Abstract Laboratory measurements show that varying the dosage sequence of air-entraining agent and co-polymer in the mix (SP added before, after or together with AEA) greatly affects air entrainment in fresh and hardened fly ash concrete. Image analysis shows a somewhat lower specific surface when SP is added together with AEA. Foam Index measurements on the same binder materials, admixtures, and dosage sequences were therefore found less useful for studying the effect of admixture combinations. Obtaining a certain air content using the experience with AEA-SP dosage was found to be an untrivial task if there is a lack of parameter control. Finally, examples of successful mixing procedure for air entrainment in a series of high-volume fly ash concrete are shown.
{"title":"Effect of AEA-SP Dosage Sequence on Air Entrainment in FA Concrete","authors":"A. Shpak, S. Jacobsen","doi":"10.2478/ncr-2019-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2019-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Laboratory measurements show that varying the dosage sequence of air-entraining agent and co-polymer in the mix (SP added before, after or together with AEA) greatly affects air entrainment in fresh and hardened fly ash concrete. Image analysis shows a somewhat lower specific surface when SP is added together with AEA. Foam Index measurements on the same binder materials, admixtures, and dosage sequences were therefore found less useful for studying the effect of admixture combinations. Obtaining a certain air content using the experience with AEA-SP dosage was found to be an untrivial task if there is a lack of parameter control. Finally, examples of successful mixing procedure for air entrainment in a series of high-volume fly ash concrete are shown.","PeriodicalId":42762,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Concrete Research","volume":"104 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80616678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simen Hellgren Holtberget, X. Xiang, C. Dørum, J. Veie, A. Minoretti
Abstract In the studies for crossing the long and deep Norwegian fjords along the E39 road, on the west coast of Norway, some challenging structures have been evaluated. Some of them are known structures, like floating bridges, and some others are structures never built before, like suspension bridges on tension leg platforms and submerged floating tube bridges. In the development of the feasibility studies for these crossings, the choice of materials has played an important role. The materials influence not only the design and the cost, but also the behaviour of the structure towards the environmental loads and some particular loads as the ship collision. The article illustrates the different solutions proposed for the fjord crossings and discusses the influence in the choice of the material, with special regards to the type of concrete. The pros and cons of the application of the light weight concrete are discussed.
{"title":"The Choice of Materials for the E39 Fjord Crossing Project","authors":"Simen Hellgren Holtberget, X. Xiang, C. Dørum, J. Veie, A. Minoretti","doi":"10.2478/ncr-2019-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2019-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the studies for crossing the long and deep Norwegian fjords along the E39 road, on the west coast of Norway, some challenging structures have been evaluated. Some of them are known structures, like floating bridges, and some others are structures never built before, like suspension bridges on tension leg platforms and submerged floating tube bridges. In the development of the feasibility studies for these crossings, the choice of materials has played an important role. The materials influence not only the design and the cost, but also the behaviour of the structure towards the environmental loads and some particular loads as the ship collision. The article illustrates the different solutions proposed for the fjord crossings and discusses the influence in the choice of the material, with special regards to the type of concrete. The pros and cons of the application of the light weight concrete are discussed.","PeriodicalId":42762,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Concrete Research","volume":"54 1","pages":"39 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90856587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This work presents a procedure for the automated design and optimization of reinforced concrete beam bridges. The aim is to find solutions that minimize the investment cost and the environmental impact of the bridge. The complete structure is optimized including: number of spans, pier locations, pier-deck connections and deck dimensions. A detailed design of the deck reinforcement is included as well. Furthermore, constructability is considered and quantified within the investment cost to avoid a merely theoretical optimization. Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Pattern Search (PS) optimization algorithms are used. To reduce the computational time and make the procedure more user-friendly, a memory system is integrated and a modified version of GA is developed. In this paper, the proposed procedure is applied to re-design an existing bridge originally designed according to Eurocodes by an experienced engineer in 2013. Savings of 10-15% for both investment cost and environmental impact have been obtained. Finally, the proposed procedure has been applied to several alternatives with different total bridge lengths to suggest the optimal number of spans for a given total bridge length.
