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Where there is smoke, there is fire? Making sense of the past failure and future prospects of cannabis reform in Chile 无风不起浪?理解智利大麻改革过去的失败和未来的前景
IF 0.5 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-11-29 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12318
Jonas von Hoffmann
A decade ago, cannabis reform was on the public and political agenda in Chile, but the reform process eventually broke down with no marijuana legalization. This article focuses on the different stages of agenda politics to explain the reasons for the failure of cannabis reform in Chile. Drawing on original data, including 36 interviews with key actors, the article traces the reform process. Through a combination of process tracing and counterfactual analysis, the article establishes the causal weight of explanatory factors and distinguishes between activities and their effects. The evidence shows that cannabis reform in Chile failed not only because of a lack of governmental support and agenda setting but also because reform proponents were unable and unwilling to maintain the agenda after initially setting it successfully. By contrast, insider and outsider reform opponents were effective at agenda denial and counter‐framing cannabis reform. Despite producing lots of smoke, recreational cannabis reform efforts have burned out without blazing the trail toward marijuana legalization in Chile. By unearthing the factors that led to initial success in gaining attention and to eventual failure in securing approval in the recent past, this article points out the difficulties of legalizing marijuana in Chile in the near future.
十年前,大麻改革被提上了智利的公共和政治议程,但改革进程最终因大麻没有合法化而破裂。这篇文章的重点是议程政治的不同阶段,以解释大麻改革在智利失败的原因。本文利用原始数据,包括对36位关键参与者的采访,追溯了改革过程。通过过程追踪和反事实分析相结合的方法,建立了解释因素的因果权重,并区分了活动及其影响。有证据表明,智利的大麻改革之所以失败,不仅是因为缺乏政府支持和议程设置,还因为改革支持者在最初成功设置议程后,无法也不愿维持议程。相比之下,内部和外部改革反对者在议程否认和反框架大麻改革方面是有效的。尽管产生了大量的烟雾,但娱乐性大麻的改革努力已经付之一炬,没有在智利开辟大麻合法化的道路。本文通过揭示导致大麻最初获得关注而最终未能获得批准的因素,指出了大麻在不久的将来在智利合法化的困难。然而,改革进程最终失败,大麻没有合法化。本文聚焦于议程政治的不同阶段,以解释智利大麻改革失败的原因。通过利用原始数据,包括对关键行动者进行的36次访谈,本文仔细追踪了改革进程。通过结合过程追踪和反事实分析,本文确定了解释性因素的因果权重,并区分了活动及其影响。证据表明,智利的大麻改革失败不仅因为缺乏政府支持和议程设定,还因为改革支持者在最初成功设定议程后无法也不愿意维持议程。相比之下,内外部的改革反对者有效地否认了议程,并反向描述了大麻改革。尽管声势浩大,但娱乐性大麻改革措施遭遇失败,没有为智利的大麻合法化开辟道路。通过找出一系列导致最初获得关注的因素和导致最终未能获得批准的因素,本文指出了智利大麻合法化在不远的将来面临的困难。在智利,是否有一项关于大麻改革的议程pública y política。由于禁运,el改革进程最终将看到desmoronó Sin logar la legalización de la大麻。Este artículo在智利举行的关于大麻改革的特别会议上提出不同意见和意见negociación。Basándose en datos originales,包括36家企业,以及artículo签署了改革进程的指导意见。1 .通过análisis订立合同,通过合同和/或合同和/或合同和/或合同和/或合同,通过不同的中心活动和影响,明确说明不同因素的因果关系。有证据表明,在智利进行大麻改革是必要的falló没有单独的证据表明政府的改革是必要的,没有证据表明政府的改革是必要的,没有证据表明政府的改革是必要的,没有证据表明政府的改革是必要的,没有证据表明政府的改革是必要的,没有证据表明政府的改革是必要的。与此相反,国际上的反对意见与国外的改革意见是一致的,而改革意见是有效的。在智利,有一个特别报告员atención,在智利的aprobación de la legalización de la大麻娱乐中心进行大麻改革。所有相同的损失因素,如智利的大麻合法化问题,如智利的大麻合法化问题,如智利的大麻合法化问题,如智利的大麻合法化问题,如智利的大麻合法化问题,如智利的大麻合法化问题,如智利的大麻合法化问题。
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引用次数: 0
Aventuras con facturas: Notes on some of Mexico's self-inflicted fiscal wounds venturas confacturas:关于墨西哥自己造成的一些财政创伤的笔记
IF 0.5 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-11-28 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12323
Claude Denis
<p><b>Cholula, Puebla, Mexico, July 2023</b></p><p><b>1.</b></p><p>This is a story of how the smallest actions and interactions in our daily lives are enmeshed in the largest systems that channel the social world's energies—systems that have their logic but that, at various junctures, just might be self-defeating. Ask for the bill at the end of a restaurant meal, call an Uber, grumble with a friend about the bean counters who are complicating your life unnecessarily, try to decide if you should be having a beer with your tacos—as tiny and mundane as these situations are, they participate of our world's broadest social, political, and economic currents.</p><p>Say that, as part of your work, you are spending money in Mexico that a local institution is supposed to reimburse. You may be Mexican, or you may be a foreigner like I am. It makes no difference. The institution may be an employer or an organization that will pay travel expenses in exchange for an otherwise unpaid lecture or consultation—or something. It is going to get complicated fast, and you are going to get a tutorial in the intricacies of Mexico's public finances.</p><p>This situation may seem banal and boring, but it is not; it provides a revealing, ground-level window into some of the difficulties the country faces in its economic, social, and political development. Mexico is hardly alone in these difficulties, but every country has its own way of struggling. As Leo Tolstoy wrote about families in <i>Anna Karenina</i>, “… each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.”<sup>1</sup> When it comes to taxes and such, it is hard to find a truly happy country.