This study focuses on the attitude of regional and neighboring countries of Iraq (i.e., Iran, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) towards economic sanctions against Iraq from 1990 to 2003. The attitude of these countries throughout this period of time has been known to be unstable; the economic sanctions changes and the stages of these sanctions have played a role in determining the attitudes. This is clearly seen in the attitude of these countries before and after the implementation of the 1995 oil-for-food program. For this purpose, based on historical and analytical research methods, the study aims at presenting the attitude of these countries at this stage, the effects of UN decisions changing, and economic sanctions on this attitude. The study concluded that Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait and Syria insisted on subjugating the Iraqi rulers and reducing their regional role and impact on the region by complying with the decisions on economic sanctions, meanwhile Jordan was significantly affected due to this sanction. Moreover, the year 1995 also played a strong role in the restoration of Iraqi diplomatic relations with each of these neighbouring countries.
{"title":"Regional Countries’ Attitude Towards Economic Sanctions Imposed on Iraq (1990-2003)","authors":"Twana Rashid Karim, Aram Ali Mistafa","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi4.244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi4.244","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the attitude of regional and neighboring countries of Iraq (i.e., Iran, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) towards economic sanctions against Iraq from 1990 to 2003. The attitude of these countries throughout this period of time has been known to be unstable; the economic sanctions changes and the stages of these sanctions have played a role in determining the attitudes. This is clearly seen in the attitude of these countries before and after the implementation of the 1995 oil-for-food program. For this purpose, based on historical and analytical research methods, the study aims at presenting the attitude of these countries at this stage, the effects of UN decisions changing, and economic sanctions on this attitude. The study concluded that Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait and Syria insisted on subjugating the Iraqi rulers and reducing their regional role and impact on the region by complying with the decisions on economic sanctions, meanwhile Jordan was significantly affected due to this sanction. Moreover, the year 1995 also played a strong role in the restoration of Iraqi diplomatic relations with each of these neighbouring countries.","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116463747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Now we are in a very new society, and speed is one of the characteristics of this society. This speed, which has become part of our human nature and has affected our consciousness, has brought with it fear.High-speed trains, drones, the Internet, laser-powered rockets, etc., all make speed seem absolute. The speed of the times, which has become an ideology and has occupied the public, is also seen in the economy, the military and politics. Our movement has become part of us under the pressure of this speed. Our movements are not normal and are present everywhere (in the bank, in the bedroom, in the bathroom, on the train, in...). In other words, our time is an age of excessive speed. Speed is responsible for all our accidents. Accidents are products of speed. The bigger and faster the trains, ships and planes, the bigger the accidents. This is where the fear of speed begins. Paul Virilio’s (19322018-) philosophical works have not been studied at the Kurdish Academy. In this study, the fear of speed in Virilio’s philosophy is the fear of several subjects, which form the basis of this study. Fear of speed is a fear of the physical dimension of the new civilization, a technological civilization, which plays a major role in creating speed and acceleration, and a fear of speed technologies, which degrade distance and physical experience. The study believes that the destructive forces of modern civilizational technologies and techno-industrial society, which brought about this speed, are responsible for creating fear. Thus, when Paul Virilio focuses on speed in his research, he brings us closer to the speed of the new man and his behavior. That is, he considers speed as a test of knowledge of the times and their phenomena. Therefore, this study, which is about fear of the speed of time, has two important objectives. The first goal is to work on Virilio’s philosophical approach to speed, which has produced social and political acceleration. Another purpose of this study is to examine how the physical speed of technology, which is a Virilio theory, affects the phenomena of new society (movement, time, body, city, war) and becomes a source of fear. So according to Virilio’s philosophy of dromology, speed is the best measure of the growth of today’s society.
