Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1353/cbq.2024.a931731
Yitzhaq Feder, Tania Notarius
Abstract: In this article we examine the meaning of the Ugaritic term ỉṯt and its implications for Ugaritic and biblical lexicography in light of ancient Near Eastern vowing practices. We reevaluate the association of ỉṯt with vows and its influential translation as “gift,” which has served as the basis for viewing it as etymologically related to the biblical offering term ʾ iššeh. Our analysis reveals that all of the nonfragmentary attestations of ỉṯt can be convincingly understood as conjugated forms of the verb of existence ỉṯ . This understanding sets the stage for a new interpretation of its appearance in Kirta’s vow ( KTU 3 1.14 IV 38) as a reference to the divine presence at the moment of vow making, a reading that is corroborated by a wide body of ancient Near Eastern votive inscriptions and literary texts in which statements of divine presence are explicit. Based on this analysis, it becomes clear that the Ugaritic data are not relevant to understanding the biblical term [inline-graphic 02i] (ʾ iššeh ), which can only be elucidated based on its contextual evidence. In the final part of the article, we address challenges to the traditional interpretation of [inline-graphic 03i] as a “fire-offering” and show how this has led to a widespread misunderstanding of this term.
{"title":"“Surely There Is God in This Place”: Ugaritic ỉṯt and Hebrew [inline-graphic 01i] Reconsidered in Light of Kirta’s Vow ( KTU 1.14 IV 38)","authors":"Yitzhaq Feder, Tania Notarius","doi":"10.1353/cbq.2024.a931731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cbq.2024.a931731","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In this article we examine the meaning of the Ugaritic term ỉṯt and its implications for Ugaritic and biblical lexicography in light of ancient Near Eastern vowing practices. We reevaluate the association of ỉṯt with vows and its influential translation as “gift,” which has served as the basis for viewing it as etymologically related to the biblical offering term ʾ iššeh. Our analysis reveals that all of the nonfragmentary attestations of ỉṯt can be convincingly understood as conjugated forms of the verb of existence ỉṯ . This understanding sets the stage for a new interpretation of its appearance in Kirta’s vow ( KTU 3 1.14 IV 38) as a reference to the divine presence at the moment of vow making, a reading that is corroborated by a wide body of ancient Near Eastern votive inscriptions and literary texts in which statements of divine presence are explicit. Based on this analysis, it becomes clear that the Ugaritic data are not relevant to understanding the biblical term [inline-graphic 02i] (ʾ iššeh ), which can only be elucidated based on its contextual evidence. In the final part of the article, we address challenges to the traditional interpretation of [inline-graphic 03i] as a “fire-offering” and show how this has led to a widespread misunderstanding of this term.","PeriodicalId":424111,"journal":{"name":"The Catholic Biblical Quarterly","volume":"23 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141711834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1353/cbq.2024.a931737
Ryan S. Schellenberg
Abstract: In this article, I reassess the syntax and historical significance of Phil 1:12–14 in light of recent studies reevaluating the provenance of Philippians, the meaning of τὸ πραιτώριον, the circumstances of Paul’s imprisonment, and the identity of the “saints” from “Caesar’s household” mentioned in 4:22. More specifically, I contest the largely unexamined consensus that when Paul speaks of those ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ πραιτωρίῳ he refers to persons outside the local Christ group. Instead, I argue, Phil 1:12–14 is concerned throughout with Paul’s perception by local believers. Whatever the unsavory allegations against him, it has become clear, Paul asserts, to those brothers in the praetorium and the rest as well that his chains are defined by their relation to Christ, and this has emboldened many of them in their gospel proclamation.
