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Structural adjustment, economic performance, and electoral volatility in presidential elections in Latin America 拉丁美洲总统选举中的结构调整、经济表现和选举波动性
IF 0.8 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12336
John P. Tuman, Michelle Kuenzi, Hafthor B. Erlingsson

Drawing upon the Latin American Presidential and Legislative Elections database and our own original data set, we assess the effects of structural adjustment and other economic factors on presidential electoral volatility in 24 Latin American countries in 1982–2016. The results of our study indicate that both structural adjustment and inflation have a positive association with Type B presidential electoral volatility (the volatility generated from changes in the vote shares of established parties). Economic growth appears to have only a weak negative association with overall presidential electoral volatility. Type A presidential electoral volatility (the volatility associated with the rise of new parties) is mostly determined by demographic factors and the electoral system for the presidency. As with legislative volatility in Latin America, Africa, and postcommunist Europe, explaining stable party presidential volatility appears more challenging than explaining party replacement presidential volatility. Overall, several of the findings about legislative volatility are echoed in this study, but presidential electoral volatility is notably higher than legislative volatility in Latin America.

利用拉丁美洲总统和立法选举数据库以及我们自己的原始数据集,我们评估了结构调整和其他经济因素对 1982-2016 年 24 个拉丁美洲国家总统选举波动性的影响。我们的研究结果表明,结构调整和通货膨胀都与 B 类总统选举波动性(既有政党得票率变化产生的波动性)呈正相关。经济增长似乎与总统选举的整体波动性只有微弱的负相关。A 类总统选举波动(与新政党崛起有关的波动)主要由人口因素和总统选举制度决定。与拉丁美洲、非洲和后共产主义欧洲的立法波动性一样,解释稳定政党的总统波动性似乎比解释政党更替的总统波动性更具挑战性。总体而言,关于立法波动性的一些结论在本研究中得到了回应,但在拉丁美洲,总统选举的波动性明显高于立法波动性。
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引用次数: 0
Gender inequalities during a global pandemic: The link between female solo self-employment, informality, caregiving responsibilities, and quality of life 1 year after the Covid-19 pandemic 全球大流行期间的性别不平等:Covid-19 大流行 1 年后女性个体自营职业、非正规性、护理责任和生活质量之间的联系
IF 0.8 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12341
María Alejandra Inostroza Correa, Jorge Sepúlveda Velásquez
<p>The purpose of this study is to see if informal, solo self-employed women in Chile had a greater drop in their quality of life than their formal counterparts during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic. The article investigates the correlation between different types of employment arrangements (informal solo self-employment and formal solo self-employment) and the well-being of these women during the pandemic. The instrument employed is the COV19-Impact on Quality of Life questionnaire, consisting of six items presented in a 5-point Likert scale format. The survey was conducted online as a self-administered questionnaire to 854 female solo self-employed participants, ranging in age from 19 to 75 years, who had received support from a social aid foundation in December 2020 and early 2021. The main finding suggests there is a correlation between the type of solo self-employment and the quality of life experienced by women during the pandemic. Specifically, women engaged in informal solo self-employment encountered a substantial decline in their quality of life over the initial year of the pandemic, reflecting a decrease of 14.97 points on the Quality of Life scale, in contrast to their formal counterparts. In conclusion, there is a strong correlation between the quality of life experienced during the pandemic and employment status. Even though employment arrangements were utilized as proxies for socioeconomic factors not directly assessed in the questionnaire, this tool proved invaluable in capturing diverse facets of socioeconomic conditions, encompassing income levels, access to governmental support, social protection, and working conditions.</p><p>本研究以智利为例,旨在分析新冠肺炎大流行的第一年期间,与正式的个体自营妇女相比,非正式个体自营妇女的生活质量是否存在更大的下降。本文调查了不同类型的就业安排(即非正式的个体自营职业和正式的个体自营职业)与大流行期间这些妇女的福祉之间的相关性。所使用的工具是一项名为“新冠肺炎对生活质量的影响”问卷,该问卷以5点李克特量表为格式,呈现了六个项目。该网络调查以自填式问卷形式进行,调查对象为854名年龄在19岁至75岁之间的女性个体自营者,她们在2020年12月和2021年初获得了社会援助基金会的支持。主要发现表明,大流行期间妇女个体自营职业类型与生活质量之间存在相关性。具体而言,在大流行开始的第一年,与正式个体自营职业妇女相比,从事非正式个体自营职业的妇女的生活质量大幅下降,生活质量量表下降了14.97分。总之,大流行期间的生活质量与就业状况之间存在很强的相关性。尽管就业安排被用作调查问卷中未直接评估的社会经济因素的替代指标,但事实证明,这一工具在描述社会经济条件的各个方面(包括收入水平、政府支持的获取、社会保护和工作条件)具有宝贵价值。</p><p>El propósito de este estudio es ver si las mujeres autónomas informales en Chile tuvieron una mayor caída en su calidad de vida que sus contrapartes formales durante el primer año de la pandemia de COVID-19. Para ello, este artículo investiga la correlación entre diferentes tipos de acuerdos laborales (trabajo autónomo informal y autónomo formal) y el bienestar de estas mujeres durante la pandemia. El instrumento utilizado en este estudio es el cuestionario COV19-Impact on Quality of Life (COV19-QoL), que consta de seis ítems presentados en un formato de escala Likert de 5 puntos. La encuesta se realizó en línea como un cuestionario autoadministrado entre 854 mujeres participantes autónomas, con edades comprendidas entre 19 y 75 años, que habían recibido apoyo de una fundación de ayuda social durante diciembre de 2020 y princ
本研究的目的是了解在 Covid-19 大流行的第一年,智利非正规的个体自营职业妇女的生活质量是否比正规职业妇女下降得更多。文章调查了不同类型的就业安排(非正式个体自营职业和正式个体自营职业)与这些妇女在大流行期间的福祉之间的相关性。调查使用的工具是 COV19 对生活质量的影响调查问卷,由 6 个项目组成,采用 5 点李克特量表格式。调查以自填问卷的形式在网上进行,对象是在 2020 年 12 月和 2021 年初接受过社会援助基金会资助的 854 名女性个体经营者,年龄从 19 岁到 75 岁不等。主要研究结果表明,个体自营职业的类型与女性在大流行期间的生活质量之间存在相关性。具体而言,在大流行的最初一年,从事非正规个体经营的妇女的生活质量大幅下降,在生活质量量表上下降了 14.97 分,与正规个体经营的妇女形成鲜明对比。总之,大流行期间的生活质量与就业状况密切相关。尽管就业安排被用作问卷中未直接评估的社会经济因素的替代物,但这一工具在捕捉社会经济条件的各个方面(包括收入水平、获得政府支持的机会、社会保护和工作条件)方面证明是非常有价值的。
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引用次数: 0
The politics of development in Ecuador: Accounting for plural rationalities 厄瓜多尔的发展政治:考虑多元合理性
IF 0.8 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12337
Pablo Garcés-Velástegui