</p><p>Mexico is plagued with the worst fiscal capacity among the 38 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), at 16.7% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2021—a marked improvement from 2005, when it was just over 11%. The only other member country that is at less than 20% is Colombia, at 19.5%.<sup>2</sup> Broadly speaking, fiscal capacity refers to a government's ability to generate revenues, and the primary means to do so is the levying of taxes of various kinds. Nobody likes taxes, but without them, a government in a capitalist economy will be unable to function.<sup>3</sup> For a government to have a chance to enact programs that will play some dynamic part in improving the lives of people, it needs a healthy tax base—strong fiscal capacity. It may squander that chance through waste, inefficiency, corruption, or in other ways, and we will see that this concern plays a part in Mexico's quandaries, but without income, a government cannot even be corrupt.</p><p>One of the important flip sides of fiscal capacity for a country like Mexico is the magnitude of its “informal” or “underground” economy. The informal economy is that slice of economic activity that escapes official supervision, regulation…and taxes. The bigger the informal economy, the more potential the tax revenue that never mat
乔卢拉,普埃布拉,墨西哥,20231年7月。这是一个关于我们日常生活中最小的行为和互动如何被最大的系统所包围的故事,这些系统引导着社会世界的能量——这些系统有它们的逻辑,但在不同的时刻,可能会弄巧成拙。在餐厅用餐结束时索要账单,叫一辆优步,和朋友抱怨那些不必要地把你的生活复杂化的精打细算者,试着决定你是否应该在吃玉米饼的时候喝杯啤酒——尽管这些情况微不足道,但它们参与了我们这个世界最广泛的社会、政治和经济潮流。比如说,作为你工作的一部分,你在墨西哥花费的钱应该由当地机构报销。你可能是墨西哥人,也可能是像我一样的外国人。这没什么区别。这个机构可能是雇主或组织,他们会支付旅行费用,以换取其他免费的讲座或咨询等等。事情很快就会变得复杂起来,你会得到一个关于墨西哥公共财政错综复杂的教程。这种情况可能看起来平庸乏味,但事实并非如此;它提供了一个揭示国家在经济、社会和政治发展中面临的一些困难的基层窗口。墨西哥并不是唯一面临这些困难的国家,但每个国家都有自己的挣扎方式。正如列夫·托尔斯泰在《安娜·卡列尼娜》中对家庭的描写:“……每个不幸的家庭各有各的不幸。”在税收等问题上,很难找到一个真正幸福的国家。在经济合作与发展组织(OECD)的38个成员国中,墨西哥的财政能力是最糟糕的,2021年的财政能力占国内生产总值(GDP)的16.7%,与2005年的11%相比,这是一个显著的改善。其他成员国中唯一低于20%的是哥伦比亚,为19.5%广义上讲,财政能力是指政府产生收入的能力,而政府产生收入的主要手段是征收各种税收。没有人喜欢税收,但是没有税收,资本主义经济中的政府将无法运转一个政府要想有机会制定能够在改善人民生活方面发挥积极作用的计划,就需要一个健康的税收基础——强大的财政能力。它可能会通过浪费、效率低下、腐败或其他方式浪费掉这个机会,我们将看到这种担忧在墨西哥的困境中起着一定的作用,但没有收入,政府甚至不可能腐败。对于像墨西哥这样的国家来说,财政能力的一个重要方面是其“非正式”或“地下”经济的规模。非正规经济是指逃避官方监督、监管和税收的经济活动。非正规经济规模越大,从未实现的税收潜力就越大。无论我们来自哪里,我们都熟悉这个现实——没有一个国家能完全摆脱非正规经济,但其相对规模和绝对规模差异很大。非正规经济的一个方面是完全非法的。想想毒品贩运从生产到消费链条的全过程,很容易看出为什么参与者想要对政府隐瞒他们的活动。另一个层面涉及的经济活动,虽然在其他方面是合法的,但却对政府隐瞒,以避免纳税。它降低了买方(这是显而易见的)和卖方的交易成本,卖方有更好的机会完成交易,避免了官僚主义的麻烦和管理税收并将其移交给相关公共当局的经济成本。零工经济给这幅图景增添了一些波澜,因为许多优步(Uber)司机和Airbnb房东(仅举这两家行业领先的公司为例)经营着未经注册的业务。我们将看到这种情况如何影响我所描述的情况。非正规经济的这两个方面在墨西哥的总体经济活动中占很大一部分。它固有的犯罪一面永远不会对国家的财政能力做出贡献……除非它全部或部分停止违法。至于其合法但逃税的方面,政府(很容易被认为是整个社会)有强烈的动机减少其规模——将尽可能多的活动纳入纳税类别,从而加强财政能力。实现这一目标是财政当局的任务。在墨西哥,相关的公共机构将是Secretaría de Hacienda y cr<s:1> dito Público(简称Hacienda)及其税收部门Administración Tributaria (SAT)。庄园和SAT可能是他们自己最大的敌人。假设你在一家餐馆吃饭。当你要账单时,你会得到一张票,这在墨西哥通常被称为“票”——你吃了什么喝了什么。 如果你用借记卡或信用卡付款,你会收到一张信用卡交易的收据。在我所在的加拿大,如果这顿饭可以算作专业费用,我可以提交这些文件(比如我的大学)作为费用证明,在允许的范围内报销。在加拿大和墨西哥,门票上都有政府颁发的餐馆财政识别号码。在加拿大,门票的交易信息,包括从我这里收取的税额,会通过政府授权的专门软件自动进入餐厅的计算机数据库。销售点(POS)数据库必须定期向相关财政部门报告,5同时缴纳相应的销售税金额。我们将看到,在墨西哥,政府无法直接访问POS信息,这是一个很大的问题。在我的例子中,在加拿大交易链的另一端,大学保留了可以提交给加拿大税务局(CRA)的文件,如果被要求,以换取对我的报销。这种情况的关键特点是,加拿大的税务申报是系统化和自动化的——每笔交易一旦进入餐馆(或其他企业)的支付系统,就会自动进入必须向CRA报告的数据库。这份报告附带一张支票,或者现在的银行转账。有些业务量不大的企业不需要购买专门的纳税申报计算机硬件和软件,他们可以手工记录和报告交易。他们还会在短时间内接受税务审计。有一些方法可以通过现金支付和没有任何纸张或电子记录(非正式经济)来避开这个系统,而餐馆在寻找隐藏交易的方法方面是出了名的有创造力。在这个领域,就像在社会生活的其他方面一样,不是“是”或“否”、“全或无”的问题,而是“多或少”的问题。不过,在大多数经济领域,这是一种负担沉重、风险很大、往往会弄巧成拙的策略,不值得卖方付出努力。从买方的角度来看,走非正式的现金路线也可能有风险,因为购买将不包括保修,政府的消费者保护制度或各种保险。加拿大故事的另一个重要方面是,这家餐厅和我的大学没有任何关系;我实际上是一个中间人,与双方都有经济关系,而他们在经济上彼此都是陌生人。同时,我们与CRA的关系各不相同。换句话说,不同参与者之间的交互被保持在最低限度,减少了错误、延迟、欺诈等的机会。这一点很重要。如果你在墨西哥,你希望你的寄宿大学用餐馆的账单、卡片收据或两者都要来报销一顿饭,你很可能不走运。我说"最有可能"是因为在墨西哥人的生活中很少有事情是一成不变的。很多时候,“不”只是一些人的开场白,因为他们不希望“是”会引发麻烦,或者他们可能不知道如何说“是”,也不想麻烦地去寻找答案。我们稍后会回到这一点。就目前而言,按照SAT的规定,学校会要求餐厅出示成绩单。餐厅要想发行这张支票,需要校方的财务信息。许多餐馆都有一名工作人员专门负责付款并最终提供服务。我最近在墨西哥一所大学做了几个星期的客人,经历了这种系统。这是我的任务,通常在我吃完饭要账单的时候,我的任务是要factura,并向餐馆提供学校的财政信息。过去的做法是携带并提供一张类似名片的东西,上面写着学校的相关信息,现在这种做法仍然存在,但自从2014年的制度改革中引入了“电子名片”以来,电子版本的“名片”越来越受欢迎,经常在WhatsApp上交换。这项重要的改革在系统中引入了一个新的参与者,即被称为工厂的大公司,SAT将工厂的排放外包给这些公司,这是将国家职能分包给私营部门的典型新自由主义举动。毫不奇怪,从他们的特权地位中获得巨额利润的制造商在系统的运行中有他们自己的利益,这些利益可能与SAT或系统用户的利益一致,也可能不一致。因此,factura是一个详细的发票,其中包括(在本例中)餐厅和大学的法律和财务信息。 从广义上讲,它还包括已经发生的费用类型——一顿饭通常会被列为食品、饮料、食品和饮料。要求包含在该要素中的财务信息非常具体
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引用次数: 0
Latin America at the end of 2023: Human rights, criminal activity, justice and international order, presidential ousters and foreign policy, climate change, Colombian peace treaty, economic crises, and fiscal reform 2023年底的拉丁美洲:人权、犯罪活动、司法和国际秩序、总统下台和外交政策、气候变化、哥伦比亚和平条约、经济危机和财政改革
IF 0.5 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12321
Isidro Morales
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引用次数: 0
Beyond the dominant voices: Unveiling Latin American perspectives on the international order 超越主导声音:揭示拉丁美洲对国际秩序的看法
IF 0.5 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12319
Bernabé Malacalza
