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“Middle Way” Approach on Buddhist Ethics: Wŏnhyo on the Doctrinal Problem of the Buddha-nature and the Icchantika 佛教伦理学的“中道”路径:Wŏnhyo论佛性与伊尚提卡的教义问题
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.18399/acta.2019.22.2.002
Sumi Lee
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引用次数: 0
The Korean Dilemma: Assuming Perfectibility but Recognizing Moral Frailty 韩国人的困境:假设完美但承认道德弱点
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.18399/acta.2019.22.2.005
Don Baker
Abstract:For centuries a question at the core of Korean philosophical and religious thinking has been how to reconcile the recognition of moral frailty with the assumption that human beings have the ability to become morally perfect. One Buddhist solution has been to call for the gradual replacement of pre-enlightenment habits with moral habits after becoming enlightened to one’s own Buddha nature. Confucians have instead focused on managing the relationship between innate moral tendencies and equally innate selfish emotions. Christians offered another solution to this conundrum: dropping the assumption that human beings on their own can achieve moral perfection and instead focusing on relying to God’s help to overcome moral frailty. Indigenous new religions have proposed yet another solution: waiting for the unfavorable conditions that prevail in the world today to change so that it will be easier to act the way we know we should act. None of these proposed solutions satisfy everyone. As a result, Koreans continue their search for a way to explain, and overcome, moral failure while maintaining confidence in their ability to do so.
摘要:几个世纪以来,韩国哲学和宗教思想的核心问题一直是如何调和对道德脆弱性的承认与人类有能力成为道德完美的假设。佛教的一个解决方案是,在对自己的佛性开悟之后,呼吁用道德习惯逐渐取代启蒙前的习惯。相反,儒家注重处理先天的道德倾向和同样先天的自私情绪之间的关系。基督徒为这个难题提供了另一种解决方案:放弃人类凭自己就能达到道德完美的假设,转而专注于依靠上帝的帮助来克服道德上的弱点。土著新兴宗教提出了另一种解决办法:等待当今世界普遍存在的不利条件发生变化,以便更容易采取我们知道我们应该采取的行动。这些提议的解决方案没有一个能让所有人满意。因此,韩国人继续寻找解释和克服道德失败的方法,同时保持对自己能力的信心。
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引用次数: 3
Creating Legitimacy through Media Discourse: German Press Reporting on the Japanese Colonisation of Korea, 1905–1910 通过媒体话语创造合法性:1905-1910年德国媒体对日本殖民朝鲜的报道
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.18399/acta.2019.22.2.006
Soo-Hyun Mun
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引用次数: 0
The Text-Mining of Munhwa (Culture): The Case of a Popular Magazine in 1930s Korea 《文化》的文本挖掘——以20世纪30年代韩国通俗杂志为例
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.18399/acta.2019.22.2.007
Jae-Yon Lee, Hyunjoo Kim
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引用次数: 0
Tasŏk Yu Yŏngmo on God as Nothingness Tasŏk Yu Yŏngmo论上帝是虚无
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.18399/acta.2019.22.2.004
Kim Halla
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引用次数: 0
The Prosody of Working and the Narrative of Martyrdom: Daily Life and Death in North Korean Literature during the Great Famine and the Early Military-First Age (1994–2002) 劳动的韵律与殉道的叙事:大饥荒与先军初期朝鲜文学的日常生活与死亡(1994-2002)
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.18399/acta.2019.22.2.008
Kim Sunghee
Abstract:The government of Kim Jong Il (Kim Chŏngil) modified the meaning and purpose of during the North Korean famine and the early Military-First period (1994–2002). During the economic recession after the Soviet bloc collapsed, the North Korean government was incapable of providing material rewards to workers. Thus, the state attempted to transform labor into a spiritual rather than material practice. Despite the shortage of material resources and energy, the regime had to make the workers stay in their workplaces to maintain social stability. At that time, North Korean fiction often described people who worked for spiritual enlightenment rather than for material gain. In the novel and historical prose of this period, protagonists work not for their livelihoods, but for their honorable death; they voluntarily martyred themselves for their country, party, and leader Kim Jong Il. This study explores Song Sangwŏn’s Ch’onggŏm ŭl tŭlgo (Taking up bayonets) (2002) to examine how North Koreans worked, lived, and died at the turn of the twentieth century.
