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Gesnerus-Swiss Journal of the History of Medicine and Sciences最新文献

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Avant-gardes et expérimentations des formes dans les revues pharmaceutiques suisses: le cas Sandorama (1962–1965) 瑞士制药杂志中的先锋派和形式实验:Sandorama案例(1962-1965)
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-11-06 DOI: 10.24894/gesn-fr.2020.77003
M. Pic
This article reports on formal experimentation (literary, graphic and cinematographic) in Swiss pharmaceutical journals in the 1960s based on a case study: the Sandorama journal of Laboratoires Sandoz. It looks at the relationship between arts, medicine and commerce, showing that the public trust of the doctors who read the journal is built up through forms. The inventiveness of the latter is part of the more global process of a reorganization of pharmaceutical marketing after the Second World War, due in particular to the arrival of psychotropic drugs on the market.
本文报道了20世纪60年代瑞士制药杂志上的正式实验(文学、图形和电影),基于一个案例研究:Sandorama Sandoz实验室杂志。它着眼于艺术、医学和商业之间的关系,表明公众对阅读该杂志的医生的信任是通过形式建立起来的。后者的创造性是第二次世界大战后更全球化的药品营销重组过程的一部分,特别是由于精神药物进入市场。
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引用次数: 0
Les méthodes d’évaluation de nouveaux remèdes dans la première moitié du 19ème siècle: l’exemple des médecins genevois 19世纪上半叶评估新疗法的方法:日内瓦医生的例子
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-11-06 DOI: 10.24894/gesn-fr.2020.77001
C. Ruffieux
Recent research on the history of medicine has shown that during the 18th century, the pharmacological market has steadily expanded. For medical practitioners, this influx of novelties triggered constant challenges to the process of cure assessment. This study analyses six historical controversies surrounding new remedies in Geneva during the first half of 19th century. The overview of fifty years of therapeutic questioning shows how Genevan practitioners managed to judge the usefulness of a specific remedy on the basis of observations – usually quite numerous – and how they started to elaborate methodological principles underlying a populational approach.
最近对医学史的研究表明,在18世纪,药理学市场稳步扩大。对于医生来说,这种新奇事物的涌入引发了对治愈评估过程的不断挑战。本研究分析了19世纪上半叶日内瓦关于新疗法的六大历史争议。对50年治疗问题的概述表明,Genevan从业者是如何根据观察结果(通常是相当多的观察结果)来判断特定药物的有用性的,以及他们是如何开始阐述基于人群方法的方法学原则的。
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引用次数: 1
The stethoscope goes digital: Learning through attention, distraction and distortion 听诊器实现数字化:通过注意力、分心和扭曲进行学习
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-11-06 DOI: 10.24894/gesn-en.2020.77005
M. V. Drie, A. Harris
For centuries, those training doctors have been faced with the challenges of standardising subjective experiences and constructing “the universal body” in learning situations. Various technologies have been introduced to address these challenges, with varying degrees of success. In this article we focus on the stethoscope, specifically the electrical and digital stethoscope models. Historical and social studies of medicine have already underlined the sociomateriality of learning in medicine. In this article we underscore the per formative nature of teaching and learning in the sociomaterial context. We do so by juxtaposing ethnographic and historical events that stage electrical and digital stethoscopes. These are not documentations of everyday practices but rather reconstructions of choreographed performances for learning about the body. In these stagings, the novice is taught to focus attention and avoid distraction, when learning the sounds of “the body”. Through engaging with, and comparing, different ethnographic and historic materials and artefacts, and through methodological reflection, we examine the importance not only of attention and distraction in learning a bodily skill, but also of dealing with distortion. We argue that these ethnographic and historic insights into distortion illuminate a neglected aspect of medical training, and more generally, in shaping sensory perceptions.
