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The image of the German in current literature and media 当代文学与传媒中的德国形象
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-12-08 DOI: 10.15388/verb.25
Danutė Liutkevičienė
The aim of this article was to analyse the reflection of the image of the German in the examples from the current literature and the media present in the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language of the Vytautas Magnus University. The focus of the study went beyond the collocations with this word and the disclosure of the characteristic traits of Germans all the way to the meaning bestowed upon this word by the broader context – the sentence or a group of them. Examples containing all forms of the lexeme German were examined. A total of six different contexts in which Germans are mentioned were identified: these were the contexts of history, cooperation, sports, culture, characteristic traits, and science. In the context of history, Germans are usually referred to as a belligerent nation, assailants, savage conquerors, invaders. The attitude towards them is negative as often as not. Things are different in the context of cooperation, where the attitude is positive and Germans are seen as friendly partners. In the contexts of sports, culture, and science, the story is more or less the same, with Germans regarded with respect as meritorious and high-ranking representatives of their field.The context of the characteristic traits of Germans has the highest degree of controversy and stereotype. Some data show that Germans, according to the popular belief, are neat, rational, organised, punctual, disciplined, hard-working, cultured, law-abiding; they are rather cold and reserved. Other examples, albeit much smaller in number, bear witness to quite the opposite: that Germans are neither punctual nor overly neat or cultured; some sources even say that they are friendly, merry, and approachable. Besides, this nature loves to travel.
本文的目的是分析维陶塔斯·马格努斯大学《当代立陶宛语语料库》中现有文献和媒体的例子中德国人形象的反映。这项研究的重点超出了与这个词的搭配和德国人特征的揭示,一直到更广泛的语境赋予这个词的意义——句子或其中的一组。研究了包含所有形式的词位德语的例子。总共确定了六个提到德国人的不同背景:历史、合作、体育、文化、特征和科学。在历史背景下,德国人通常被称为好战的国家、攻击者、野蛮的征服者、入侵者。人们对他们的态度往往是消极的。在合作的背景下,情况有所不同,合作的态度是积极的,德国人被视为友好的合作伙伴。在体育、文化和科学的背景下,故事或多或少是一样的,德国人被尊为他们领域的功勋和高级代表。德国人特征特征的语境具有最高程度的争议和刻板印象。一些数据显示,根据普遍的看法,德国人整洁、理性、有组织、守时、有纪律、勤奋、有文化、遵纪守法;他们相当冷漠和矜持。其他例子,尽管数量要少得多,但却恰恰相反:德国人既不守时,也不过于整洁或有教养;一些消息来源甚至说他们友好、快乐、平易近人。此外,这种天性喜欢旅行。
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引用次数: 0
Identity Development of Foreign Language Teachers in Lithuania 立陶宛外语教师的身份发展
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-12-08 DOI: 10.15388/verb.24
Adam Mastandrea, Gabrielé Palaimaité
Teacher identity is an evolving, multi-dimensional concept of a teacher’s understanding of self, best understood as a dynamic narrative of self-growth. The present study is focused on hypothesized stages of teacher identity development (Pride, Survival, Experimentation, Disenchantment, Rebellion and Progressive Proficiency) and their occurrence in Lithuanian foreign language teachers. A series of semi-structured interviews were carried out with eight Lithuanian foreign language teachers to discover their personal narratives of teacher identity development.The findings of the qualitative case study research revealed that key features of the six possible identity stages were present across the unique experiences of theforeign language teachers interviewed. However, each research participant displayed only certain key features of each identity development stage rather than a combination of all the possible features. In general, less experienced teachers displayed fewer key features at certain identity stages, implying that they had not experienced particular phases of identity development to completion. The results suggest certain features of identity development stages can be omitted and then experienced later in a teacher’s career. Teacher satisfaction with compensation, job security, professional prestige and the education system in general were additional factors that contributed uniquely to the identity development of teachers working in Lithuania.
