Latin American Policy最新文献

This second volume of Latin American Policy (LAP) includes six pieces of relevant research focusing on how the policy space is being shaped by the agency of different actors with a say in the economic and social agendas. John P. Tuman, Michelle Kuenzi, and Hafthor B. Erlingsson assess the effects of structural adjustment and other economic factors on presidential electoral volatility in 24 Latin American countries from 1982 to 2016. María Alejandra Inostroza Correa and Jorge Sepúlveda Velásquez analyze if informal, solo self-employed women in Chile had a greater drop in their quality of life than their formal counterparts during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic in Chile. Also focusing on this country, Joaquín Rozas-Bugueño and Antoine Maillet explore how debate and social mobilization around the improvement of the private pensions system shaped the outcomes of major reforms.

Lorena Fernanda Parra-Gavilánez investigates the construction of equity in Ecuadorian higher education through two sets of policy documents, the first on higher education and the second on language policies, both relevant in considering the direction and structure of the higher education sector. Pablo Garcés-Velástegui assesses four development models that were at the grounds of the recent mobilizations in Ecuador, while Liliana Lizarazo-Rodríguez, Philippe De Lombaerde, Miguel Andrés Lizarazo Carrera, and Carolina Londono-Escudero study whether indigenous peoples' rights and their natural habitats in Colombia are protected when investment projects are planned or implemented. Their study focuses on the mechanisms of prior informed consultation, and free, prior, and informed consent.

This volume also includes three essays dealing with hot topics on the Latin American scene today, listed in our Perspectives section. Diosey Ramon Lugo-Morin makes a reflection on the need to reimagine justice when dealing with food policies. Carlos Carrasco opens a discussion on a trendy topic in Mexico—the challenges for the country to reap the benefits of nearshoring. Finally, Ambassador Olga Pellicer, who has had a long, brilliant career as a Mexican diplomat and academic and who was a member of the Advisory Group to the Secretary General of the United Nations for Disarmament Affairs, highlights the importance of the maintenance of nuclear-free zones in Latin America, such as the one incepted by the Tlatelolco Agreement, at a time when the Russian invasion of Ukraine has elevated the threat of a new wave of nuclear arms escalation.

Finally, our readers will find a book review covering a hot button issue for the region—the evolution of post-Cold War Russian–Latin American relations.

Isidro Morales, editor-in-chief, is a retired professor from the School of Social Sciences and Government at Tecnológico de Monterrey, and an external fellow of the Mexico–United States Center and the Energy Center at Rice University's Baker Institute.

This article addresses the protection of indigenous peoples and their natural habitats in Colombia when investment projects are planned or implemented. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of prior informed consultation; and free, prior, and informed consent. The Colombian case is relevant because it is at the vanguard of protecting the rights of indigenous peoples and their territories, and it is home to tough policy choices, balancing indigenous rights, the environment (as a megadiverse country), and the economy (highly dependent on mining exports). From a law and sustainable development perspective, this article analyzes a novel combination of various statistical data sets and case law and includes tests of the outcomes of prior informed consultation processes and their interaction with environmental licensing based on regression analyses. The conclusions point to the scale of the use of the protection mechanisms, the patterns in the behavior of indigenous peoples and in the outcomes of the mechanisms, the need to reinterpret transaction costs, and the crucial role of the constitutional court.

Drawing upon the Latin American Presidential and Legislative Elections database and our own original data set, we assess the effects of structural adjustment and other economic factors on presidential electoral volatility in 24 Latin American countries in 1982–2016. The results of our study indicate that both structural adjustment and inflation have a positive association with Type B presidential electoral volatility (the volatility generated from changes in the vote shares of established parties). Economic growth appears to have only a weak negative association with overall presidential electoral volatility. Type A presidential electoral volatility (the volatility associated with the rise of new parties) is mostly determined by demographic factors and the electoral system for the presidency. As with legislative volatility in Latin America, Africa, and postcommunist Europe, explaining stable party presidential volatility appears more challenging than explaining party replacement presidential volatility. Overall, several of the findings about legislative volatility are echoed in this study, but presidential electoral volatility is notably higher than legislative volatility in Latin America.