几个世纪以来,那些接受培训的医生一直面临着标准化主观体验和在学习环境中构建“普遍身体”的挑战。为应对这些挑战,已经引入了各种技术,并取得了不同程度的成功。本文主要介绍听诊器,特别是电听诊器和数字听诊器的型号。医学的历史和社会研究已经强调了医学学习的社会物质性。在这篇文章中,我们强调了在社会物质背景下教学的形成性。我们通过并置民族志和历史事件来实现这一点,这些事件展示了电听诊器和数字听诊器。这些不是日常练习的文件,而是学习身体的舞蹈表演的重建。在这些阶段,新手被教导在学习“身体”的声音时要集中注意力,避免分心。通过接触和比较不同的人种学和历史材料以及人工制品,并通过方法论反思,我们不仅考察了注意力和分心在学习身体技能方面的重要性,还考察了处理扭曲的重要性。我们认为,这些对扭曲的民族志和历史见解揭示了医学训练中被忽视的一个方面,更普遍地说,在塑造感官方面。
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引用次数: 1
The American Roots of Social Epidemiology and its Transnational Circulation. From the African-American Hypertension Enigma to the WHO’s Recommendations 社会流行病学的美国根源及其跨国流通。从非裔美国人高血压之谜到世界卫生组织的建议
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-11-06 DOI: 10.24894/gesn-en.2020.77002
M. Arminjon
In 2008, the Commission on Social Determinants of Health at the World Health Organisation published a report demonstrating the existence of a socio-economic gradient for health. Though health inequalities had been apparent since at least the 19th century, the report introduced a bio-psycho-social aetiological model that was absent from 19th century social medicine, as well as from former WHO documents. To bio-psycho-social epidemiologists stress associated with social status is the main cause of morbidity and death.Here I begin by noting that the history social epidemiologists have written for their fi eld tends to inscribe their work in continuity with 19th century social medicine. This contributes towards minimizing the epistemological and contextual transformations that led bio-psycho-social epidemiology to initiate a profound transformation in international health policy. Adopting an epistemological and transnational perspective, I fi rstly argue that bio-psycho-social epidemiology emerged from René Dubos’ historical and epistemological critique of the foundation of 19th century social medicine. I secondly show how the political and epistemological research program elaborated by Dubos developed in the US context, which was characterized both by a growing concern for chronic diseases and for racial inequalities.Finally, I show that through its transnational circulation in the United Kingdom, bio-psycho-social epidemiology was “de-racialized”. This step was a prerequisite for its aetiological model to be integrated into international public health strategies and to transform them.
2008年,世界卫生组织健康问题社会决定因素委员会发表了一份报告,证明存在健康方面的社会经济梯度。尽管至少自19世纪以来,卫生不平等现象就很明显,但该报告引入了一种生物心理社会病因学模型,这在19世纪的社会医学和以前的世卫组织文件中都没有。生物-心理-社会流行病学家认为,与社会地位相关的压力是发病和死亡的主要原因。在这里,我首先要指出,社会流行病学家为他们的领域撰写的历史倾向于将他们的工作与19世纪的社会医学联系起来。这有助于最大限度地减少导致生物心理社会流行病学引发国际卫生政策深刻变革的认识论和背景变革。采用认识论和跨国视角,我首先认为生物心理社会流行病学起源于ren·杜博斯对19世纪社会医学基础的历史和认识论批判。其次,我展示了杜博斯阐述的政治和认识论研究项目是如何在美国的背景下发展起来的,美国的特点是对慢性病和种族不平等的日益关注。最后,通过其在英国的跨国流通,生物心理社会流行病学被“去种族化”。这一步骤是将其病因学模型纳入国际公共卫生战略并加以改造的先决条件。
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引用次数: 0
Assurance-maladie et libéralisme économique: l’échec de l’initiative populaire du Parti socialiste suisse de 1974 医疗保险和经济自由主义:1974年瑞士社会党人民倡议的失败
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-11-06 DOI: 10.24894/gesn-fr.2020.77004
H. Buclin
In 1974, the Swiss citizens voted against a popular initiative aimed at reforming the health insurance, launched by the Swiss Socialist Party. They refused as well a less ambitious counter-proposal elaborated by the government. This failure of the left-wing reformers is worthy of interest. This was, indeed, the main attempt until now to implement a healthcare subsidization based on social funding that would provide a wide risk coverage. In fact, shortly after the vote, the emerging economic crisis rather reinforced the advocates of a limitation of social welfare benefits. This durably hindered the political Left’s hopes of transforming in depth the Swiss healthcare system. The 1974 failure of the socialist initiative thus contributed to strengthen the conservative model, which received support from right-wing forces and the business community.