<p>The concept of international order has undergone significant evolution, but the dominant voices of great powers have often overshadowed regional perspectives, particularly in Latin America. Still, this region has played a crucial role in shaping the contemporary discourse on the international order. Today, the term is used in various contexts within Latin America, reflecting the increasing presence of nonstate actors and the interdependent nature of societies and the planet overall. This article focuses on Latin American diplomacy and civil society's understandings of international order, contending that the region has developed analytical and practical approaches that converge into a normative vision centered on international justice. Both the analytical and practical approaches view the international order as a normative concept. Civil society especially perceives the international order as a practice concept, utilizing its voice and actions as instruments for change. Yet, civil society is not monolithic, and various groups seek different outcomes. This article reviews critically analytical and normative perspectives of the international order, providing a comprehensive understanding of Latin American viewpoints through various data collection methods.</p><p>关于国际秩序的概念已经发生了重大变化,但大国的主导性观点往往掩盖了地区观点,特别是在拉丁美洲。尽管如此,该地区在影响当代国际秩序话语方面发挥了至关重要的作用。如今,该术语被用于拉丁美洲的各种情境,反映了非国家行动者越来越多的存在以及社会和整个地球的相互依存性质。本文聚焦于拉美外交、以及公民社会对国际秩序的理解,认为该地区已提出了一系列分析方法和实践方法,这些方法汇聚成一个以国际正义为中心的规范愿景。分析方法和实践方法都将国际秩序视为一个规范概念。公民社会尤其将国际秩序视为一个实践概念,利用其观点和行动作为变革的工具。然而,公民社会并不是单一的整体,不同群体寻求不同的结果。本文批判述评了国际秩序的分析观点和规范观点,并通过不同的数据收集方法,对拉丁美洲的观点进行了全面理解。</p><p>El debate sobre el concepto de orden internacional ha experimentado una notable evolución en las últimas décadas, aun cuando las voces predominantes basadas en las grandes potencias continúan eclipsando a las perspectivas regionales, particularmente aquellas provenientes de América Latina. Sin embargo, cabe destacar que la región ha desempeñado un papel crucial en la configuración del discurso contemporáneo sobre el orden internacional. En la actualidad, el término se emplea en diversos contextos dentro del área, reflejando la creciente presencia de actores no estatales y la naturaleza interdependiente de las sociedades y el planeta en su conjunto. Este artículo se enfoca en analizar las perspectivas de la diplomacia y de la sociedad civil latinoamericanas acerca del orden internacional, argumentando que la región ha desarrollado enfoques tanto analíticos como prácticos que convergen en una visión normativa del orden, centrada en la justicia internacional. En particular, la sociedad civil percibe el orden internacional como un concepto práctico, utilizando su voz y acciones como instrumentos para el cambio. No obstante, no hay una concepción uniforme y, tanto en la sociedad civil como en la diplomacia latinoamericanas, existen diferentes narrativas. Teniendo en consideración esas realidades, se realiza una revisión crítica de las perspectivas anal
国际秩序的概念经历了重大演变,但大国的主导声音往往掩盖了地区观点,尤其是在拉丁美洲。尽管如此,该地区在塑造当代国际秩序话语方面发挥了至关重要的作用。今天,该术语在拉丁美洲的各种情况下使用,反映了非国家行为体的日益存在以及社会和整个地球的相互依存性质。本文重点关注拉丁美洲外交和民间社会对国际秩序的理解,认为该地区已经发展出分析性和实践性的方法,这些方法汇集成一种以国际正义为中心的规范性愿景。分析方法和实践方法都把国际秩序视为一个规范的概念。民间社会尤其将国际秩序视为一种实践概念,利用其声音和行动作为变革的工具。然而,公民社会并非铁板一块,不同的群体追求不同的结果。本文回顾了国际秩序的批判性分析和规范性观点,通过各种数据收集方法提供了对拉丁美洲观点的全面理解。尽管如此,该地区在影响当代国际秩序话语方面发挥了至关重要的作用。如今,该术语被用于拉丁美洲的各种情境,反映了非国家行动者越来越多的存在以及社会和整个地球的相互依存性质。本文聚焦于拉美外交、以及公民社会对国际秩序的理解,认为该地区已提出了一系列分析方法和实践方法,这些方法汇聚成一个以国际正义为中心的规范愿景。分析方法和实践方法都将国际秩序视为一个规范概念。公民社会尤其将国际秩序视为一个实践概念,利用其观点和行动作为变革的工具。然而,公民社会并不是单一的整体,不同群体寻求不同的结果。本文批判述评了国际秩序的分析观点和规范观点,并通过不同的数据收集方法,对拉丁美洲的观点进行了全面理解。关于国际秩序的概念的辩论:在 )和在 ··· (·····)和在区域,特别是在 ··················在禁运期间,有一份关于región的电报desempeñado,一份关于《国际秩序》的重要文件,一份关于configuración论述的文件,一份关于contemporáneo国际秩序的文件。事实上,在不同的情况下,所有的 通讯通讯系统(通讯通讯系统(área))都是由不同的环境构成的,所有的行动者都是由自然环境构成的,所有的社会都是相互依存的,所有的星球都是由自然环境构成的。Este artículo通过社会和公民的方式从外交角度看问题,拉丁美洲国家从国际秩序角度看问题,讨论从国际秩序角度看问题,讨论从国际秩序角度看问题,讨论从国际秩序角度看问题,讨论从国际秩序角度看问题,讨论从国际秩序角度看问题,讨论从国际秩序角度看问题,讨论从国际秩序角度看问题,讨论从国际秩序角度看问题,讨论从国际秩序角度看问题。特别是,社会和民间的感知将使国际经济合作的概念更加清晰práctico,利用和利用经济合作的工具。没有obstante,没有干草una康塞普西翁uniforme y,太多en la皇家社会公民科莫en la diplomacia上面,existen不同narrativas。Teniendo en consideracion esa realidades, se realiza una修订critica de las perspectivas analiticas y normativas del orden国际队proporcionando una comprension exhaustiva de los分vista latinoamericanos traves德行为metodos de recopilacion de输出数据。
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引用次数: 0
Economic crises in Mexico: Right and wrong policy measures and a long period of structural failures 墨西哥的经济危机:正确与错误的政策措施和长期的结构性失败
IF 0.5 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12322
Juan Carlos Moreno-Brid, Joaquín Sánchez Gómez
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引用次数: 0
Policy integration of climate change adaptation in Central America: A review for development, land-use planning, and risk management 中美洲适应气候变化的政策整合:发展、土地利用规划和风险管理综述
IF 0.5 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12314
Luis Diego Segura Ramírez, Annemarie van Zeijl-Rozema, Pim Martens