{"title":"Fear of Speed in the Philosophy of Paul Virilio","authors":"Azad Hama Abdullah","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi4.243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi4.243","url":null,"abstract":"Now we are in a very new society, and speed is one of the characteristics of this society. This speed, which has become part of our human nature and has affected our consciousness, has brought with it fear.High-speed trains, drones, the Internet, laser-powered rockets, etc., all make speed seem absolute. The speed of the times, which has become an ideology and has occupied the public, is also seen in the economy, the military and politics. Our movement has become part of us under the pressure of this speed. Our movements are not normal and are present everywhere (in the bank, in the bedroom, in the bathroom, on the train, in...). In other words, our time is an age of excessive speed. Speed is responsible for all our accidents. Accidents are products of speed. The bigger and faster the trains, ships and planes, the bigger the accidents. This is where the fear of speed begins. Paul Virilio’s (19322018-) philosophical works have not been studied at the Kurdish Academy. In this study, the fear of speed in Virilio’s philosophy is the fear of several subjects, which form the basis of this study. Fear of speed is a fear of the physical dimension of the new civilization, a technological civilization, which plays a major role in creating speed and acceleration, and a fear of speed technologies, which degrade distance and physical experience. The study believes that the destructive forces of modern civilizational technologies and techno-industrial society, which brought about this speed, are responsible for creating fear. Thus, when Paul Virilio focuses on speed in his research, he brings us closer to the speed of the new man and his behavior. That is, he considers speed as a test of knowledge of the times and their phenomena. Therefore, this study, which is about fear of the speed of time, has two important objectives. The first goal is to work on Virilio’s philosophical approach to speed, which has produced social and political acceleration. Another purpose of this study is to examine how the physical speed of technology, which is a Virilio theory, affects the phenomena of new society (movement, time, body, city, war) and becomes a source of fear. So according to Virilio’s philosophy of dromology, speed is the best measure of the growth of today’s society.","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128314807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
History of Kurdish emigration to Sudan dates back to three different stages: The first stage dates back to the late thirteenth century and Saladin Ayyubid’s era, the second one to Sultan Selim’s era when eastern Sudan territories was invaded by the Ottomans, and the last stage to Muhammad Ali Pasha’s era. During these stages, the Kurds move to Sudan as soldiers and military commanders, and some of them stayed there and did not return to their homelands. The study answers the following questions: Are there Kurds in Eastern Sudan? Which cities are inhabited by the Kurds? How many Kurds are there, why did they stay there and did not they return to their country? The study relies more on data collection through interviews with the Kurds in Sudan. The researcher visited the cities and areas in which the Kurds inhabit. Oral history, narrative historical, and historical analysis methods are used in the study. However, a new style of interview is used, which is called “a mass interview,” in which several people are interviewed at the same place and time, and the most suitable answer is taken into consideration. Moreover, other sources such as books and historical documents are also used. The study concludes by clarifying the history and causes of Kurdish emigration to Sudan, the main region of the Kurds in Sudan, and the number and the influence of the Kurds in Sudan at large.
{"title":"Geographical Distribution of the Kurds in Eastern Sudan","authors":"Jawhar Jalal, Kamaran Muhamad Qadir","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi4.246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi4.246","url":null,"abstract":"History of Kurdish emigration to Sudan dates back to three different stages: The first stage dates back to the late thirteenth century and Saladin Ayyubid’s era, the second one to Sultan Selim’s era when eastern Sudan territories was invaded by the Ottomans, and the last stage to Muhammad Ali Pasha’s era. During these stages, the Kurds move to Sudan as soldiers and military commanders, and some of them stayed there and did not return to their homelands. The study answers the following questions: Are there Kurds in Eastern Sudan? Which cities are inhabited by the Kurds? How many Kurds are there, why did they stay there and did not they return to their country? The study relies more on data collection through interviews with the Kurds in Sudan. The researcher visited the cities and areas in which the Kurds inhabit. Oral history, narrative historical, and historical analysis methods are used in the study. However, a new style of interview is used, which is called “a mass interview,” in which several people are interviewed at the same place and time, and the most suitable answer is taken into consideration. Moreover, other sources such as books and historical documents are also used. The study concludes by clarifying the history and causes of Kurdish emigration to Sudan, the main region of the Kurds in Sudan, and the number and the influence of the Kurds in Sudan at large.","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130486219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research, titled (Linguistic Problems Related to the Practice of intervention policy in Language), shows that despite the existence of normative laws for the standard language, according to agreement between groups on the basis of the principles of conformity (similarity between individuals) and individualism (differences between individuals), there is no intervention like standard language that is ideal or empty Of the variation and differences in all levels of the language (lexicon, syntax, morphology, pronunciation, etc.). Linguistic problems, whether they are outside the structure of the language, such as linguistic pluralism and dialectal pluralism, or within the structure of the language, such as problems related to the linguistic lexicon, especially problems related to pronunciation (phonatic and phonology) in all linguistic aspects, assumes the development of linguistic policies and solid linguistic plans by linguistic specialists, for the purpose of organizing the language within the Kurdish community, and not to impose the standard language that in turn imposes the environment of linguistic inequality, and in order to achieve justice and linguistic equality , linguistic policies and linguistic plans can be practiced and applied in multiple fields and linguistic aspects, in order to regulate linguistic pluralism within society and the organization of pronunciation differences in language levels in the Kurdish language.