1974年,瑞士公民投票反对瑞士社会党发起的一项旨在改革医疗保险的民众倡议。他们还拒绝了政府提出的一项不那么雄心勃勃的反建议。左翼改革者的失败值得关注。事实上,这是迄今为止实施基于社会资金的医疗补贴的主要尝试,这将提供广泛的风险覆盖。事实上,在投票后不久,出现的经济危机反而加强了限制社会福利的主张。这长期阻碍了政治左派深入改革瑞士医疗体系的希望。因此,1974年社会主义改革的失败加强了保守主义模式,并得到了右翼势力和工商界的支持。
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引用次数: 0
Books Received 书收到了
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-11-06 DOI: 10.24894/gesn-en.2020.77007
Editors Gesnerus
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引用次数: 0
«Nach Aufnahme arterielle Hypotonie»: Personenkonzept und Kommunikationsformen in der Experten-Medizin «使arterielle低血壓»:Personenkonzept交流方式和在Experten-Medizin
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-29 DOI: 10.24894/gesn-de.2020.77015
Martina King
“Arterial hypotonia after admission”: concepts of personhood and types of communication in clinical medicineThis article deals, from the perspective of textual and narrative theory, with certain forms of communication in current clinical medicine. It will be argued that diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in highly specialized medical contexts tend to be fragmented and pluralistic and that this compromises a distinct concept of personhood. Therefore, clinical experts should adopt an integrative understanding of the patient as coherent entity. The phenomenon of depersonalization in clinical medicine is, among others, reinforced by a quasi ‘hegemonial’ expert genre that organizes almost all case-based communication among specialists: the discharge report or epicrisis. However, there is hardly any research about this genre. Against this background, a brief overview will be given over the historical development of the medical report in the 20th century and its epistemological function, using archival sources. Certain narrative peculiarities such as deagentivization, reductionism and fundamental linearity indicate that the medical report has the function of ordering past courses of events and of making causal connections evident – therefore it works anyway in a depersonalizing manner. In this context, the Medical Humanities have a serious didactic task: they should raise critical awareness of the relationship between talking, writing, thinking and acting among future clinicians already during their academic education.
“入院后动脉张力下降”:临床医学中的人格概念与交际类型本文从文本论和叙事论的角度探讨了当前临床医学中的某些交际形式。有人认为,在高度专业化的医疗环境中,诊断和治疗程序往往是碎片化和多元化的,这损害了独特的人格概念。因此,临床专家应该采取一个综合的理解病人作为连贯的实体。除其他外,临床医学中的去人格化现象被一种准“霸权”的专家流派所强化,这种流派组织了专家之间几乎所有基于病例的交流:出院报告或epicrisi。然而,几乎没有任何关于这一类型的研究。在此背景下,将简要概述医学报告在20世纪的历史发展及其认识论功能,使用档案资料。某些叙事特点,如去主体化、还原论和基本线性表明,医学报告具有整理过去事件过程和使因果关系显而易见的功能——因此,它无论如何都以一种去人格化的方式起作用。在这种背景下,医学人文学科有一个严肃的教学任务:他们应该在学术教育中提高未来临床医生对说话、写作、思考和行动之间关系的批判性意识。
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引用次数: 1
Vom «autistischen Psychopathen» zum Autismusspektrum. Verhaltensdiagnostik und Persönlichkeitsbehauptung in der Geschichte des Autismus 从»«孤僻精神变态到Autismusspektrum .诊断学和孤独症史
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-29 DOI: 10.24894/gesn-de.2020.77012
R. Graf
Der Aufsatz untersucht das Verhältnis von Persönlichkeit und Verhalten in der Defi nition und Diagnostik des Autismus von Kanner und Asperger in den 1940er Jahren bis in die neueren Ausgaben des DSM und ICD. Dazu unterscheidet er drei verschiedene epistemische Zugänge zum Autismus: ein externes Wissen der dritten Person, das über Verhaltensbeobachtungen, Testverfahren und Elterninterviews gewonnen wird; ein stärker praktisches Wissen der zweiten Person, das in der andauernden, alltäglichen Interaktion bei Eltern und Betreuer*innen entsteht, und schließlich das introspektive Wissen der ersten Person, d.h. der Autist*innen selbst. Dabei resultiert die Kerndifferenz in der Behandlung des Autismus daraus, ob man meint, die Persönlichkeit eines Menschen allein über die Beobachtung von Verhaltensweisen erschließen zu können oder ob es sich um eine vorgängige Struktur handelt, die introspektiv zugänglich ist, Verhalten prägt und ihm Sinn verleihen kann. Die Entscheidung hierüber führt zu grundlegend anderen Positionierungen zu verhaltenstherapeutischen Ansätzen, wie insbesondere zu Ole Ivar Lovaas’ Applied Behavior Analysis.