教师身份是教师对自我理解的一个不断发展的多维概念,最好理解为自我成长的动态叙事。本研究的重点是假设的教师身份发展阶段(骄傲、生存、实验、祛魅、反抗和进步能力)及其在立陶宛外语教师中的发生。对八名立陶宛外语教师进行了一系列半结构化访谈,以发现他们对教师身份发展的个人叙述。定性案例研究的结果表明,六个可能的身份阶段的关键特征存在于受访外语教师的独特经历中。然而,每个研究参与者只表现出每个身份发展阶段的某些关键特征,而不是所有可能特征的组合。总的来说,经验不足的教师在某些身份阶段表现出的关键特征较少,这意味着他们没有经历过身份发展到完成的特定阶段。研究结果表明,身份发展阶段的某些特征可以省略,然后在教师职业生涯的后期体验。教师对薪酬的满意度、工作保障、职业声望和整个教育系统是对立陶宛教师身份发展做出独特贡献的其他因素。
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引用次数: 0
Expressionist Narrative of War (Vasyl Stefanyk’s Novellas in the Western European Context) 战争的表现主义叙事(瓦西里·斯特凡尼克的小说在西欧语境中)
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-12-02 DOI: 10.15388/verb.23
A. Shvets
This article shows how the influence of Western European expressionism on Ukrainian art contributed to the formation of its national version in the works of Vasyl Stefanyk. The research applied comparative, biographical methods and method of close reading. The outcome of this detailed analysis demonstrates that the common features of Stefanyk’s antimilitary novels and Western European Expressionists are similar and feature such themes as the crisis of cultural values, anti-military issues, condemnation of murder, states of existential anxiety, tragedy of human existence and eschatological feeling. Furthermore, Expressionists and Stefanyk focus on the psychophysical states of characters ‒ death, madness, injury, numbness, screaming, fear, panic, despair, agony, anxiety, prayer.
本文展示了西欧表现主义对乌克兰艺术的影响是如何在瓦西里·斯特凡尼克的作品中促成其国家版本的形成的。本研究采用了比较法、传记法和细读法。详细分析的结果表明,斯特凡尼克反军事小说与西欧表现主义小说的共同特征是相似的,具有文化价值危机、反军事问题、对谋杀的谴责、生存焦虑状态、人类生存悲剧和末世感等主题。此外,表现主义者和Stefanyk关注人物的心理生理状态——死亡、疯狂、受伤、麻木、尖叫、恐惧、恐慌、绝望、痛苦、焦虑、祈祷。
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引用次数: 0
Individual Multilingualism of Students and Their Commitment to Learning German: A Pilot Study of the Faculty of Philology at Vilnius University 学生的个人多语性及其学习德语的承诺——维尔纽斯大学语言学院的试点研究
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-10-08 DOI: 10.15388/verb.22
Diana Babusyte, Justina Daunorienė
The importance of promoting individual multilingualism is repeatedly emphasised worldwide in didactic, sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic studies. The prior knowledge of the learners and the networking of languages is pointed out in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. For this reason, the principles and methods of multilingual didactics play an important role in foreign language teaching due to their positive effects. Therefore, the question is increasingly being addressed how individual differences and progress of the learners regarding their linguistic backgrounds can be taken into account in language teaching.This article examines the question of whether and how Lithuanian university students see their multilingual repertoire as a resource for learning German. For this purpose, a survey was carried out among the Philology students of Vilnius University who study German as an optional course. The aim of this pilot study was to find out whether the students' previous knowledge of other languages helps them to learn German, or whether they see the influences of their mother tongue and other foreign languages as an obstacle that affects them negatively. The data obtained from the questionnaire presents the students' attitudes towards multilingualism, their multilingual skills and language awareness, as well as their language-related experience in acquiring German as a foreign language. The respondents' answers were processed using the method of the qualitative content analysis with a deductive-inductive approach. The results of the survey show that the majority of the students encountered the methods of multilingual didactics and see the multilingual competence as an important advantage for learning other foreign languages. Despite the language interference, the benefits of language skills outweigh the learning process. The students give examples based on their experience of how they use other languages for learning German and show well-developed metalinguistic awareness (e.g. language comparisons) and metacognitive skills (e.g. learning strategies).It is planned to continue this study by interviewing students from other faculties of Vilnius University (Medicine, Law, etc.) comparing their multilingual skills and metalinguistic awareness with the Philology students.