{"title":"Topological and Size Optimization of RC Beam Bridges: An Automated Design Approach for Cost Effective and Environmental Friendly Solutions","authors":"Elisa Khouri Chalouhi, C. Pacoste, R. Karoumi","doi":"10.2478/ncr-2019-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2019-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This work presents a procedure for the automated design and optimization of reinforced concrete beam bridges. The aim is to find solutions that minimize the investment cost and the environmental impact of the bridge. The complete structure is optimized including: number of spans, pier locations, pier-deck connections and deck dimensions. A detailed design of the deck reinforcement is included as well. Furthermore, constructability is considered and quantified within the investment cost to avoid a merely theoretical optimization. Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Pattern Search (PS) optimization algorithms are used. To reduce the computational time and make the procedure more user-friendly, a memory system is integrated and a modified version of GA is developed. In this paper, the proposed procedure is applied to re-design an existing bridge originally designed according to Eurocodes by an experienced engineer in 2013. Savings of 10-15% for both investment cost and environmental impact have been obtained. Finally, the proposed procedure has been applied to several alternatives with different total bridge lengths to suggest the optimal number of spans for a given total bridge length.","PeriodicalId":42762,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Concrete Research","volume":"3 1","pages":"53 - 78"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87568857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The second largest cause of lung cancer in the World is related to radon (222Rn) and its progenies in our environment. Building materials, such as concrete, contribute to the production of radon gas through the natural decay of 238U from its constituents. The Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute (CBI), part of RISE (Research Institute of Sweden AB), has examined the effects of cracks in concrete on two different concrete recipes where an Ordinary Portland Cement, OPC-CEM-I concrete (REF) and an OPC concrete including a hydrophobic additive (ADD) were addressed. Two concrete prisms from each concrete recipe were examined. The radon exhalation rate was measured in the pristine state and after concrete cracks had been induced into the concrete prisms. Measurements were performed with an ATMOS 33 ionizing pulsation chamber. The results indicate a strong influence of cracks on the radon exhalation rate. An increase in radon exhalation rate was calculated for every test prism. The increase in radon exhalation rate varied between 80 and 260 %. The crack apertures may play a significant role on the exhalation rate. The concrete prisms with the largest apertures (ADD) also generated the highest radon exhalation rates. The results imply that there could be a substantial variation in the exhalation rate, due to numerous factors, but nonetheless, the results should, raise the awareness of the impact cracks in concrete structures, may have on the final exhalation rate of radon. The exhalation rate of the recipe with an additive (ADD) also showed a lower exhalation rate than for the reference recipe (REF), when compared in a pristine state. This was in part expected. However, the effect of induced cracks and its aperture, seemingly trumps the effect that an additive may play on the radon exhalation rate, when cracks are induced. The hypothesis is in part verified in view of the results of the prism for the ordinary Portland recipe (REF-prisms), were an increase of approximately 100 % would be expected due to the total surface increase. The results also indicate this. The major increase in the radon exhalation rate of the ordinary Portland recipe including an additive, implies however other factors, such as minor internal cracks, that may substantially contribute to the final exhalation rate.
世界上肺癌的第二大原因与氡(222Rn)及其在我们环境中的子代有关。建筑材料，如混凝土，通过其成分中的238U的自然衰变，有助于产生氡气。瑞典水泥和混凝土研究所(CBI)是RISE(瑞典AB研究所)的一部分，研究了混凝土裂缝对两种不同混凝土配方的影响，其中普通波特兰水泥，OPC- cem - i混凝土(REF)和包含疏水添加剂(ADD)的OPC混凝土。检查了每种混凝土配方中的两个混凝土棱镜。在原始状态和混凝土裂缝诱导混凝土棱镜后，测量了氡的呼出率。测量用atmos33电离脉动室进行。结果表明，裂纹对氡的呼出速率有较大的影响。计算了每个测试棱镜的氡呼出率的增加。氡呼出率的增加幅度在80% ~ 260%之间。裂纹的孔径对气体的呼出速率有重要的影响。具有最大孔径(ADD)的混凝土棱镜也产生了最高的氡呼出率。结果表明，由于多种因素，呼出率可能会有很大的变化，但尽管如此，结果应该提高人们对混凝土结构裂缝可能对氡最终呼出率产生的影响的认识。在原始状态下，添加添加剂(ADD)的配方的呼出率也低于参考配方(REF)。这在一定程度上是意料之中的。然而，诱导裂纹及其孔径的影响似乎超过了添加剂在诱导裂纹时对氡呼出率的影响。该假设在一定程度上得到了普通波特兰配方棱镜(ref -棱镜)的结果的验证，由于总表面增加，预计增加约100%。研究结果也表明了这一点。然而，包括添加剂在内的普通波特兰配方的氡呼出率的大幅增加意味着可能对最终呼出率有重大影响的其他因素，例如较小的内部裂缝。
{"title":"Effect on Radon Exhalation Rate Due to Cracks in Concrete","authors":"M. Döse, J. Silfwerbrand","doi":"10.2478/ncr-2019-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2019-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The second largest cause of lung cancer in the World is related to radon (222Rn) and its progenies in our environment. Building materials, such as concrete, contribute to the production of radon gas through the natural decay of 238U from its constituents. The Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute (CBI), part of RISE (Research Institute of Sweden AB), has examined the effects of cracks in concrete on two different concrete recipes where an Ordinary Portland Cement, OPC-CEM-I concrete (REF) and an OPC concrete including a hydrophobic additive (ADD) were addressed. Two concrete prisms from each concrete recipe were examined. The radon exhalation rate was measured in the pristine state and after concrete cracks had been induced into the concrete prisms. Measurements were performed with an ATMOS 33 ionizing pulsation chamber. The results indicate a strong