{"title":"Language Problems Related to Policy Implementation Interference with Language","authors":"Shelan Ahmed Isamel, Bakir Omer Ali","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi4.249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi4.249","url":null,"abstract":"This research, titled (Linguistic Problems Related to the Practice of intervention policy in Language), shows that despite the existence of normative laws for the standard language, according to agreement between groups on the basis of the principles of conformity (similarity between individuals) and individualism (differences between individuals), there is no intervention like standard language that is ideal or empty Of the variation and differences in all levels of the language (lexicon, syntax, morphology, pronunciation, etc.). Linguistic problems, whether they are outside the structure of the language, such as linguistic pluralism and dialectal pluralism, or within the structure of the language, such as problems related to the linguistic lexicon, especially problems related to pronunciation (phonatic and phonology) in all linguistic aspects, assumes the development of linguistic policies and solid linguistic plans by linguistic specialists, for the purpose of organizing the language within the Kurdish community, and not to impose the standard language that in turn imposes the environment of linguistic inequality, and in order to achieve justice and linguistic equality , linguistic policies and linguistic plans can be practiced and applied in multiple fields and linguistic aspects, in order to regulate linguistic pluralism within society and the organization of pronunciation differences in language levels in the Kurdish language.","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120847702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bushra Qader Karim, Soran Hama Amin Ahmed, Peshawa Muhamad Ali
In this study, we estimated the recharge of underground water by using soil water balance in the Sulaimani Province. Based on recorded data in three metrological centres, including Sulaimani, Bakrajo, and Bazyan from 2009 -2021. We found an estimated rate of potential evapotranspiration by using the FAO-Penman -Monteith equation by CropWat Ver.8 Software Programs. Based on this estimate, we found the water deficit and water surplus months in the study area. Moreover, grounded on (SCS-CN) model in the mentioned area which would be divided into 8 different ( CN). Accordingly, an estimate was obtained for the rate of runoff water per month of a calendar year. Finally, we found the amount of rainwater that would take part in the recharge of underground water throughout each month and over years. In this study, we also used statistical analysis of quantitative mathematical results to find amounts of underground water in the study area. Besides, we used (ArcGis10.8) program to create maps for various purposes. In conclusion, we successfully discovered that it is possible to develop a scientific strategy to collect rainwater and replenish underground water sources and protect them by finding out amounts of underground water recharge in the Formation zone that would be 104.2 mm. Importantly, (CN-57) which is located in the district of Bazyan (Khormala -Sinjar Fn.) has the highest amount of underground water recharge that is equivalent to 210.2mm of the total amount of the precipitation equivalent to 32% of the annual sum of rain.