Central American countries have been described as highly exposed to the negative effects of climate change (CC). Policies dedicated to CC and climate policy integration—mainstreaming—into sectoral policies have been considered key strategies. Previous research has documented the progress made in this region regarding dedicated policies, but regarding policy integration, information is limited or nonexistent. This article aims to address this gap by studying the level of integration of climate-change adaptation considerations into three prioritized sectors—general development planning, risk management, and land-use planning—by applying three criteria for policy integration—inclusion, consistency, and weighting. The results show a progressive trend to integrate adaptation into the policy outputs of the three sectors in all countries. Still, the operational level of instruments in some cases fails to fulfill the mandates to mainstream climate adaptation, and consistency is limited. These failures are indicators of lower levels of organizational maturity, which has also been detected in other developing countries and is connected to conflict and tradeoff avoidance behaviors as a filtering strategy to ensure progress at the cost of leaving key issues outside the mainstreaming process.

中美洲国家被描述为高度暴露于气候变化的负面影响(CC)。致力于气候变化和气候政策纳入部门政策主流的政策已被视为关键战略。以往的研究记录了该地区在专门政策方面取得的进展,但在政策整合方面,信息有限或根本不存在。本文旨在通过应用政策整合的三个标准——包容性、一致性和权重,研究将气候变化适应考虑纳入三个优先部门——总体发展规划、风险管理和土地利用规划的水平,从而解决这一差距。结果表明,在所有国家,将适应纳入三个部门的政策产出的趋势是渐进的。然而,在某些情况下,文书的操作水平未能履行将气候适应纳入主流的任务,一致性有限。这些失败是组织成熟程度较低的指标,在其他发展中国家也发现了这一点,并与冲突和避免权衡行为有关,作为一种过滤策略,以确保取得进展,代价是将关键问题置于主流化进程之外。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of presidential breakdowns on foreign policy in Latin America 总统崩溃对拉丁美洲外交政策的影响
IF 0.5 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-11-22 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12315
Italo B. Sposito