influence of cracks on the radon exhalation rate. An increase in radon exhalation rate was calculated for every test prism. The increase in radon exhalation rate varied between 80 and 260 %. The crack apertures may play a significant role on the exhalation rate. The concrete prisms with the largest apertures (ADD) also generated the highest radon exhalation rates. The results imply that there could be a substantial variation in the exhalation rate, due to numerous factors, but nonetheless, the results should, raise the awareness of the impact cracks in concrete structures, may have on the final exhalation rate of radon. The exhalation rate of the recipe with an additive (ADD) also showed a lower exhalation rate than for the reference recipe (REF), when compared in a pristine state. This was in part expected. However, the effect of induced cracks and its aperture, seemingly trumps the effect that an additive may play on the radon exhalation rate, when cracks are induced. The hypothesis is in part verified in view of the results of the prism for the ordinary Portland recipe (REF-prisms), were an increase of approximately 100 % would be expected due to the total surface increase. The results also indicate this. The major increase in the radon exhalation rate of the ordinary Portland recipe including an additive, implies however other factors, such as minor internal cracks, that may substantially contribute to the final exhalation rate.","PeriodicalId":42762,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Concrete Research","volume":"59 1","pages":"79 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84899108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The bearing capacity of RC overhangs under concentrated loads can be dependent on the width of the slab. The goal of this paper is to investigate the effect of different widths using tests from the literature and non-linear FE-simulations as a reference. Shear force redistributions along the loading process and the shear concrete capacity are analysed. The shear effective width and the influence of an edge beam are also addressed. The results show that the bearing capacity of RC overhangs increase with the width until a transition area is reached and the increase flattens. An increased shear distribution sideways and posterior redistributions under the loading process are enabled. The shear capacity of concrete increases with the width and for loads close to the root an arch effect is observed. The edge beam contributes to a further increase of the ultimate capacity for wide enough overhangs. The effect of the width and the edge beam is not only quantitative but also qualitative since the failure mode and the critical section are influenced. Existing formulation for shear effective widths should be revisited. Experimental tests used for this purpose should consider wide enough specimens to capture the real behaviour of a bridge overhang slab.
{"title":"Width and Edge Beam Effects on the Ultimate Behaviour of RC Bridge Overhangs","authors":"José Javier Veganzones, C. Pacoste, R. Karoumi","doi":"10.2478/ncr-2019-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2019-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The bearing capacity of RC overhangs under concentrated loads can be dependent on the width of the slab. The goal of this paper is to investigate the effect of different widths using tests from the literature and non-linear FE-simulations as a reference. Shear force redistributions along the loading process and the shear concrete capacity are analysed. The shear effective width and the influence of an edge beam are also addressed. The results show that the bearing capacity of RC overhangs increase with the width until a transition area is reached and the increase flattens. An increased shear distribution sideways and posterior redistributions under the loading process are enabled. The shear capacity of concrete increases with the width and for loads close to the root an arch effect is observed. The edge beam contributes to a further increase of the ultimate capacity for wide enough overhangs. The effect of the width and the edge beam is not only quantitative but also qualitative since the failure mode and the critical section are influenced. Existing formulation for shear effective widths should be revisited. Experimental tests used for this purpose should consider wide enough specimens to capture the real behaviour of a bridge overhang slab.","PeriodicalId":42762,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Concrete Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"131 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89290155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract During the construction of a rock tunnel in Stockholm, several sections with leaching shotcrete (sprayed concrete) were found one year after the spraying was completed. An investigation was therefore conducted, and its results are presented in this paper. The amount of leaching after such a short time indicated that a one-sided water pressure existed in combination with a permeable shotcrete. The reason for the water pressure was likely a partly unsuccessful grouting that created sections with leaking water. The permeable shotcrete could be a combined result of insufficient curing and the use of accelerators, and the effect of in-situ curing was therefore investigated. A total of six slabs were sprayed and cured under different conditions in the tunnel. Test results according to standards indicated that curing has no significant effect on the development of mechanical strength or water penetration through the shotcrete. However, this is believed to be a result of the test method rather than the non-existing effect of curing. Lastly, some modifications to the test standard were proposed for future studies of in-situ curing.