The purpose of this study is to see if informal, solo self-employed women in Chile had a greater drop in their quality of life than their formal counterparts during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic. The article investigates the correlation between different types of employment arrangements (informal solo self-employment and formal solo self-employment) and the well-being of these women during the pandemic. The instrument employed is the COV19-Impact on Quality of Life questionnaire, consisting of six items presented in a 5-point Likert scale format. The survey was conducted online as a self-administered questionnaire to 854 female solo self-employed participants, ranging in age from 19 to 75 years, who had received support from a social aid foundation in December 2020 and early 2021. The main finding suggests there is a correlation between the type of solo self-employment and the quality of life experienced by women during the pandemic. Specifically, women engaged in informal solo self-employment encountered a substantial decline in their quality of life over the initial year of the pandemic, reflecting a decrease of 14.97 points on the Quality of Life scale, in contrast to their formal counterparts. In conclusion, there is a strong correlation between the quality of life experienced during the pandemic and employment status. Even though employment arrangements were utilized as proxies for socioeconomic factors not directly assessed in the questionnaire, this tool proved invaluable in capturing diverse facets of socioeconomic conditions, encompassing income levels, access to governmental support, social protection, and working conditions.

本研究以智利为例，旨在分析新冠肺炎大流行的第一年期间，与正式的个体自营妇女相比，非正式个体自营妇女的生活质量是否存在更大的下降。本文调查了不同类型的就业安排（即非正式的个体自营职业和正式的个体自营职业）与大流行期间这些妇女的福祉之间的相关性。所使用的工具是一项名为“新冠肺炎对生活质量的影响”问卷，该问卷以5点李克特量表为格式，呈现了六个项目。该网络调查以自填式问卷形式进行，调查对象为854名年龄在19岁至75岁之间的女性个体自营者，她们在2020年12月和2021年初获得了社会援助基金会的支持。主要发现表明，大流行期间妇女个体自营职业类型与生活质量之间存在相关性。具体而言，在大流行开始的第一年，与正式个体自营职业妇女相比，从事非正式个体自营职业的妇女的生活质量大幅下降，生活质量量表下降了14.97分。总之，大流行期间的生活质量与就业状况之间存在很强的相关性。尽管就业安排被用作调查问卷中未直接评估的社会经济因素的替代指标，但事实证明，这一工具在描述社会经济条件的各个方面（包括收入水平、政府支持的获取、社会保护和工作条件）具有宝贵价值。

El propósito de este estudio es ver si las mujeres autónomas informales en Chile tuvieron una mayor caída en su calidad de vida que sus contrapartes formales durante el primer año de la pandemia de COVID-19. Para ello, este artículo investiga la correlación entre diferentes tipos de acuerdos laborales (trabajo autónomo informal y autónomo formal) y el bienestar de estas mujeres durante la pandemia. El instrumento utilizado en este estudio es el cuestionario COV19-Impact on Quality of Life (COV19-QoL), que consta de seis ítems presentados en un formato de escala Likert de 5 puntos. La encuesta se realizó en línea como un cuestionario autoadministrado entre 854 mujeres participantes autónomas, con edades comprendidas entre 19 y 75 años, que habían recibido apoyo de una fundación de ayuda social durante diciembre de 2020 y princ

Recent protests and tense elections in Ecuador suggest a strong polarization regarding the development model. The diversity of vindications underscores the plurality of development notions, rendering it a wicked problem, which is characterized by the presence of multiple definitions. Employing sociocultural viability theory, four ideal-typical and irreducible development models are found, illustrated by neoliberalism, developmentalism, multiple postdevelopmentalist alternatives among which Buen Vivir is the most representative, and a chimera. Locating the most important current political movements and parties in this cultural map allows us to make sense of Ecuador's political landscape and to point to ways to address this problem effectively and legitimately by producing clumsy development models, which seek to incorporate all worldviews.

In October 2019, Chile experienced its most significant cycle of protests since the return to democracy in 1990; one of the primary demands of this cycle was the improvement of pensions. What effect did the October upheaval have on the Chilean pension policy debate? How have ideas about the Chilean pension plan changed from its creation in 1981−2019? What are the main drivers of these changes? In this study, we propose the concept of policy space, which we define as the realm of ideas wherein public policies are debated and whose boundaries are determined by the legitimacy of ideas from relevant actors. We use a process-tracing approach based on qualitative data triangulation from several techniques including in-depth interviews, press analysis, and secondary document review. The findings indicate that the shift in the ideas related to pension policy is explained by two drivers—long-term linkage among actors and short-term social mobilization against the private pension system, which accelerated rapidly with the October 2019 protests.