Presidents and their ideologies have long been thought to be important explanatory variables in Latin American foreign policy, but little is known about how presidential breakdowns, a common form of leader change, affect foreign policy. I use a qualitative structured comparison to analyze the effects of nine presidential ousters on their successors’ foreign policies. I focus on cases in which the legitimacy of the process is in a gray zone, when narrative disputes are more likely to emerge. The findings indicate that incumbents politicize foreign policy when they use it to attain public support but accommodate it to congressional interests when they need support of Congress; meanwhile, international peers respond to presidential breakdowns according to their strategic and ideological rather than normative concerns. Even though Latin America is dominated by weak states, domestic politics, especially during crises, play a major role in explaining their foreign policies. Considering the role played by presidents in foreign policymaking, understanding this kind of presidential succession is essential.

长期以来,总统及其意识形态一直被认为是拉美外交政策的重要解释性变量,但几乎没有研究聚焦于总统罢免(领导人更迭的常见形式)如何影响外交政策。我使用定性结构化比较,分析了九次总统罢免对其继任者外交政策的影响。我聚焦于程序合法性处于灰色地带的案例,这些案例中更有可能出现叙事争议。研究结果表明,现任者在需要公众支持时对外交政策加以政治化,但在需要国会支持时又将外交政策进行调整以符合国会利益;与此同时,其他国家会根据它们的战略及意识形态关切(而非规范关切)来应对总统罢免。尽管拉丁美洲由弱国主导,但国内政治(尤其是在危机期间)在解释其外交政策方面发挥着重要作用。鉴于总统在外交决策中发挥的作用,理解这种总统继任方式至关重要。

Se acepta ampliamente que los presidentes y sus ideologías son variables explicativas importantes en la política exterior latinoamericana, pero se sabe poco sobre cómo afectan a la política exterior las rupturas de mandatos presidenciales, una forma común de cambio de liderazgo. Utilizo una comparación cualitativa estructurada para analizar los efectos de nueve destituciones presidenciales en la política exterior de sus sucesores. Me centro en los casos en los que la legitimidad del proceso se encuentra en una zona gris, cuando es más probable que surjan disputas de narrativa. Los resultados indican que los presidentes politizan la política exterior cuando la utilizan para lograr el apoyo público, pero la acomodan a los objetivos políticos del Congreso cuando necesitan su respaldo; mientras tanto, los pares internacionales responden a las rupturas presidenciales según sus preocupaciones estratégicas e ideológicas, más que a partir de criterios normativos. Aunque América Latina está dominada por Estados débiles, la política interior, especialmente durante las crisis, desempeña un papel importante a la hora de explicar sus políticas exteriores. Teniendo en cuenta el papel que desempeñan los presidentes en la elaboración de la política exterior, resulta esencial comprender este tipo de rotación presidencial.