{"title":"In-Situ and Laboratory Investigation on Leaching and Effects of Early Curing of Shotcrete","authors":"A. Sjölander, A. Ansell","doi":"10.2478/ncr-2019-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2019-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract During the construction of a rock tunnel in Stockholm, several sections with leaching shotcrete (sprayed concrete) were found one year after the spraying was completed. An investigation was therefore conducted, and its results are presented in this paper. The amount of leaching after such a short time indicated that a one-sided water pressure existed in combination with a permeable shotcrete. The reason for the water pressure was likely a partly unsuccessful grouting that created sections with leaking water. The permeable shotcrete could be a combined result of insufficient curing and the use of accelerators, and the effect of in-situ curing was therefore investigated. A total of six slabs were sprayed and cured under different conditions in the tunnel. Test results according to standards indicated that curing has no significant effect on the development of mechanical strength or water penetration through the shotcrete. However, this is believed to be a result of the test method rather than the non-existing effect of curing. Lastly, some modifications to the test standard were proposed for future studies of in-situ curing.","PeriodicalId":42762,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Concrete Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"23 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90966344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract It has been shown in previous studies that the existing precast concrete element building stock in Finland has quality issues, especially with freeze-thaw durability and reinforcement corrosion. In addition, it has been presented that deterioration rate is the fastest in coastal area and decreases towards north which has been supposed to be a reason of lower amount of wind-driven rain (WDR). The aim of this study was to examine the connection between the amount of WDR on structures and the freeze-thaw damage more comprehensively. Condition investigation reports of 472 precast concrete element buildings were reanalysed to study the relation and the results were compared to climate data of the same time period to study the correlation between condition investigation observations and the amount of WDR. In addition, the observations made in a condition investigations and their relation to climate load at the same building were studied as a case study. The results show that there is a significant connection between the WDR related climate load and the freeze-thaw damage occurrence. The results can be used to plan protective methods and be a base for service life estimations.
{"title":"Freeze-thaw Damage Dependence on Wind-driven Rain of Outdoor Exposed Concrete – A Case Study","authors":"Toni Pakkala, J. Lahdensivu, Petteri Huuhka","doi":"10.2478/ncr-2019-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2019-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It has been shown in previous studies that the existing precast concrete element building stock in Finland has quality issues, especially with freeze-thaw durability and reinforcement corrosion. In addition, it has been presented that deterioration rate is the fastest in coastal area and decreases towards north which has been supposed to be a reason of lower amount of wind-driven rain (WDR). The aim of this study was to examine the connection between the amount of WDR on structures and the freeze-thaw damage more comprehensively. Condition investigation reports of 472 precast concrete element buildings were reanalysed to study the relation and the results were compared to climate data of the same time period to study the correlation between condition investigation observations and the amount of WDR. In addition, the observations made in a condition investigations and their relation to climate load at the same building were studied as a case study. The results show that there is a significant connection between the WDR related climate load and the freeze-thaw damage occurrence. The results can be used to plan protective methods and be a base for service life estimations.","PeriodicalId":42762,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Concrete Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"106 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74438094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In the most service life models of reinforced concrete structures the initiation phase is the most crucial, because according to models, service life of the structure will end underestimation on conservative side when carbonation achieves the reinforcement for the first time. The square root model is widely used in predicting carbonation depth of reinforced concrete. The model is based on diffusion laws and thereby arguable for inhomogeneous concrete. The model was evaluated by field measurements from one existing concrete building by conducting condition investigation twice at a time interval of 20 years. Samples were taken from exposed aggregate concrete sandwich panels and balcony side panels. Compared to the data collected from large number of buildings, the measured carbonation rates were very common for Finnish concrete buildings made during the 1960s and 1970s. According to this study, in solid concrete the progress of carbonation of concrete can be predicted reliably with Fick’s second law. This model, however, gives too pessimistic predictions for concrete suffering from freeze-thaw damage. Therefore, a new model has been presented for damaged concrete.