Recent protests and tense elections in Ecuador suggest a strong polarization regarding the development model. The diversity of vindications underscores the plurality of development notions, rendering it a wicked problem, which is characterized by the presence of multiple definitions. Employing sociocultural viability theory, four ideal-typical and irreducible development models are found, illustrated by neoliberalism, developmentalism, multiple postdevelopmentalist alternatives among which Buen Vivir is the most representative, and a chimera. Locating the most important current political movements and parties in this cultural map allows us to make sense of Ecuador's political landscape and to point to ways to address this problem effectively and legitimately by producing clumsy development models, which seek to incorporate all worldviews.

厄瓜多尔最近的抗议活动和紧张的选举表明,在发展模式问题上出现了强烈的两极分化。平反意见的多样性凸显了发展理念的多元性,使其成为一个以存在多种定义为特征的棘手问题。运用社会文化可行性理论,我们发现了四种理想的、典型的和不可复制的发展模式,分别是新自由主义、发展主义、多种后发展主义替代方案(其中 "美好生活 "最具代表性)和一种 "嵌合体"。将当前最重要的政治运动和政党定位在这一文化地图上,可以让我们了解厄瓜多尔的政治格局,并指出如何通过建立拙劣的发展模式来有效、合法地解决这一问题,这种发展模式寻求纳入所有的世界观。
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引用次数: 0
Challenging the policy space: The legitimation of alternatives in Chilean pension policy (1980–2019) 挑战政策空间:智利养老金政策中替代方案的合法化(1980-2019 年)
IF 0.8 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12343
Joaquín Rozas-Bugueño, Antoine Maillet

In October 2019, Chile experienced its most significant cycle of protests since the return to democracy in 1990; one of the primary demands of this cycle was the improvement of pensions. What effect did the October upheaval have on the Chilean pension policy debate? How have ideas about the Chilean pension plan changed from its creation in 1981−2019? What are the main drivers of these changes? In this study, we propose the concept of policy space, which we define as the realm of ideas wherein public policies are debated and whose boundaries are determined by the legitimacy of ideas from relevant actors. We use a process-tracing approach based on qualitative data triangulation from several techniques including in-depth interviews, press analysis, and secondary document review. The findings indicate that the shift in the ideas related to pension policy is explained by two drivers—long-term linkage among actors and short-term social mobilization against the private pension system, which accelerated rapidly with the October 2019 protests.