{"title":"Using Soil Water Balance to Estimate Recharge of Underground Water in Central Sulaimani Province","authors":"Bushra Qader Karim, Soran Hama Amin Ahmed, Peshawa Muhamad Ali","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi4.247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi4.247","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we estimated the recharge of underground water by using soil water balance in the Sulaimani Province. Based on recorded data in three metrological centres, including Sulaimani, Bakrajo, and Bazyan from 2009 -2021. We found an estimated rate of potential evapotranspiration by using the FAO-Penman -Monteith equation by CropWat Ver.8 Software Programs. Based on this estimate, we found the water deficit and water surplus months in the study area. Moreover, grounded on (SCS-CN) model in the mentioned area which would be divided into 8 different ( CN). Accordingly, an estimate was obtained for the rate of runoff water per month of a calendar year. Finally, we found the amount of rainwater that would take part in the recharge of underground water throughout each month and over years. In this study, we also used statistical analysis of quantitative mathematical results to find amounts of underground water in the study area. Besides, we used (ArcGis10.8) program to create maps for various purposes. In conclusion, we successfully discovered that it is possible to develop a scientific strategy to collect rainwater and replenish underground water sources and protect them by finding out amounts of underground water recharge in the Formation zone that would be 104.2 mm. Importantly, (CN-57) which is located in the district of Bazyan (Khormala -Sinjar Fn.) has the highest amount of underground water recharge that is equivalent to 210.2mm of the total amount of the precipitation equivalent to 32% of the annual sum of rain.","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115143846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dana Weli Muhamad Sharif, Mohammed Salim Hama Ameen
The importance of administrative dispute is related to administrative decisions, as the latter poses the most important means for the administrative authority to perform its duties and provide public services. Given the frequent state intervention in public affairs and its regulation of the multiple aspects of individuals’ private lives through administrative decisions, numerous disputes may arise between the administration and individuals or other persons of public law. However, due to the ambiguity surrounding the term administrative dispute as legislative relevant statements are lacking, particularly concerning its concept and criterion for its distinction from the rest of disputes, as well as concerning the administrative dispute parties and its elements, the research study this subject through two topics, the first addresses the concept of administrative dispute and its characteristics, while the second deals with the persons of administrative dispute. The study concludes that administrative disputes may arise between an administrative authority and a private law person, or between two administrative parties, and administrative judges enjoy a broad competence in these types of disputes to rebalance the relation between both dispute parties. It also reached several recommendations which enhance the procedural aspects of administrative disputes when taking them into account, particularly in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region.
{"title":"Administrative Litigation in Lawsuits Related to Administrative Decisions","authors":"Dana Weli Muhamad Sharif, Mohammed Salim Hama Ameen","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi4.250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi4.250","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of administrative dispute is related to administrative decisions, as the latter poses the most important means for the administrative authority to perform its duties and provide public services. Given the frequent state intervention in public affairs and its regulation of the multiple aspects of individuals’ private lives through administrative decisions, numerous disputes may arise between the administration and individuals or other persons of public law. However, due to the ambiguity surrounding the term administrative dispute as legislative relevant statements are lacking, particularly concerning its concept and criterion for its distinction from the rest of disputes, as well as concerning the administrative dispute parties and its elements, the research study this subject through two topics, the first addresses the concept of administrative dispute and its characteristics, while the second deals with the persons of administrative dispute. The study concludes that administrative disputes may arise between an administrative authority and a private law person, or between two administrative parties, and administrative judges enjoy a broad competence in these types of disputes to rebalance the relation between both dispute parties. It also reached several recommendations which enhance the procedural aspects of administrative disputes when taking them into account, particularly in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region.","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130684835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the continuous increase in the population of cities and the accompanying urban expansion, the need has become urgent for the expansion of green spaces. The importance of green areas becomes clearer, It is even more important to balance their spatial distributions in Cities or their most important residential neighborhoods. Therefore, the research seeks to reveal the reality of the green areas in the city of Halabja and to identify their types, area, spatial distribution, pattern, and directions by evaluating this distribution. With the aim of detecting imbalances and identifying deficiencies in the current distribution, The researcher relied on the quantitative, descriptive and spatial data obtained from the Presidency of the Municipality of Halabja In addition to the city’s base plan for the year (2021 ), showing the residential shops and locations of green areas, Also, the field and visual satellite study of the city was used, and then the quantitative method was used Through appropriate GIS software tools with the achievement of the study objectives represented by the nearest neighbor and the analysis of point spatial patterns and others in the processing and analysis of data, The study reached a set of relevant conclusions and recommendations presented at the end of the research. The most important of which: According to the nearest neighbor scale, the current spatial distribution pattern of green areas is clustered, that is, the distribution is heterogeneous, and confirms its poor spatial distribution. It is noted that green areas are concentrated in the north and northwest of the city On the contrary, the concentration or density of green areas in terms of area is in the southeast and south of the city.