{"title":"The Brothers in the Praetorium: Syntax and History in Philippians 1:12–14","authors":"Ryan S. Schellenberg","doi":"10.1353/cbq.2024.a931737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cbq.2024.a931737","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In this article, I reassess the syntax and historical significance of Phil 1:12–14 in light of recent studies reevaluating the provenance of Philippians, the meaning of τὸ πραιτώριον, the circumstances of Paul’s imprisonment, and the identity of the “saints” from “Caesar’s household” mentioned in 4:22. More specifically, I contest the largely unexamined consensus that when Paul speaks of those ἐν ὅλῳ τῷ πραιτωρίῳ he refers to persons outside the local Christ group. Instead, I argue, Phil 1:12–14 is concerned throughout with Paul’s perception by local believers. Whatever the unsavory allegations against him, it has become clear, Paul asserts, to those brothers in the praetorium and the rest as well that his chains are defined by their relation to Christ, and this has emboldened many of them in their gospel proclamation.","PeriodicalId":424111,"journal":{"name":"The Catholic Biblical Quarterly","volume":"34 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141701560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1353/cbq.2024.a931749
John R. Spencer
{"title":"The Making of the Bible: From the First Fragments to Sacred Scripture by Konrad Schmid and Jens Schröter (review)","authors":"John R. Spencer","doi":"10.1353/cbq.2024.a931749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cbq.2024.a931749","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":424111,"journal":{"name":"The Catholic Biblical Quarterly","volume":"6 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141698058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1353/cbq.2024.a931763
Scott D. Mackie
{"title":"Rethinking the Atonement: New Perspectives on Jesus’s Death, Resurrection, and Ascension by David M. Moffitt (review)","authors":"Scott D. Mackie","doi":"10.1353/cbq.2024.a931763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cbq.2024.a931763","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":424111,"journal":{"name":"The Catholic Biblical Quarterly","volume":"126 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141714351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1353/cbq.2024.a931733
Leslie Virnelson
Abstract: Ezekiel 13:10–16 has long been understood by translating the word [inline-graphic 01i] as “whitewash” or some kind of building material, on the assumption that v. 10 metaphorizes censured prophecy as building something in a shoddy and deceptive way. It is preferable to read [inline-graphic 02i] in this passage as [inline-graphic 03i] I, meaning something insipid, as a censorious reference to an underlying practice of inscribing prophecy. There are multiple examples of West Semitic inscriptions of divinatory messages, including most notably the Deir ‘Alla and Amman Citadel inscriptions. This suggestion aligns the usage of [inline-graphic 04i] clearly with related passages in Ezek 22:28 and Lam 2:14, and with the discussion of censured prophets ([inline-graphic 05i]) and their various activities throughout Ezekiel 13. Theories of space and materiality enrich the discussion of the purpose and meaning of inscriptions of prophecy and how they might have functioned in an ancient context underlying Ezekiel 13.
{"title":"Daubing, Materiality, and Prophecy in Ezekiel 13: 10–16","authors":"Leslie Virnelson","doi":"10.1353/cbq.2024.a931733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cbq.2024.a931733","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Ezekiel 13:10–16 has long been understood by translating the word [inline-graphic 01i] as “whitewash” or some kind of building material, on the assumption that v. 10 metaphorizes censured prophecy as building something in a shoddy and deceptive way. It is preferable to read [inline-graphic 02i] in this passage as [inline-graphic 03i] I, meaning something insipid, as a censorious reference to an underlying practice of inscribing prophecy. There are multiple examples of West Semitic inscriptions of divinatory messages, including most notably the Deir ‘Alla and Amman Citadel inscriptions. This suggestion aligns the usage of [inline-graphic 04i] clearly with related passages in Ezek 22:28 and Lam 2:14, and with the discussion of censured prophets ([inline-graphic 05i]) and their various activities throughout Ezekiel 13. Theories of space and materiality enrich the discussion of the purpose and meaning of inscriptions of prophecy and how they might have functioned in an ancient context underlying Ezekiel 13.","PeriodicalId":424111,"journal":{"name":"The Catholic Biblical Quarterly","volume":"21 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141715508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1353/cbq.2024.a931738
Nicholas List
Abstract: The current terminus ante quem for the Epistle of James is the third century, with the first clear quotations of the epistle located in Origen. Aside from a few contentious correspondences with the Apostolic Fathers, no earlier allusions to James have received any serious consideration. I argue that an earlier reference should in fact be detected in Origen’s predecessor, Clement of Alexandria. In book 4 of his Stromata , the Alexandrian quotes from 1 Clement 17, a text that presents the figure of Job as an exemplum of humility. Clement significantly alters his source text in such a way that seems to betray knowledge of James, producing a synthesis of Joban tradition in early Christianity. If this claim is substantiated, it would effectively push the terminus ante quem for James back by one generation, to the late second century c.e.