在世界各地的教学、社会语言学和心理语言学研究中,促进个人多语制的重要性一再得到强调。欧洲共同语言参考框架指出了学习者的先验知识和语言网络。因此,多语言教学法的原则和方法在外语教学中发挥着积极的作用。因此,如何在语言教学中考虑到学习者在语言背景方面的个体差异和进步,这一问题越来越受到关注。本文探讨了立陶宛大学生是否以及如何将他们的多语言曲目视为学习德语的资源的问题。为此,对作为选修课学习德语的维尔纽斯大学语言学学生进行了一项调查。这项试点研究的目的是了解学生以前对其他语言的了解是否有助于他们学习德语,或者他们是否认为母语和其他外语的影响是对他们产生负面影响的障碍。从问卷中获得的数据显示了学生对使用多种语言的态度、他们的多语言技能和语言意识,以及他们在获得德语作为外语方面的语言相关经验。受访者的回答采用定性内容分析法和演绎归纳法进行处理。调查结果显示,大多数学生都遇到了多语言教学法,并认为多语言能力是学习其他外语的重要优势。尽管存在语言干扰,但语言技能的好处大于学习过程。学生们根据他们如何使用其他语言学习德语的经验举例,并表现出良好的元语言意识(如语言比较)和元认知技能(如学习策略)。计划继续这项研究,采访维尔纽斯大学其他学院(医学、法律等)的学生,将他们的多语言技能和元语言意识与文献学学生进行比较。
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引用次数: 0
Saussure, miraculeusement retrouvé / Saussure, miraculously rediscovered 索绪尔,奇迹般地重新发现/索绪尔,奇迹般地重新发现
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.15388/verb.21
Danguolė Melnikienė
Loïc DEPECKER, Saussure tel qu'en lui-même. D'après les manuscrits, Paris, Éditions Champion, 2020, 264 p.
loic DEPECKER,索绪尔就像他自己一样。摘自《手稿》,巴黎,冠军出版社,2020年,264页。
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引用次数: 0
Tatars in the Worldview of the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 《立陶宛语词典》世界观中的鞑靼人
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-09-01 DOI: 10.15388/verb.20
Danutė Liutkevičienė, Birutė Palovienė
 The year 2021 was declared the year of the Tatar language and culture in Lithuania. This fact has inspired the authors to take a closer look and examine lexicographic material related to this nation. The image of the Lithuanian Tatars in the eyes of local Lithuanians has been scrutinized by ethnologists, folklorists, historians, linguists. However, their studies in that regard have so far omitted the largest linguistic tract, the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, which can be approached as some kind of a chronicle covering different material from our first writings dated 1547 until 2001. This article firstly aims to take a closer look at the image and relationship between those two ethnic groups, living in the close neighborhood for around 700 years, on the basis of available material recorded in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language. Illustrations provided in the dictionary cover written texts of different scope and types, various dialects across the country, and a broad variety of historical periods.A semantic analysis of roughly 120 illustrative examples associated with the Tatar has revealed an image of how Lithuanians have looked at Tatars – basically the warriors and mostly enemies. Even in peaceful times with no major battles around the Tartars were looked upon as strangers. People different in appearance, clothing, using the language strange to the locals, practicing different traditions, and religious confession. Sometimes local girls, though not too willingly, would get married to Tartars, fearing life could get worse and family links with their relatives will be lost.It is worth mentioning that a considerable number of plants and two animals are etymologically related to Tartars.
