed Saeed
This is a research with the title of )The Duty of Public Relations in Political Marketing(, and it has given importance to identifying the duties which are given more care by the public relations of the political factions for the political marketing of the political factions, this research is an effort to make it clear and learn that the public relations have managed to work for the political factions’ objectives on a high level, and to what extent the political factions have embodied their public relations in the political marketing, the purpose of the research is specifying the level of implementing the public relations duties within the political factions and knowing the mechanism of performing public relations duties for the political marketing of the political factions and showing the issues that create obstacles in front of implementing public relations duties of the political factions, this is a descriptive research, where the researcher relied on the surveying measures through questionnaire forms, the research bodies of the three political factions of ) Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Kurdistan Democratic Party and the Change bureaus and chambers of )6( Movement(, and the samples of the research is taken from the cadres of cadres with various ranks, and the most important results ١9٨ the political factions whose numbers are that the researcher has come up with in the research, although the public relations have significant roles to realize the goals of the political factions, however; the public relations of the political factions have not been able to work on the social and national feeling of responsibility on the mass. The public relations of the political factions are not working their duties as required, sometimes they work on the duties of )Interpretation, persuasion, evaluation, documentation and facilitation (, although they have given importance to the media within their duties, the public relations in their duties of political marketing on the mass, political institutions and political marketing and the tools of using the means of mass relations and political output, mainly relied on the media duties to convince and attract the mass, little training courses for the cadres of the public relations sections for obtaining appropriate background for practising their professions are important factors which have become obstacles in front of implementing the public relations duties
{"title":"The Duty of Public Relations in Political Marketing","authors":"Kosrat Taha Muhamad Shary, Lana Sabir Mohammed Saeed","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi1.208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi1.208","url":null,"abstract":"This is a research with the title of )The Duty of Public Relations in Political Marketing(, and it has given importance to identifying the duties which are given more care by the public relations of the political factions for the political marketing of the political factions, this research is an effort to make it clear and learn that the public relations have managed to work for the political factions’ objectives on a high level, and to what extent the political factions have embodied their public relations in the political marketing, the purpose of the research is specifying the level of implementing the public relations duties within the political factions and knowing the mechanism of performing public relations duties for the political marketing of the political factions and showing the issues that create obstacles in front of implementing public relations duties of the political factions, this is a descriptive research, where the researcher relied on the surveying measures through questionnaire forms, the research bodies of the three political factions of ) Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Kurdistan Democratic Party and the Change bureaus and chambers of )6( Movement(, and the samples of the research is taken from the cadres of cadres with various ranks, and the most important results ١9٨ the political factions whose numbers are that the researcher has come up with in the research, although the public relations have significant roles to realize the goals of the political factions, however; the public relations of the political factions have not been able to work on the social and national feeling of responsibility on the mass. The public relations of the political factions are not working their duties as required, sometimes they work on the duties of )Interpretation, persuasion, evaluation, documentation and facilitation (, although they have given importance to the media within their duties, the public relations in their duties of political marketing on the mass, political institutions and political marketing and the tools of using the means of mass relations and political output, mainly relied on the media duties to convince and attract the mass, little training courses for the cadres of the public relations sections for obtaining appropriate background for practising their professions are important factors which have become obstacles in front of implementing the public relations duties","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121094208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Violence is a critical topic in Human sciences. Numerous researchers have investigated the phenomena of violence since the beginning of sociology. Domestic violence is a widespread phenomenon in various societies, and it occurs in every society; there is no community that does not have this phenomenon. Sociologists have attempted to identify the reasons )causes( of having of domestic violence through their research, with some believing that violence happens for political, cultural, economic, and social reasons, including media and technological improvements. The researcher attempted to highlight the most prominent theories and sociologists who have made significant contributions to this field. This research focused on six theoretical perspectives on domestic violence, including functional structure theory, social education, symbolic interaction, conflict, economic, and cultural perspectives. Theoretically, this study attempted to identify the causes and factors of domestic violence and then .provide the findings and conclusions
{"title":"Understanding the Phenomenon of Domestic Violence from the Perspective of Social Theories: A Theoretical and Analytical Study","authors":"Karwan Ali Shamar, Husen Ismailali","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi1.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi1.207","url":null,"abstract":"Violence is a critical topic in Human sciences. Numerous researchers have investigated the phenomena of violence since the beginning of sociology. Domestic violence is a widespread phenomenon in various societies, and it occurs in every society; there is no community that does not have this phenomenon. Sociologists have attempted to identify the reasons )causes( of having of domestic violence through their research, with some believing that violence happens for political, cultural, economic, and social reasons, including media and technological improvements. The researcher attempted to highlight the most prominent theories and sociologists who have made significant contributions to this field. This research focused on six theoretical perspectives on domestic violence, including functional structure theory, social education, symbolic interaction, conflict, economic, and cultural perspectives. Theoretically, this study attempted to identify the causes and factors of domestic violence and then .provide the findings and conclusions","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125169858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natural resources play a main role in the development of tourism in any region. This research is entitled ” Natural potential for tourism development in the Raparin administration.“ The aim is to identify and analyze the natural resources and issues in front of the development of tourism in the Raparin administration. Although there are many different natural resources for the development of tourism in the study area, many problems are obstacles to the development of tourism in the research area, especially the lack of tourism services and poor roads. To achieve the goal of the study, both principled and analytical methods were used with each of its programs )ArcGIS V.١٠.٥( and )Google Earth(. In order to present the natural principles and how these principles affect the development of tourism in the study area, which is presented through various tables, maps, and pictures. Finally, the study reached a number of results: The most important of these is the region’s borders with the Islamic Republic of Iran, Erbil province, and Dukan and Sharbazher districts of Sulaimaniyah province, although the Raparin administration has several different tourism principles that have made it an attraction for tourists, At the end, several recommendations were presented to solve the problems and plan the future of the Raparin administration. This will lead to an increase in the number of tourists and the development of the tourism sector in the study area. Keywords: Raparin administration, natural resources, kinds of tourism, problems in tourism.