{"title":"Case Study on the 20 Years Propagation of Carbonation in Existing Concrete Facades and Balconies","authors":"J. Lahdensivu, Elina Lahdensivu, A. Köliö","doi":"10.2478/ncr-2019-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2019-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the most service life models of reinforced concrete structures the initiation phase is the most crucial, because according to models, service life of the structure will end underestimation on conservative side when carbonation achieves the reinforcement for the first time. The square root model is widely used in predicting carbonation depth of reinforced concrete. The model is based on diffusion laws and thereby arguable for inhomogeneous concrete. The model was evaluated by field measurements from one existing concrete building by conducting condition investigation twice at a time interval of 20 years. Samples were taken from exposed aggregate concrete sandwich panels and balcony side panels. Compared to the data collected from large number of buildings, the measured carbonation rates were very common for Finnish concrete buildings made during the 1960s and 1970s. According to this study, in solid concrete the progress of carbonation of concrete can be predicted reliably with Fick’s second law. This model, however, gives too pessimistic predictions for concrete suffering from freeze-thaw damage. Therefore, a new model has been presented for damaged concrete.","PeriodicalId":42762,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Concrete Research","volume":"49 10 1","pages":"1 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80253812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Larsen, Otto Terjesen, R. T. Thorstensen, T. Kanstad
Abstract This paper aims at identifying the direction for more sustainable development of the use of concrete in road infrastructure in an industrialised context. The increase in the global mean temperature is one of the most severe challenges today. The concrete industry is responsible for significant emissions of greenhouse gases, most attributable to cement production. However, concrete is one of the most important building materials in the world and indispensable for the societal development in countries at all development stages. Thus, the concrete industry needs to take measures for reducing emissions. This paper investigates possible directions for the development of the concrete industry, to reduce climatic impact and accommodate positive societal growth. The investigation is carried out as a SWOT analysis, focusing on three terms dominating the present discussion on any development within the construction industry; sustainability, industrialisation and digitalisation. The result is a thorough discussion and a set of recommendations for the direction of future research and innovation on sustainable use of concrete in the construction of road infrastructure. The major opportunities and threats are summarised in the conclusions, and future research to be carried out in two of the authors’ PhD-projects are described.
{"title":"Use of Concrete for Road Infrastructure: A SWOT Analysis Related to the three Catchwords Sustainability, Industrialisation and Digitalisation","authors":"I. Larsen, Otto Terjesen, R. T. Thorstensen, T. Kanstad","doi":"10.2478/ncr-2019-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2019-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper aims at identifying the direction for more sustainable development of the use of concrete in road infrastructure in an industrialised context. The increase in the global mean temperature is one of the most severe challenges today. The concrete industry is responsible for significant emissions of greenhouse gases, most attributable to cement production. However, concrete is one of the most important building materials in the world and indispensable for the societal development in countries at all development stages. Thus, the concrete industry needs to take measures for reducing emissions. This paper investigates possible directions for the development of the concrete industry, to reduce climatic impact and accommodate positive societal growth. The investigation is carried out as a SWOT analysis, focusing on three terms dominating the present discussion on any development within the construction industry; sustainability, industrialisation and digitalisation. The result is a thorough discussion and a set of recommendations for the direction of future research and innovation on sustainable use of concrete in the construction of road infrastructure. The major opportunities and threats are summarised in the conclusions, and future research to be carried out in two of the authors’ PhD-projects are described.","PeriodicalId":42762,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Concrete Research","volume":"28 1","pages":"31 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89341435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tuomas M. S. Lehtonen, Matias Hirvikoski, Julius Rajamäki
Abstract In the beginning of 2017 the design method for punching shear in Finland was changed. The method presented in Eurocode 2 was adopted with some nationally determined parameters and rules. During 2016 and 2017 computational analyses were conducted to compare the previous national design method and the new one. Comparison setups were created in which different parameters were varied. The results were presented the predicted punching resistances differ differences are significant and can be almost 60% in some cases.
{"title":"Comparison of Punching Shear Design in Finland According to the Current and the Former Method","authors":"Tuomas M. S. Lehtonen, Matias Hirvikoski, Julius Rajamäki","doi":"10.2478/ncr-2019-0092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/ncr-2019-0092","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the beginning of 2017 the design method for punching shear in Finland was changed. The method presented in Eurocode 2 was adopted with some nationally determined parameters and rules. During 2016 and 2017 computational analyses were conducted to compare the previous national design method and the new one. Comparison setups were created in which different parameters were varied. The results were presented the predicted punching resistances differ differences are significant and can be almost 60% in some cases.","PeriodicalId":42762,"journal":{"name":"Nordic Concrete Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"131 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76668228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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