长期以来,总统及其意识形态一直被认为是拉美外交政策的重要解释变量,但人们对总统垮台(一种常见的领导人更迭)如何影响外交政策知之甚少。我用一种定性的结构化比较来分析9位总统下台对其继任者外交政策的影响。我关注的是那些诉讼程序的合法性处于灰色地带的案例,在这种情况下,叙事纠纷更有可能出现。研究结果表明,在职者在利用外交政策获得公众支持时将其政治化,而在需要国会支持时将其与国会利益相适应;与此同时,国际同行根据他们的战略和意识形态问题,而不是规范问题,对总统的崩溃做出反应。尽管拉丁美洲由弱国主导,但国内政治,尤其是在危机期间,在解释其外交政策方面发挥着重要作用。考虑到总统在外交政策制定所扮演的角色,理解这种总统继任是至关重要的。长期以来,总统及其意识形态一直被认为是拉美外交政策的重要解释性变量,但几乎没有研究聚焦于总统罢免(领导人更迭的常见形式)如何影响外交政策。我使用定性结构化比较,分析了九次总统罢免对其继任者外交政策的影响。我聚焦于程序合法性处于灰色地带的案例,这些案例中更有可能出现叙事争议。研究结果表明,现任者在需要公众支持时对外交政策加以政治化,但在需要国会支持时又将外交政策进行调整以符合国会利益;与此同时,其他国家会根据它们的战略及意识形态关切(而非规范关切)来应对总统罢免。尽管拉丁美洲由弱国主导,但国内政治(尤其是在危机期间)在解释其外交政策方面发挥着重要作用。鉴于总统在外交决策中发挥的作用,理解这种总统继任方式至关重要。我们接受对总统职位的修改,通过以下方式ideologías通过变量说明重要事项política外部拉丁美洲,通过变量说明重要事项política外部拉丁美洲,通过变量说明重要事项cómo影响,通过变量说明重要事项política外部las rupturas de mandatos presidenciales, una forma común de cambio de liderazgo。utilitzo una comparación定性结构分析与类比效应分析:新总统任期内的定性结构分析与类比效应分析:política外部的定性结构分析。我的中心问题是,我的进程是否合法?我的中心问题是,我的进程是否合法?我的中心问题是,我的进程是否合法?Los resultados indican que Los presidentos politios política外部关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系关系在墨西哥,国际合作组织回应了总统会议的最后一次会议según美国的职业规划和行政管理会议(ideológicas, más)。拉丁美洲和拉丁美洲的多明尼加和贫穷的墨西哥的多明尼加和多明尼加的内部,特别是在危机期间,desempeña特别报告的重要性和明确的情况是políticas外部。Teniendo en cuenta el papel que desempeñan los presides en la elaboración de la política外部,结果基本理解este tipo de rotación presidente。
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引用次数: 0
Peacemaking through the lens of participation: Revisiting the 2016 Colombian peace accord 参与视角下的和平:重新审视2016年哥伦比亚和平协议
IF 0.5 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-11-21 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12320
Juan Sebastián Lara-Rodríguez, Carlos Alberto Rodríguez-Romero

How should we analyze democratic participation mechanisms created to end a civil war? This article examines participation in the design and ratification of Colombia's 2016 peace settlement. By analyzing theoretical participation approaches and reviewing official reports, proceedings, and formal rules engendered by the peacemaking, we consider the ways in which the stakeholders participated to formalize the agreement between the government and rebels in the Revolutionary Armed Forced of Colombia–People's Army. The case argues that inclusion does not necessarily mean control of civil society over the peacemaking process; the participation of the political society and insurgency groups is a precondition.

我们应该如何分析为结束内战而建立的民主参与机制?本文研究了哥伦比亚 2016 年和平解决协议的设计和批准过程中的参与情况。通过从理论上分析参与方法并审视由调解产生的官方报告、会议记录和正式规则,我们考量了利益攸关方通过何种方式参与“政府与哥伦比亚革命武装力量(人民军)叛乱分子正式建立协议”这一过程。该案例认为,包容性并不一定意味着公民社会对调解过程的控制;政治社会和叛乱集团的参与是先决条件。

¿Cómo debemos analizar los mecanismos de participación democrática creados para poner fin a una guerra civil? Este artículo examina la participación en el diseño y ratificación del acuerdo de paz de Colombia de 2016. Mediante enfoques teóricos de participación y revisión de informes oficiales, procedimientos y reglas formales engendradas por la etapa de pacificación, consideramos las formas en que las partes interesadas participaron para formalizar el acuerdo entre el gobierno y los rebeldes en las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia-Ejército del Pueblo. El caso sostiene que la inclusión no significa necesariamente el control de la sociedad civil sobre el proceso de pacificación ya que la participación de la sociedad política y los grupos insurgentes es una condición previa.

How should we analyze democratic participation mechanisms created to end a civil war? This article examines participation in the design and ratification of Colombia's 2016 peace settlement. By analyzing theoretical participation approaches and reviewing official reports, proceedings, and formal rules engendered by the peacemaking, we consider the ways in which the stakeholders participated to formalize the agreement between the government and rebels in the Revolutionary Armed Forced of Colombia–People's Army. The case argues that inclusion does not necessarily mean control of civil society over the peacemaking process; the participation of the political society and insurgency groups is a precondition.我们应该如何分析为结束内战而建立的民主参与机制?本文研究了哥伦比亚 2016 年和平解决协议的设计和批准过程中的参与情况。通过从理论上分析参与方法并审视由调解产生的官方报告、会议记录和正式规则,我们考量了利益攸关方通过何种方式参与“政府与哥伦比亚革命武装力量(人民军)叛乱分子正式建立协议”这一过程。该案例认为,包容性并不一定意味着公民社会对调解过程的控制;政治社会和叛乱集团的参与是先决条件。¿Cómo debemos analizar los mecanismos de participación democrática creados para poner fin a una guerra civil? Este artículo examina la participación en el diseño y ratificación del acuerdo de paz de Colombia de 2016. Mediante enfoques teóricos de participación y revisión de informes oficiales, procedimientos y reglas formales engendradas por la etapa de pacificación, consideramos las formas en que las partes interesadas participaron para formalizar el acuerdo entre el gobierno y los rebeldes en las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia-Ejército del Pueblo. El caso sostiene que la inclusión no significa necesariamente el control de la sociedad civil sobre el proceso de pacificación ya que la participación de la sociedad política y los grupos insurgentes es una condición previa.
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引用次数: 0
Effects of the Colombia Peace negotiation process on gross domestic product per capita 哥伦比亚和平谈判进程对人均国内生产总值的影响
IF 0.5 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-11-21 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12316
Javiera Fanta, Gemma Larramona