{"title":"Natural Potential for Tourism Development in the Raparin Administration","authors":"Azhin Anwar, Shirwan Omer Rashid","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi1.206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi1.206","url":null,"abstract":"Natural resources play a main role in the development of tourism in any region. This research is entitled ” Natural potential for tourism development in the Raparin administration.“ The aim is to identify and analyze the natural resources and issues in front of the development of tourism in the Raparin administration. Although there are many different natural resources for the development of tourism in the study area, many problems are obstacles to the development of tourism in the research area, especially the lack of tourism services and poor roads. To achieve the goal of the study, both principled and analytical methods were used with each of its programs )ArcGIS V.١٠.٥( and )Google Earth(. In order to present the natural principles and how these principles affect the development of tourism in the study area, which is presented through various tables, maps, and pictures. Finally, the study reached a number of results: The most important of these is the region’s borders with the Islamic Republic of Iran, Erbil province, and Dukan and Sharbazher districts of Sulaimaniyah province, although the Raparin administration has several different tourism principles that have made it an attraction for tourists, At the end, several recommendations were presented to solve the problems and plan the future of the Raparin administration. This will lead to an increase in the number of tourists and the development of the tourism sector in the study area. Keywords: Raparin administration, natural resources, kinds of tourism, problems in tourism.","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129184587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to shed light on the question words in the Kurdish language according to the G.B theory, which consists of two sections, conclusions and a list of references. The first section is devoted to the theoretical background and other studies which are relevant to question words in the Kurdish language. In the second section, the transformations are divided into two types, optional transformation and obligatory transformation. In both situations, scientific and approval examples are given, which indicates that obligatory transformation exists in the Kurdish language as in the English language with some differences. The most important finding in this study is that .obligatory )syntactic( transformation applies to the Kurdish language.
{"title":"Issue Knots According to Power and Connection Theory in the Kurdish Language","authors":"Othman Karim Abdalrahim, Abubakir Omer Qadir","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi1.205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi1.205","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to shed light on the question words in the Kurdish language according to the G.B theory, which consists of two sections, conclusions and a list of references. The first section is devoted to the theoretical background and other studies which are relevant to question words in the Kurdish language. In the second section, the transformations are divided into two types, optional transformation and obligatory transformation. In both situations, scientific and approval examples are given, which indicates that obligatory transformation exists in the Kurdish language as in the English language with some differences. The most important finding in this study is that .obligatory )syntactic( transformation applies to the Kurdish language.","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133825024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The crucial role of non-oil exports in promoting job creations, investments, productions and even infrastructure improvements is well established in the literature, in Iraq, despite the abundant of non-oil resources, non-oil exports accounts for less than 10 percent of total export receipts. This paper aims to examine the impact of non-oil exports on economic growth in Iraq by employing the ARDL model to investigate the long and short-run effects of non-oil exports on Iraq’s GDP. To do so, the annual data of GDP, non-oil exports of manufacture, food and agricultural products, and exchange rates have been collected from World Trade Organization and World Bank from (2003- 2020). The results reveal a significant impact of non-oil exports on economic growth in both the long and short run. It’s recommended for governments and policymakers that promoting non-oil exports and diversifying Iraq’s economy is paramount for faster economic growth, greater job creation, and less economic volatility.