{"title":"Evaluation of Spatial distribution of Green Area in Halabja City","authors":"Najmaddin Hady Muhammad Saeed","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi3.236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi3.236","url":null,"abstract":"With the continuous increase in the population of cities and the accompanying urban expansion, the need has become urgent for the expansion of green spaces. The importance of green areas becomes clearer, It is even more important to balance their spatial distributions in Cities or their most important residential neighborhoods. Therefore, the research seeks to reveal the reality of the green areas in the city of Halabja and to identify their types, area, spatial distribution, pattern, and directions by evaluating this distribution. With the aim of detecting imbalances and identifying deficiencies in the current distribution, The researcher relied on the quantitative, descriptive and spatial data obtained from the Presidency of the Municipality of Halabja In addition to the city’s base plan for the year (2021 ), showing the residential shops and locations of green areas, Also, the field and visual satellite study of the city was used, and then the quantitative method was used Through appropriate GIS software tools with the achievement of the study objectives represented by the nearest neighbor and the analysis of point spatial patterns and others in the processing and analysis of data, The study reached a set of relevant conclusions and recommendations presented at the end of the research. The most important of which: According to the nearest neighbor scale, the current spatial distribution pattern of green areas is clustered, that is, the distribution is heterogeneous, and confirms its poor spatial distribution. It is noted that green areas are concentrated in the north and northwest of the city On the contrary, the concentration or density of green areas in terms of area is in the southeast and south of the city.","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122635516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Historical Documentary Study Sharezoor eyalet had a strategic political, military, economic and social impact on the eastern borders of the Ottoman Empire. The establishment of Sharezoor eyalet dates back to 1564AD, which brought about major administrative changes in the eastern Ottoman eyalets specifically in terms of separating and identifying the administrative borders of Sharezoor eyelet from those of Mosul and Baghdad. At the same time, the expansion or narrowing of Sharezoor eyalet administration was linked to the internal administrative changes of Ottoman Empire. This, indeed, was one of the major characteristics of the Ottoman Empire. In other words, the structure of provincial administration changed significantly during the governance of the empire. Sometimes they would demolish some of these administrative units, other times they would separate some units from their present eyalets then assign themto differentones. For example, they demolished Mosul eyalet and added it to Sharezoor eyalet, then again turned it into a one independent eyalet. Ottoman provincial administration was strongly characterised by regional differentiation. Nonetheless, apart from the continuous fights between Ottomans and Safavids, there were also internal conflicts between some princes and tribes who were living in Sharezoor area. All these events played a significant role in the expansion or the shrinkage of Sharezoor eyalet from 1564 to 1600.The main question that this study seeks to answer is: “To what extent the expansion of Sharezoor province had an impact on internal and external events of Sharezoor eyalet?” also “ In what ways did the evolution of the Ottoman institutions had an impact on the future of Sharezoor eyalet?”. To answer these questions, this study will provide some new academic findings. The hope is that this study will lead to the enrichment of Kurdistan’s historical research that is accessible to current and future researchers.
{"title":"The Adminstrative Evolvement of Sharezoor Eyalet (1564 -1600)","authors":"Mohammed Ahmed Ibrahim, Hoger Tahir Tawfiq","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi3.234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi3.234","url":null,"abstract":"A Historical Documentary Study Sharezoor eyalet had a strategic political, military, economic and social impact on the eastern borders of the Ottoman Empire. The establishment of Sharezoor eyalet dates back to 1564AD, which brought about major administrative changes in the eastern Ottoman eyalets specifically in terms of separating and identifying the administrative borders of Sharezoor eyelet from those of Mosul and Baghdad. At the same time, the expansion or narrowing of Sharezoor eyalet administration was linked to the internal administrative changes of Ottoman Empire. This, indeed, was one of the major characteristics of the Ottoman Empire. In other words, the structure of provincial administration changed significantly during the governance of the empire. Sometimes they would demolish some of these administrative units, other times they would separate some units from their present eyalets then assign themto differentones. For example, they demolished Mosul eyalet and added it to Sharezoor eyalet, then again turned it into a one independent eyalet. Ottoman provincial administration was strongly characterised by regional differentiation. Nonetheless, apart from the continuous fights between Ottomans and Safavids, there were also internal conflicts between some princes and tribes who were living in Sharezoor area. All these events played a significant role in the expansion or the shrinkage of Sharezoor eyalet from 1564 to 1600.The main question that this study seeks to answer is: “To what extent the expansion of Sharezoor province had an impact on internal and external events of Sharezoor eyalet?” also “ In what ways did the evolution of the Ottoman institutions had an impact on the future of Sharezoor eyalet?”. To answer these questions, this study will provide some new academic findings. The hope is that this study will lead to the enrichment of Kurdistan’s historical research that is accessible to current and future researchers.","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"241 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133934706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is no doubt that Facebook has made a great revolution in people’s communication and interaction, but criminals are finding new ways to commit cybercrime through Facebook. This study aims to explore the relationship between cybercrime and Facebook in the light of the interviews we conducted and are available. As well knowing the perpetrator of such crimes and the type of crimes committed. This research is qualitative research, the method used is thematic analysis, The data collection tool of interviews is semi-open and the type of research sample is purposive sample which consisting of (11 ) researches. Our research community is the Erbil Adult Reform Department. We have come to the conclusion that there is a relationship between Facebook and crime. We have also presented some of the motives for committing cybercrimes and the most obvious crimes committed through Facebook, which we have met as a result of our interviews.