2021年被宣布为立陶宛鞑靼语言和文化年。这一事实激发了作者们仔细研究和研究与这个国家有关的词典编纂材料。立陶宛鞑靼人在当地立陶宛人眼中的形象受到了民族学家、民俗学家、历史学家和语言学家的仔细审视。然而,到目前为止,他们在这方面的研究忽略了最大的语言学著作《立陶宛语词典》,该词典可以被视为某种编年史,涵盖了与我们1547年至2001年的第一部著作不同的材料。本文首先以《立陶宛语词典》中记载的现有材料为基础,深入了解这两个近700年来生活在一起的民族的形象和关系。词典中提供的插图涵盖了不同范围和类型的书面文本、全国各地的各种方言以及各种各样的历史时期。对大约120个与鞑靼人有关的例证进行语义分析,揭示了立陶宛人如何看待鞑靼人——基本上是战士,大多数是敌人。即使在没有重大战役的和平时期,鞑靼人也被视为陌生人。人们在外表、穿着、使用当地人陌生的语言、实践不同的传统和宗教忏悔方面各不相同。有时,当地女孩虽然不太情愿,但会嫁给鞑靼人,担心生活会变得更糟,失去与亲人的家庭联系。值得一提的是,相当多的植物和两种动物在词源上与鞑靼人有关。
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引用次数: 0
Syntactic Complexity of Learning Content in Italian for COVID-19 Frontline Responders: A Study on WHO’s Emergency Learning Platform 新冠肺炎一线响应者意大利语学习内容的句法复杂性——基于世界卫生组织应急学习平台的研究
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-01-20 DOI: 10.15388/VERB.15
Giuseppe Samo, Ursula Zhao, G. Gamhewage
The goal of this paper is to offer a model to quantify the level of complexity of the linguistic content of a corpus in Italian extracted from OpenWHO, WHO’s health emergency learning platform (Rohloff et al. 2018; Zhao et al. 2019). The nature of the computational ranking costs of a typology of relativization strategies is investigated. To reach this goal, the results of the corpus are compared with other three syntactic annotated corpora from Italian belonging to different genres (news, social media, encyclopedic entries, legal). The results show that online learning contents in public health reduce complex structures in syntactic terms. The case study presented here provides a methodology to quantify syntactic and computational complexity in corpus studies.
本文的目标是提供一个模型来量化从世界卫生组织的卫生紧急情况学习平台OpenWHO提取的意大利语语料库的语言内容的复杂性水平(Rohloff et al.2018;赵et al.2019)。研究了相对化策略类型的计算排序成本的性质。为了达到这一目标,将语料库的结果与其他三个来自不同流派(新闻、社交媒体、百科全书条目、法律)的意大利语句法注释语料库进行了比较。结果表明,公共卫生领域的在线学习内容减少了句法方面的复杂结构。本文的案例研究提供了一种量化语料库研究中句法和计算复杂性的方法。
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引用次数: 2
The Narrative Form in Leonid Yuzefovich's Novel “Cranes and Dwarfs” 列昂尼德·尤泽福维奇小说《鹤与小矮人》的叙事形式
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 HISTORY Pub Date : 2021-01-20 DOI: 10.15388/VERB.16
V. Makarova, Justyna Petrovska
The paper is devoted to the features of the narrative form of Leonid Yuzefovich’s novel “Cranes and dwarfs”. The authors of the paper focuses on the lexical and grammatical tools that allowed the author of the novel to introduce different types of a narrator into the text.Examples illustrating that in the text of the novel under analysis the speaker and the beholder do not always match: 641 examples were related to varieties of free indirect speech. The following types of the free indirect speech constructions were analysed: when the subject of speech and the subject of consciousness differ in such cases: 1) indication of the spatial or temporal localization of the character; 2) an indication of the physical or intellectual perception of the situation (or object, or natural phenomena); 3) broadcast of the character's thoughts; 4) description of the character's emotions; 5) nomination of relatives and body parts of the character.As well as a list of lexical-grammatical markers of the modernist narrative form of the novel "Cranes and dwarfs" are provided in the report.