This article attempts to determine whether the peace negotiation process initiated in Colombia that culminated with the Peace Treaty in 2016 had a positive economic effect, using the National Gross Domestic Product per capita as a measure. We apply a synthetic control method that is appropriate for a policy evaluation. Considering the anticipated and realized effects on economic variables, our results suggest that the Peace Treaty has positively influenced gross domestic product per capita. Furthermore, this positive effect has been maintained through 2021, the last available year of data. Data to 2021 show post-pandemic Colombia is better off when compared with a hypothetical Colombia—or synthetic Colombia—that did not begin a peace negotiation process.

本文试图以人均国民生产总值为衡量标准,确定哥伦比亚发起的和平谈判进程是否产生了积极的经济影响,并最终于2016年签署了《和平条约》。我们应用了一种适合于策略评估的综合控制方法。考虑到对经济变量的预期和实现的影响,我们的结果表明,《和平条约》对人均国内生产总值产生了积极影响。此外,这种积极影响一直保持到2021年,这是可获得数据的最后一年。截至2021年的数据显示,与没有开始和平谈判进程的假想哥伦比亚(或合成哥伦比亚)相比,大流行后的哥伦比亚的情况要好得多。
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引用次数: 0
Geopolitics and norms: Latin America and the international human rights regime 地缘政治与规范:拉丁美洲与国际人权制度
IF 0.5 Q3 POLITICAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2023-11-20 DOI: 10.1111/lamp.12317
Sébastien Dubé

This article compares data on political regimes, international treaty ratification, and criminal indicators at the regional level to claim that Latin American countries are in a unique situation in the international system. Compared to other Global South regions, North America, and Europe, Latin America is a democratic region with the highest formal commitment to the international human rights regime yet has the highest levels of criminal activity. Other predominantly democratic regions do not experience the same problems related to criminal governance, such as state vulnerability and displaced populations. In addition, other regions where authoritarian regimes are the majority do not pretend to align with the principles of the international liberal order (ILO) as much as Latin America does. To explain this situation in the current context of challenges to the ILO, this article proposes the concept of geopolitics of norms to illustrate a dynamic in which nonmaterial factors such as identity explain norm adoption and adaptation in the region. We look at regional organizations and the adaptation of liberal human security principles to illustrate our point.

本文比较了地区层面的政治制度、国际条约批准情况和犯罪指标等数据,认为拉美国家在国际体系中处于独特地位。与其他南方国家地区、北美和欧洲相比,拉丁美洲是一个民主地区,在国际人权制度方面拥有最高的正式承诺,但也存在最严重的犯罪活动。其他民主地区在刑事治理方面没有遇到相同的问题,例如国家脆弱性和流离失所的人口。此外,威权主义制度占多数的其他地区并不像拉丁美洲那样假装遵守国际自由秩序原则。为了在当前国际自由秩序面临挑战的背景下解释该情况,本文提出了“规范的地缘政治”这一概念,以阐明一种动态,在此动态中,身份等非物质因素能解释该地区的规范采用及调整。为阐明我们的观点,我们研究了区域组织和关于自由人类安全原则的调整。

Este artículo compara a nivel regional datos sobre los regímenes políticos, la ratificación de tratados internacionales e indicadores de actividad criminal para plantear que los países de América Latina se encuentran en una situación única en el sistema internacional. En comparación con otras regiones del sur global, Norteamérica y Europa, América Latina es la región con mayor compromiso formal con el régimen internacional de los derechos humanos y a la vez con los más altos niveles de criminalidad. Ninguna otra región predominantemente democrática experimenta los mismos problemas relacionados con la gobernanza criminal, como la debilidad estatal y el desplazamiento forzoso de personas. Mientras tanto, las demás regiones donde la mayoría de los estados tienen regímenes autoritarios no pretenden alinearse tanto con los principios del orden liberal internacional. Para explicar esta realidad, en un contexto de desafíos al orden liberal internacional, el artículo propone el concepto de geopolítica de las normas para ilustrar cómo los factores no materiales, como la identidad, explican las dinámicas de adopción y de adaptación de normas internacionales en la región. Para ilustrar el argumento, se consideran las estrategias de adaptación de la norma liberal de la seguridad humana por parte de organizaciones regionales a modo de ilustración.