{"title":"The Relationship between Social Networks and Crime - Facebook as Example","authors":"W. Hamadsaaed","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi3.235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi3.235","url":null,"abstract":"There is no doubt that Facebook has made a great revolution in people’s communication and interaction, but criminals are finding new ways to commit cybercrime through Facebook. This study aims to explore the relationship between cybercrime and Facebook in the light of the interviews we conducted and are available. As well knowing the perpetrator of such crimes and the type of crimes committed. This research is qualitative research, the method used is thematic analysis, The data collection tool of interviews is semi-open and the type of research sample is purposive sample which consisting of (11 ) researches. Our research community is the Erbil Adult Reform Department. We have come to the conclusion that there is a relationship between Facebook and crime. We have also presented some of the motives for committing cybercrimes and the most obvious crimes committed through Facebook, which we have met as a result of our interviews.","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"86 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120848561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The research aims to study the reality of fiscal policy in Iraq and analyze the relationship between it and some indicators of international economic relations in it during the period (20042021-). And the extent of the aforementioned policy’s contribution to the development of its international economic relations. The descriptive analytical approach was relied upon to demonstrate this relationship. Using the (FMOLS) method, based on theoretical sources and official data published by the Central Bank and the Iraqi Ministry of Planning. The standard results showed that there is a positive (positive) relationship between public revenues and the indicators of the total balance of payments, the exchange rate and economic openness, as an increase in the yield in public revenues by one unit leads to an increase in the total balance of payments by (1.57%) and by (0.39%) In the exchange rate by (1.11%) in the economic openness, but the relationship between public expenditures and the total balance of payments and the exchange rate was inverse, but direct with the economic openness, as a decrease in public expenditures by one unit leads to a decrease in the total balance of payments by (- 0.43% and -0.03% in the exchange rate and (0.001%) in economic openness. In light of what was presented a set of proposals, which the researcher hopes will contribute to improving the role of public expenditures and public revenues and redirecting them towards developing indicators (exchange rate - balance of payments - economic openness) for international economic relations in Iraq. Keywords: fiscal policy, public revenues, public expenditures, balance of payments, exchange rate, economic openness, the Iraqi economy.
{"title":"Analysis of The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Some Indicators of the International Economic Relations of Iraq During the Period (2004-2021)","authors":"Hawar Sleman, K. Ali","doi":"10.54809/jkss.vi3.240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54809/jkss.vi3.240","url":null,"abstract":"The research aims to study the reality of fiscal policy in Iraq and analyze the relationship between it and some indicators of international economic relations in it during the period (20042021-). And the extent of the aforementioned policy’s contribution to the development of its international economic relations. The descriptive analytical approach was relied upon to demonstrate this relationship. Using the (FMOLS) method, based on theoretical sources and official data published by the Central Bank and the Iraqi Ministry of Planning. The standard results showed that there is a positive (positive) relationship between public revenues and the indicators of the total balance of payments, the exchange rate and economic openness, as an increase in the yield in public revenues by one unit leads to an increase in the total balance of payments by (1.57%) and by (0.39%) In the exchange rate by (1.11%) in the economic openness, but the relationship between public expenditures and the total balance of payments and the exchange rate was inverse, but direct with the economic openness, as a decrease in public expenditures by one unit leads to a decrease in the total balance of payments by (- 0.43% and -0.03% in the exchange rate and (0.001%) in economic openness. In light of what was presented a set of proposals, which the researcher hopes will contribute to improving the role of public expenditures and public revenues and redirecting them towards developing indicators (exchange rate - balance of payments - economic openness) for international economic relations in Iraq. Keywords: fiscal policy, public revenues, public expenditures, balance of payments, exchange rate, economic openness, the Iraqi economy.","PeriodicalId":422187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Kurdistani for Strategic Studies","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124663954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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