{"title":"An Earlier terminus ante quem for the Epistle of James? The Influence of James on Clement of Alexandria’s Transmission of 1 Clement 17","authors":"Nicholas List","doi":"10.1353/cbq.2024.a931738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cbq.2024.a931738","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The current terminus ante quem for the Epistle of James is the third century, with the first clear quotations of the epistle located in Origen. Aside from a few contentious correspondences with the Apostolic Fathers, no earlier allusions to James have received any serious consideration. I argue that an earlier reference should in fact be detected in Origen’s predecessor, Clement of Alexandria. In book 4 of his Stromata , the Alexandrian quotes from 1 Clement 17, a text that presents the figure of Job as an exemplum of humility. Clement significantly alters his source text in such a way that seems to betray knowledge of James, producing a synthesis of Joban tradition in early Christianity. If this claim is substantiated, it would effectively push the terminus ante quem for James back by one generation, to the late second century c.e.","PeriodicalId":424111,"journal":{"name":"The Catholic Biblical Quarterly","volume":"25 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141716835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1353/cbq.2024.a931757
Dennis Edwards
{"title":"Interpreting 2 Peter through African American Women’s Moral Writings by Shively T. J. Smith (review)","authors":"Dennis Edwards","doi":"10.1353/cbq.2024.a931757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cbq.2024.a931757","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":424111,"journal":{"name":"The Catholic Biblical Quarterly","volume":"42 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141713944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1353/cbq.2024.a931735
Will Robinson
Abstract: Analyses of Mark 7:15 are absent from sustained discussion in studies of Jesus’s use of figurative language, despite its description as a παραβολή (“parable,” 7:17). Studies typically label this text a “riddle,” but this is generally undefined and its relationship to other figurative devices in language is mysterious. Accordingly, I discuss some modern categories of figurative language, like metaphor, riddle, and metaphorical riddle and consider how they are related to the topic of this article. I then analyze Mark 7:15 in the light of these discussions, concluding that the category of metaphorical riddle could be helpful in interpreting the Marcan text. In the context of the metaphorical riddle, Jesus, without providing a source domain, misleads the audience into thinking that the subject of 7:15b is something physical (probably excrement), when the true meaning relates to something abstract (sin). On this reading, Jesus’s metaphorical riddle implies something like, “excrement is to the body as sin is to the heart.” Regardless of one’s interpretation, I argue that greater clarity regarding definitions and methods would be beneficial to this conversation, which can be ad hoc and idiosyncratic. In my view, the interpretation can be improved by utilizing approaches of modern literary criticism concerning figurative language, which offers relatively coherent and stable terms by which we might continue this discussion.
{"title":"The Riddle of Mark 7:15","authors":"Will Robinson","doi":"10.1353/cbq.2024.a931735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cbq.2024.a931735","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Analyses of Mark 7:15 are absent from sustained discussion in studies of Jesus’s use of figurative language, despite its description as a παραβολή (“parable,” 7:17). Studies typically label this text a “riddle,” but this is generally undefined and its relationship to other figurative devices in language is mysterious. Accordingly, I discuss some modern categories of figurative language, like metaphor, riddle, and metaphorical riddle and consider how they are related to the topic of this article. I then analyze Mark 7:15 in the light of these discussions, concluding that the category of metaphorical riddle could be helpful in interpreting the Marcan text. In the context of the metaphorical riddle, Jesus, without providing a source domain, misleads the audience into thinking that the subject of 7:15b is something physical (probably excrement), when the true meaning relates to something abstract (sin). On this reading, Jesus’s metaphorical riddle implies something like, “excrement is to the body as sin is to the heart.” Regardless of one’s interpretation, I argue that greater clarity regarding definitions and methods would be beneficial to this conversation, which can be ad hoc and idiosyncratic. In my view, the interpretation can be improved by utilizing approaches of modern literary criticism concerning figurative language, which offers relatively coherent and stable terms by which we might continue this discussion.","PeriodicalId":424111,"journal":{"name":"The Catholic Biblical Quarterly","volume":"303 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141692133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1353/cbq.2024.a931758
J. A. Doole
{"title":"Contesting Languages: Heteroglossia and the Politics of Language in the Early Church by Ekaputra Tupamahu (review)","authors":"J. A. Doole","doi":"10.1353/cbq.2024.a931758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cbq.2024.a931758","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":424111,"journal":{"name":"The Catholic Biblical Quarterly","volume":"36 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141704894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1353/cbq.2024.a931752
Braydon Hirsch
{"title":"Rediscovering the Wisdom of the Corinthians: Paul, Stoicism, and Spiritual Hierarchy by Timothy A. Brookins (review)","authors":"Braydon Hirsch","doi":"10.1353/cbq.2024.a931752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/cbq.2024.a931752","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":424111,"journal":{"name":"The Catholic Biblical Quarterly","volume":"261 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141708338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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