摘要:金正日政府(Kim Chŏngil)在朝鲜饥荒和先军初期(1994-2002)修改了“建国”的意义和目的。在苏联解体后的经济萧条时期,朝鲜政府没有能力向工人提供物质奖励。因此,国家试图将劳动转变为一种精神实践,而不是物质实践。尽管物质资源和能源短缺,政权不得不让工人留在他们的工作场所,以维持社会稳定。当时,朝鲜小说经常描写那些为了精神启蒙而工作的人,而不是为了物质利益。在这一时期的小说和历史散文中,主人公不是为了生计而工作,而是为了光荣的死亡;他们自愿为他们的国家、党和领导人金正日牺牲自己。本研究探讨了Song Sangwŏn的Ch 'onggŏm ŭl tŭlgo(拿起刺刀)(2002),以研究朝鲜人在20世纪之交是如何工作、生活和死亡的。
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引用次数: 0
Yi T’oegye on Transcending the Problem of Evil: A Neo-Confucian and Interreligious Perspective 易岱杰论超越恶的问题:一个新儒家与跨宗教的视角
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.18399/acta.2019.22.2.003
Edward Y. J. Chung
Abstract:Evil is a key concept in Confucianism and other world religions. The problem of evil is therefore central to our interreligious discussion of human nature and the world. In Western scholarship, however, Confucian moral idealism is occasionally criticized for being too optimistic or unable to articulate the nature of evil; it is philosophically or theologically weak, also due to the absence of an omnipotent, omniscient God (divine law-giver). If we take the Confucian doctrine of innate human goodness for granted, how do we explain the active presence of evil in the human world?This article discusses the heart of T’oegye’s thought by focusing on the problem of evil and the way to transcend it. Yi Hwang 李滉 (T’oegye 退溪, 1501– 1570) was an eminent Korean thinker who greatly influenced Neo-Confucian ethics and spirituality. By using a textual and interpretive approach, I present his major works including the Sŏnghak sipto 聖學十圖 (Ten diagrams on sage learning), Chasŏngnok 自省錄 (Record of self-reflection), and “Four-Seven Debate Letters.” T’oegye eloquently criticized the origin of moral evil and emphasized a self-transcending way to remove evil and do good. What is important about his interpretation and how does it enrich our global understanding of good and evil? I conclude by considering this and related questions from a comparative and interreligious standpoint.
摘要:“恶”是儒家思想和世界其他宗教的核心概念。因此,邪恶的问题是我们关于人性和世界的宗教间讨论的中心。然而,在西方学术界,儒家的道德理想主义偶尔被批评为过于乐观或无法阐明邪恶的本质;它在哲学上或神学上是软弱的,也是由于缺乏一个全能的,全知的上帝(神圣的立法者)。如果我们把儒家关于人类天生善良的教义视为理所当然,我们如何解释邪恶在人类世界中的活跃存在?本文通过对恶的问题和超越之道的探讨来探讨特格耶思想的核心。李黄(1501 - 1570)是韩国著名的思想家,对新儒家的伦理和精神产生了重大影响。通过文本和解释的方法,我介绍了他的主要作品,包括Sŏnghak sipto(圣人学习十图),Chasŏngnok(自我反思记录)和“四七辩论信”。他雄辩地批判了道德恶的起源,强调了一种超越自我的去恶而行善的方式。他的解释中重要的是什么?它如何丰富我们对善与恶的整体理解?最后,我从比较和宗教间的角度来考虑这个问题和相关问题。
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引用次数: 5
The Origins of Good and Evil and the Challenge of Theodicy in the Buddhist Tradition 善与恶的起源及佛教传统中神正论的挑战
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.18399/acta.2019.22.2.001
Robert E. Buswell
Abstract:The origins of good and evil and the problem of theodicy present a special set of challenges in Buddhism, which is relatively less concerned with consideration of first causes than are monotheistic religions. Buddhism focuses less on the issue of why evil and its incumbent suffering are present in the world and more on the question of how to respond to that evil. This emphasis on soteriology over metaphysics is seen in the characteristic invocation of pragmatic criteria for the evaluation of doctrines and practices; the recurrent motif of the Buddha as therapist rather than theorist; and the pervasive influence of the meta-theory of upāya (expedients or stratagems). This article will examine the soteriological dimension of the broader Buddhist response to evil and explore some of the explicit examinations of the problem of a Buddhist “theodicy” in later Mahāyāna monistic ontologies, which are explored in Korean Buddhist materials: viz., if the mind is innately enlightened or inherently pure, whence do ignorance or defilements arise?
摘要:善与恶的起源和神正论问题在佛教中提出了一系列特殊的挑战,与一神论宗教相比,佛教相对较少关注对第一因的考虑。佛教不太关注为什么邪恶和它的苦难会出现在这个世界上,而是更多地关注如何应对这种邪恶。这种对救赎论对形而上学的强调可以在对教义和实践的评估的实用主义标准的特征调用中看到;佛陀作为治疗师而非理论家的反复出现的主题;以及upāya元理论(权宜之计或策略)的普遍影响。本文将探讨更广泛的佛教对邪恶的回应的救赎论维度,并探讨后来Mahāyāna一元论本体论中对佛教“神正论”问题的一些明确检验,这在韩国佛教材料中得到了探讨:即,如果心灵天生是开悟的或天生纯洁的,无知或烦恼从何而来?