{"title":"Impact of Non-Oil Export on Economic Growth in Iraq: An Application of the Bound Test Approach","authors":"Hawnaz Omer Muhammad","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi7.199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi7.199","url":null,"abstract":"The crucial role of non-oil exports in promoting job creations, investments, productions and even infrastructure improvements is well established in the literature, in Iraq, despite the abundant of non-oil resources, non-oil exports accounts for less than 10 percent of total export receipts. This paper aims to examine the impact of non-oil exports on economic growth in Iraq by employing the ARDL model to investigate the long and short-run effects of non-oil exports on Iraq’s GDP. To do so, the annual data of GDP, non-oil exports of manufacture, food and agricultural products, and exchange rates have been collected from World Trade Organization and World Bank from (2003- 2020). The results reveal a significant impact of non-oil exports on economic growth in both the long and short run. It’s recommended for governments and policymakers that promoting non-oil exports and diversifying Iraq’s economy is paramount for faster economic growth, greater job creation, and less economic volatility.","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"527 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124495400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This page researches to analyze the relationship between the topography and the natural vegetation in the Qardagh region, since the topography has a direct impact on the elements of climate, precipitation and temperatures. this determines the density and type of natural vegetation. The narrow plains and therefore the temperatures and the amount of rain differ between its different regions, which led to the diversity of the natural vegetation and in order to reach the objectives of the research, we divided the research into four sections. Natural vegetation. In the third and fourth sections, we studied the types of natural vegetation and natural vegetation belts according to the height from the surface of the earth. In conclusion, we concluded that the natural vegetation belts differ with different terrain in terms of quantity and type, and we used in this research Excel software (GIS & RS).
{"title":"Topography and its Impact on the Distribution of Cover Belts of Natural Intentions in the Qardagh Region","authors":"Karwan Abubakir Sleman, Soran Hama Amen","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi7.194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi7.194","url":null,"abstract":"This page researches to analyze the relationship between the topography and the natural vegetation in the Qardagh region, since the topography has a direct impact on the elements of climate, precipitation and temperatures. this determines the density and type of natural vegetation. The narrow plains and therefore the temperatures and the amount of rain differ between its different regions, which led to the diversity of the natural vegetation and in order to reach the objectives of the research, we divided the research into four sections. Natural vegetation. In the third and fourth sections, we studied the types of natural vegetation and natural vegetation belts according to the height from the surface of the earth. In conclusion, we concluded that the natural vegetation belts differ with different terrain in terms of quantity and type, and we used in this research Excel software (GIS & RS).","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125405272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Languages consist basically of principles and parameters. The principles cover the biological aspect of language as well as the grammatical aspects common to all languages. While the parameters include those grammatical characteristics that differ between languages. This article is devoted to study the concept of parameters in general, and specifically that of the Pro-drop parameter. However, since understanding the concept of parameters thoroughly without having prior information about the concept of principles is unattainable, the study therefore, clarifies the concept of the latter in the natural languages before addressing the former. In addition, its discussion of the concept of parameters would be as the complement to the concept of principles. In return, it’s meant by parameters all the grammatical divergences that a child learns during the language acquisition process. This implies that the parameters are correlated to the linguistic experiences of humans in different cultural and social environments. It is then the linguistic experiences which determine a specific grammar for a specific language, within the limits of universal grammar. It is also worth mentioning that the grammatical varieties in languages, which have been studied in the context of various types of parameters, are plenty and multi-demensional, yet, the practical aspect of this study, discusses only one sort of parameters, which is Pro-drop parameter. This article finally demostrates the different analysises proposed for the discription of the null subjectivity of languages (Kurdish language in particular).
{"title":"Concept of Parameters in Language (Pro-drop Parameter as an Example)","authors":"Hazhar Hussein Wali, Abduljabar Mustafa Maroof","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi7.193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi7.193","url":null,"abstract":"Languages consist basically of principles and parameters. The principles cover the biological aspect of language as well as the grammatical aspects common to all languages. While the parameters include those grammatical characteristics that differ between languages. This article is devoted to study the concept of parameters in general, and specifically that of the Pro-drop parameter. However, since understanding the concept of parameters thoroughly without having prior information about the concept of principles is unattainable, the study therefore, clarifies the concept of the latter in the natural languages before addressing the former. In addition, its discussion of the concept of parameters would be as the complement to the concept of principles. In return, it’s meant by parameters all the grammatical divergences that a child learns during the language acquisition process. This implies that the parameters are correlated to the linguistic experiences of humans in different cultural and social environments. It is then the linguistic experiences which determine a specific grammar for a specific language, within the limits of universal grammar. It is also worth mentioning that the grammatical varieties in languages, which have been studied in the context of various types of parameters, are plenty and multi-demensional, yet, the practical aspect of this study, discusses only one sort of parameters, which is Pro-drop parameter. This article finally demostrates the different analysises proposed for the discription of the null subjectivity of languages (Kurdish language in particular).","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133766946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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