本文比较了政治制度、国际条约批准和区域一级犯罪指标的数据,声称拉丁美洲国家在国际体系中处于独特的地位。与其他全球南方地区、北美和欧洲相比,拉丁美洲是一个民主地区,对国际人权制度的正式承诺最高,但犯罪活动却最高。其他主要民主地区没有遇到与犯罪治理有关的同样问题,例如国家脆弱性和流离失所人口。此外,专制政权占多数的其他地区并不像拉丁美洲那样假装与国际自由秩序(ILO)的原则保持一致。为了在当前国际劳工组织面临挑战的背景下解释这种情况,本文提出了规范的地缘政治概念,以说明身份等非物质因素解释该地区规范采用和适应的动态。我们看地区组织和自由人类安全的适应原则来说明我们的观点。本文比较了地区层面的政治制度,国际条约批准情况和犯罪指标等数据,认为拉美国家在国际体系中处于独特地位。与其他南方国家地区、北美和欧洲相比,拉丁美洲是一个民主地区,在国际人权制度方面拥有最高的正式承诺,但也存在最严重的犯罪活动。其他民主地区在刑事治理方面没有遇到相同的问题,例如国家脆弱性和流离失所的人口。此外,威权主义制度占多数的其他地区并不像拉丁美洲那样假装遵守国际自由秩序原则。为了在当前国际自由秩序面临挑战的背景下解释该情况,本文提出了“规范的地缘政治”这一概念,以阐明一种动态,在此动态中,身份等非物质因素能解释该地区的规范采用及调整。为阐明我们的观点,我们研究了区域组织和关于自由人类安全原则的调整。Este artículo与新区域数据进行比较,如:(regímenes políticos)、(ratificación)国际贸易数据和活动犯罪准计划指标,如(países)、(拉丁美洲贸易数据、(situación única)、(国际系统)。En comparación关于全球范围内的区域,北美洲和欧洲的区域,美洲和拉丁美洲的区域,región关于正式的区域,关于国际人类区域的区域,关于国际人类区域的区域,关于犯罪区域的区域,más。Ninguna otra región占主导地位democrática experimental los mismos problemas relacados conla gobernanza criminal, como la debeidad estidestel desplazamiento forzoso de personas。Mientras tanto, las demás regionones donde la mayoría de los estados tienen regímenes专制者不假装有任何自由主义国际原则。Para explicit esta realidad, en un contexto de desafíos al orden liberal international, el artículo propone el concepto de geopolítica de las normas Para uuire cómo工厂没有材料,como la identidad,明示las dinámicas de adopción y de adaptación de normas internationalales en la región。如上文所述,我们将考虑到《人力资源自由规范》、《人力资源安全公约》、《区域组织公约》和《ilustración模式》的战略。
{"title":"Geopolitics and norms: Latin America and the international human rights regime","authors":"Sébastien Dubé","doi":"10.1111/lamp.12317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/lamp.12317","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article compares data on political regimes, international treaty ratification, and criminal indicators at the regional level to claim that Latin American countries are in a unique situation in the international system. Compared to other Global South regions, North America, and Europe, Latin America is a democratic region with the highest formal commitment to the international human rights regime yet has the highest levels of criminal activity. Other predominantly democratic regions do not experience the same problems related to criminal governance, such as state vulnerability and displaced populations. In addition, other regions where authoritarian regimes are the majority do not pretend to align with the principles of the international liberal order (ILO) as much as Latin America does. To explain this situation in the current context of challenges to the ILO, this article proposes the concept of geopolitics of norms to illustrate a dynamic in which nonmaterial factors such as identity explain norm adoption and adaptation in the region. We look at regional organizations and the adaptation of liberal human security principles to illustrate our point.</p><p>本文比较了地区层面的政治制度、国际条约批准情况和犯罪指标等数据,认为拉美国家在国际体系中处于独特地位。与其他南方国家地区、北美和欧洲相比,拉丁美洲是一个民主地区,在国际人权制度方面拥有最高的正式承诺,但也存在最严重的犯罪活动。其他民主地区在刑事治理方面没有遇到相同的问题,例如国家脆弱性和流离失所的人口。此外,威权主义制度占多数的其他地区并不像拉丁美洲那样假装遵守国际自由秩序原则。为了在当前国际自由秩序面临挑战的背景下解释该情况,本文提出了“规范的地缘政治”这一概念,以阐明一种动态,在此动态中,身份等非物质因素能解释该地区的规范采用及调整。为阐明我们的观点,我们研究了区域组织和关于自由人类安全原则的调整。</p><p>Este artículo compara a nivel regional datos sobre los regímenes políticos, la ratificación de tratados internacionales e indicadores de actividad criminal para plantear que los países de América Latina se encuentran en una situación única en el sistema internacional. En comparación con otras regiones del sur global, Norteamérica y Europa, América Latina es la región con mayor compromiso formal con el régimen internacional de los derechos humanos y a la vez con los más altos niveles de criminalidad. Ninguna otra región predominantemente democrática experimenta los mismos problemas relacionados con la gobernanza criminal, como la debilidad estatal y el desplazamiento forzoso de personas. Mientras tanto, las demás regiones donde la mayoría de los estados tienen regímenes autoritarios no pretenden alinearse tanto con los principios del orden liberal internacional. Para explicar esta realidad, en un contexto de desafíos al orden liberal internacional, el artículo propone el concepto de geopolítica de las normas para ilustrar cómo los factores no materiales, como la identidad, explican las dinámicas de adopción y de adaptación de normas internacionales en la región. Para ilustrar el argumento, se consideran las estrategias de adaptación de la norma liberal de la seguridad humana por parte de organizaciones regionales a modo de ilustración.</p>","PeriodicalId":42501,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Policy","volume":"14 4","pages":"472-491"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138485154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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Latin American Policy
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