2019 年 10 月,智利经历了自 1990 年恢复民主以来最重要的一轮抗议活动;这一轮抗议活动的主要诉求之一是改善养老金。十月动乱对智利养老金政策辩论产生了什么影响?从 1981 年智利养老金计划制定到 2019 年,有关该计划的观点发生了哪些变化?这些变化的主要驱动因素是什么?在本研究中,我们提出了政策空间的概念,并将其定义为公共政策辩论的思想领域,其边界由相关参与者的思想合法性决定。我们采用了一种基于定性数据三角测量的过程追踪方法,这些定性数据来自深度访谈、新闻分析和二手文献审查等多种技术。研究结果表明,与养老金政策相关的观念转变有两个驱动因素,一个是参与者之间的长期联系,另一个是反对私人养老金制度的短期社会动员。
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引用次数: 0
Construction of equity in Ecuadorian higher education policy documents 厄瓜多尔高等教育政策文件中的公平建设
IF 0.8 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12342
Lorena Fernanda Parra-Gavilánez
<p>Equity is considered a key element to ensure universal access to high-quality education and equal treatment in the higher education system. This study investigates the construction of equity in Ecuadorian higher education through two sets of policy documents—higher education and language policies, both relevant in considering the direction and structure of the higher education sector. The coherence or deficiencies in the construction of equity are important for this concept to be exercised and properly enacted. To this end, five national policy documents related to higher education were selected to be analyzed through a critical discourse analysis lens to determine whether the policy documents are framed with a limited or more expansive interpretation in relation to theoretical elements of equity. Critical discourse analysis was chosen as the main analysis tool since it permits the identification and critical examination of similarities and differences in two or more sets of documents. The study identifies autonomy, identity, and equality as prevalent elements of equity in the general laws regulating higher education and the national educational plan, whereas the language policy documents are more focused on competitiveness and aspects of globalization. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of coherence in policy documents to achieve more equitable practices.</p><p>公平被认为是确保高等教育系统中普遍获得高质量教育和平等待遇的关键要素。本研究通过两套政策文件(高等教育和语言政策)调查了厄瓜多尔高等教育中对公平的建构,这两套政策文件都与“考量高等教育部门的方向和结构”一事有关。公平建构的一致性或缺陷对于这一概念的运用和正确制定非常重要。为此,我们选择了五份与高等教育相关的国家政策文件,通过批判性话语分析的视角进行分析,以确定这些政策文件在公平理论要素方面的解释是否存在有限或更为广泛的诠释。批判性话语分析被选为主要分析工具,因为它允许识别和批判检验两组或多组文档中的相似性和差异。本研究将自治、身份和平等视为高等教育一般法律和国家教育计划中公平的普遍要素,而语言政策文件则更关注竞争力和全球化要素。总之,本研究强调了政策文件一致性对于实现更公平实践的重要性。</p><p>La equidad se considera un elemento clave para garantizar el acceso universal a una educación de alta calidad y la igualdad de trato en el sistema de educación superior. Este estudio investiga la construcción de equidad en la educación superior ecuatoriana a través de dos grupos de documentos de política pública: educación superior y políticas del lenguaje, ambos relevantes al considerar la dirección y estructura del sector de educación superior. La coherencia o deficiencias en la construcción de equidad son importantes para que este concepto se ejerza y se implemente adecuadamente. Con este fin, se seleccionaron cinco documentos de políticas nacionales relacionados con la educación superior para ser analizados a través de una lente de análisis crítico del discurso para determinar si los documentos de política pública están enmarcados con una interpretación limitada o más amplia en relación con los elementos teóricos de la equidad. Se eligió el análisis crítico del discurso como principal herramienta de análisis ya que permite la identificación y el examen crítico de similitudes y diferencias en dos o más grupos de documentos. El estudio identifica la autonomía, la identidad y la igualdad como elementos prevalentes de eq
公平被认为是确保高等教育系统普及优质教育和平等待遇的关键因素。本研究通过两套政策文件--高等教育政策和语言政策--调查厄瓜多尔高等教育中的公平建设,这两套文件都与高等教育部门的方向和结构有关。公平建设中的一致性或缺陷对于这一概念的实施和适当颁布非常重要。为此,我们选取了五份与高等教育相关的国家政策文件,通过批判性话语分析的视角进行分析,以确定这些政策文件的框架是否对公平的理论要素进行了有限或更为宽泛的解释。之所以选择批判性话语分析作为主要分析工具,是因为它可以识别并批判性地研究两套或多套文件的异同。研究发现,自主、身份和平等是规范高等教育的一般法律和国家教育计划中普遍存在的公平要素,而语言政策文件则更侧重于竞争力和全球化的各个方面。总之,本研究强调了政策文件的一致性对于实现更加公平的做法的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Perspectives on nearshoring: Recent developments and the challenges for Mexico 关于近岸外包的观点:墨西哥的近期发展和挑战
IF 0.8 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12340
Carlos A. Carrasco
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引用次数: 0
Reimagining justice to build a better future for Latin American food policy 重新想象正义,为拉丁美洲粮食政策创造更美好的未来
IF 0.8 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12344
Diosey Ramon Lugo-Morin
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引用次数: 0
Rethinking Post-Cold War Russian–Latin American Relations By V. Rouvinski and V. Jeifets (Eds.), Routledge. 2022. 302 pages. $43.99 (paperback). ISBN: 9781032024400 Rouvinski, V. and Jeifets, V. (Eds.), Routledge.2022.302 页。43.99 美元(平装本)。ISBN: 9781032024400
IF 0.8 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12338
Tamara Espiñeira-Guirao
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引用次数: 0
Citizen security in the region: Exploring the frontiers between sound and silence 该地区的公民安全:探索有声与无声的边界
IF 0.5 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12333
Isidro Morales
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引用次数: 0
Citizen security: Silencing women and migrants 公民安全:压制妇女和移民
IF 0.5 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12335
R. Guy Emerson, Marianne H. Marchand
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Latin American Policy
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