本文对列昂尼德·尤泽福维奇的小说《鹤与小矮人》的叙事形式特点进行了探讨。本文的作者着重于词汇和语法工具,使小说的作者在文本中引入不同类型的叙述者。举例说明在所分析的小说文本中,说话者和旁观者并不总是匹配的:641个例子与各种自由间接引语有关。本文分析了下列类型的自由间接语结构:当言语主体和意识主体在这种情况下不同时:1)表明人物的空间或时间定位;2)对情境(或物体,或自然现象)的生理或智力感知的指示;3)人物思想的传播;4)人物情感的描述;5)提名人物的亲属和身体部位。此外,本文还列举了小说《鹤与小矮人》现代主义叙事形式的词汇语法标记。
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引用次数: 0
A Pilot Study of Four Phonetic Changes in General British 普通英语四种语音变化的初步研究
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-12-28 DOI: 10.15388/VERB.17
Lina Bikelienė, Laura Černelytė
The pilot study reports on the prevalence of four phonetic changes (yod coalescence, yod dropping, /ʒ/ versus /ʤ/ in loan words, and GOAT allophony) in General British. The study consists of two stages to address the question from different perspectives: native speakers’ preferences and documentation of the changes in current pronouncing dictionaries.Sixty words likely to undergo one of the changes are chosen for the analysis. The survey is based on the framework by Wells (1998). Though the descriptive study resultsreveal a high degree of the respondents’ preference for ‘modern’ pronunciation, it varies across categories. The comparative analysis of the manifestation of the changes in the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (2008), the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (2011), and the Current British English Searchable Transcriptions (N/A) indicate their gradual way into the ‘standard’ language.
该试点研究报告了四种语音变化(yod合并、yod下降、外来词中的/ʒ/对/ʤ/和GOAT同音)在普通英语中的普遍性。这项研究分为两个阶段,从不同的角度来解决这个问题:母语人士的偏好和对当前发音词典变化的记录。选择60个可能发生其中一个变化的单词进行分析。该调查基于Wells(1998)的框架。尽管描述性研究结果显示,受访者对“现代”发音的偏好程度很高,但不同类别的偏好不同。对《朗文发音词典》(2008年)、《剑桥英语发音词典》和《当前英国英语可搜索转录本》(N/A)变化表现形式的比较分析表明,它们逐渐进入了“标准”语言。
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引用次数: 0
Diary as a Means for a Student to Discover a Country 日记作为学生探索国家的手段
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 HISTORY Pub Date : 2020-12-28 DOI: 10.15388/VERB.18
Loreta Chodzkienė
This paper aims to present a diary as a multifaceted means for incoming international students to become familiar with the host country (in this case, Lithuania), discover it through the ways of immersion and exploration, and reflect upon it on the diary pages. Every year the course of ‘Intercultural Communication’ taught at the Institute of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Philology, Vilnius University, welcomes a large number of incoming students from different parts of the world. Further to the subject syllabus, these students are given a special research task: to delve into the context of the host country, focus on a number of socio-cultural aspects, compare and contrast them to the similar ones in their native countries and reflect upon them in their diaries. The paper provides an overview of the accumulated empirical evidence on the attitudinal discoveries of 84 students representing 21 countries. The employed Interpretive content analysis proved to be a flexible and helpful research method to reveal the informants' existing cultural capital (Bourdieu 1994), to follow the flow of their interpretations consequently leading to the shifts in their attitudes, and thus, contribute to the development of the students' intercultural communicative competence. This paper sheds light on the informants’ attitudes towards Lithuania as the destination country for their Erasmus+ exchange, as well as their impressions of the academic environment of Vilnius University.
本文旨在将日记作为一种多方面的手段,让即将入学的国际学生熟悉东道国(本例中为立陶宛),通过沉浸和探索的方式发现它,并在日记页上反思它。维尔纽斯大学语言学院外国语学院每年开设的“跨文化交际”课程都欢迎来自世界各地的大批新生。除了课程大纲之外,这些学生还被赋予了一项特殊的研究任务:深入研究东道国的背景,关注一些社会文化方面,将其与本国的类似方面进行比较和对比,并在日记中反思。本文概述了代表21个国家的84名学生的态度发现的经验证据。所采用的口译内容分析被证明是一种灵活而有用的研究方法,可以揭示信息者现有的文化资本(Bourdieu 1994),跟踪他们的口译流程,从而导致他们态度的转变,从而有助于学生跨文化交际能力的发展。本文揭示了举报人对立陶宛作为伊拉斯谟+交流目的地的态度,以及他们对维尔纽斯大学学术环境的印象。
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引用次数: 0
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