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引用次数: 5
A New Way of Seeing: Commercial Paintings and Prints from China and European Painting Techniques in Late Chosŏn Court Painting 一种新的观看方式:中国商业绘画和版画与欧洲晚期绘画技术Chosŏn宫廷绘画
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.18399/ACTA.2019.22.1.004
Seo Yoonjung
Abstract:It is noted that European pictorial technique was introduced during the Chosŏn dynasty via China and that Western objects exchanged through diplomatic activities by Chosŏn envoys played a significant role in the spread of this new painting style in Korea. However, it is not fully understood how Chosŏn people perceived Western painting techniques, which elements they favored and which were less appreciated. Nor do we know by what routes the new visual elements were transmitted. Focusing on multiple channels through which various images were imported and the diverse agents who took part in the cultural transmission between Chosŏn Korea and Qing China, this study explores Chosŏn Korea’s reception and understanding of Western painting techniques and the application of this new style in their works of art, such as “Han Palace” or “Towers and Pavilions” in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In addition, Chinese paintings and prints, which were mass-produced for larger markets and circulated throughout China as well as exported to other foreign countries are investigated as possible sources for the Chosŏn works. Taking paintings by professional painters in Beijing working outside of the Qing imperial court and Suzhou prints as vehicles of carrying the new artistic taste and pictorial techniques, this research proposes the assumption that these Chinese visual materials infused with Western style were imported to and circulated in Korea from the late eighteenth century onward and that these foreign images contributed to Korea’s (mis)perception and (mis)understanding of Chinese art and European pictorial conventions.
摘要:文章指出,欧洲绘画技术是在Chosŏn王朝时期通过中国传入的,而Chosŏn使节通过外交活动交换的西方物品对这种新绘画风格在朝鲜的传播起了重要作用。然而,我们并不完全了解Chosŏn人们是如何看待西方绘画技术的,他们喜欢哪些元素,不太欣赏哪些元素。我们也不知道新的视觉元素是通过什么途径传播的。本研究聚焦于各种图像输入的多种渠道,以及参与Chosŏn韩国与清朝之间文化传播的各种代理人,探讨Chosŏn韩国对西方绘画技术的接受和理解,以及这种新风格在其艺术作品中的应用,如18世纪末和19世纪的“汉宫”或“塔亭”。此外,为更大的市场大量生产并在中国各地流通以及出口到其他国家的中国画和版画也被调查为Chosŏn作品的可能来源。以清廷外北京专业画家的画作和苏州版画为载体,承载着新的艺术品味和绘画技巧,本研究提出这样一个假设,即这些注入了西方风格的中国视觉材料从18世纪晚期开始传入朝鲜并在朝鲜流传,这些外国图像导致了韩国对中国艺术和欧洲绘画惯例的(错误)感知和(错误)理解。
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引用次数: 1
Post-pastoral Perspectives of Korean Environment in Contemporary Art and Literature 当代艺术与文学中的韩国环境后田园视角
IF 0.2 4区 社会学 Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.18399/ACTA.2019.22.1.002
K. Chung
Abstract:Mixrice, an art collective of artists Yang Ch’ŏlmo [Yang Chul Mo] and Cho Chiŭn [Cho Ji Eun] won the 2016 Korea Artist Prize for their provocative multimedia project that featured a two-channel video installation, titled “The Vine Chronicle.” Centrally documenting the various lives of trees, like a 450-year old Zelkova tree from the village of Kangdong-ri, the video portrays their itinerant lives as they are moved to various sites to fuel capitalist development schemes: camping resorts, apartment complexes and redevelopment sites. Using this exhibit and its unique post-pastoral perspective as a frame, this article explores contemporary perceptions of Korean environment in art and literature. In this study, I am interested in drawing connections among ecocritical artworks and literary works that highlight the dispossession of human and non-human life and the history of rapid South Korean development. These works seek to complicate notions of South Korean development, environmental degradation and migration through a post-pastoral frame.
摘要:Mixrice,由艺术家Yang Ch ' ŏlmo [Yang Chul Mo]和Cho Chiŭn [Cho Ji Eun]组成的艺术团体,以其具有挑衅意义的多媒体项目“the Vine Chronicle”获得了2016年韩国艺术家奖。影片集中记录了树木的各种生活,例如康东里村一棵450岁的Zelkova树,影片描绘了树木的流动生活,它们被转移到不同的地方,为资本主义发展计划提供燃料:露营胜地、公寓大楼和重建地点。本文以该展览及其独特的后田园视角为框架,探讨当代韩国环境在艺术和文学中的认知。在这项研究中,我感兴趣的是在生态批评艺术作品和文学作品之间建立联系,这些作品突出了对人类和非人类生命的剥夺以及韩国快速发展的历史。这些作品试图通过后田园框架将韩国发展、环境退化和移民的概念复杂化。
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引用次数: 0
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Acta Koreana
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