本文研究了20世纪40年代以来,直到DSM和ICD的最新版本,Kanner和Asperger自闭症的定义和诊断中人格和行为之间的关系。为此,他区分了三种不同的自闭症认知方法:通过行为观察、测试程序和父母访谈获得的第三人的外部知识;从父母和照顾者之间持续的日常互动中获得的对第二人更实用的知识,最后是对第一人,即自闭症患者自己的内省知识。自闭症治疗的核心区别在于,人们是否认为可以仅仅通过观察行为来揭示一个人的个性,或者这是一种可以内省的、塑造行为并赋予其意义的先验结构。这一决定导致了对行为治疗方法的根本不同立场,例如Ole Ivar Lovaas的应用行为分析。
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引用次数: 0
Gesnerus. Swiss Journal for the History of Medicine and Science, 1943-2020 Gesnerus。瑞士医学和科学史杂志,1943-2020
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-29 DOI: 10.24894/GESN-EN.2020.77008
V. Barras, H. Steinke
The volume you hold in your hand is the last issue of our journal in its present form. Gesnerus, continuously published since 1943, will continue with a new name, a new team, and new patrons. From 2021 onwards, it will be known as the European Journal for the History of Medicine and Health (EHMH), edited jointly by the Swiss Society for the History of Medicine and Natural Sciences and the European Association for the History of Medicine and Health and will be published by Brill (Leiden). In the early 1920s, 100 years ago, the Swiss Society for the History of Medicine and the Natural Sciences was founded by two very different private scholars, between whom there was nevertheless a certain affi nity.1 One was Arnold C. Klebs (1870-1943), a physician from Bern and former director of the Chicago Tuberculosis Institute, who now resided as a wealthy private citizen in Nyon on Lake Geneva. The other was Henry E. Sigerist (1891-1957), who came from a wealthy Schaffhausen family and was in the process of completing his habilitation thesis in medical history in Zurich. The two are paradigmatic representatives of those whom the society, founded in 1921, wanted to address. As Klebs himself put it in a letter to Sigerist: “We want to attract the collector as well as the philosopher, and also those who are simply sentimentally interested in the old.” 2 With the collector, Klebs had careful empirical scholars like himself in mind; with the phi-
您手中的这本书是我们期刊目前形式的最后一期。自1943年以来一直出版的《Gesnerus》将以新的名字、新的团队和新的赞助人继续出版。从2021年起,它将被称为《欧洲医学与健康史杂志》(EHMH),由瑞士医学与自然科学学会和欧洲医学与卫生史协会联合编辑,并将由Brill(莱顿)出版。在100年前的20世纪20年代初,瑞士医学与自然科学学会由两位截然不同的私人学者成立,尽管如此,他们之间还是有一定的联系。1其中一位是来自伯尔尼的医生、芝加哥结核病研究所前所长Arnold C.Klebs(1870-1943),他现在以富有的普通公民身份居住在日内瓦湖畔的尼翁。另一位是亨利·E·西格里斯特(1891-1957),他来自一个富裕的沙夫豪森家族,正在苏黎世完成他的医学史适应论文。这两人是1921年成立的协会想要解决的问题的典型代表。正如克莱布斯自己在给西格里斯特的一封信中所说:“我们想吸引收藏家和哲学家,以及那些对旧事物有着感性兴趣的人。”;使用phi-
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引用次数: 0
«Krass aus der Norm gefallen»? Das Konzept der «schweren Persönlichkeitsstörung» in der Auswahl männlicher Delinquenten für Sozialtherapeutische Anstalten in Nordrhein-Westfalen in den 1970er Jahren “不正常”?20世纪70年代北莱茵-威斯特法伦州社会治疗机构男性罪犯选择中的“严重人格障碍”概念
Q4 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-01-29 DOI: 10.24894/gesn-de.2020.77013
M. Streng
Ende der 1960er Jahre entstand während der Großen Strafrechtsreform in Westdeutschland die Sozialtherapeutische Anstalt als dem Strafvollzug und der Psychiatrie zwischengelagerte eigenständige Institution. Sie sollte Straffällige behandeln, denen Gutachter vor Gericht eine «schwere Persönlichkeitsstörung » attestierten. Der Beitrag analysiert, wie dieses Indikationsmerkmal bei der Auswahl männlicher Probanden in zwei nordrhein-westfälischen sozialtherapeutischen Modellanstalten ausgelegt wurde. Die psychisch abnorme Täterpersönlichkeit, so die These, wurde im Verlauf der 1970er Jahre durch psychologische Diagnostik zunehmend entpathologisiert und normalisiert, während gleichzeitig therapeutische Verfahren an das Umfeld des Strafvollzugs angepasst wurden.
20世纪60年代末,在西德大刑法改革期间,Sozialtherapeutic Anstalt作为一个介于刑罚系统和精神病学之间的独立机构成立。它旨在治疗在法庭上被发现患有“严重人格障碍”的罪犯。本文分析了在两个北莱茵-威斯特法伦社会治疗模式机构的男性受试者选择中,这种适应症特征是如何被解释的。根据这篇论文,在20世纪70年代,心理诊断越来越使心理异常的罪犯人格去病理化和正常化,同时治疗程序也适应了监狱的环境。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Gesnerus-Swiss Journal of the History of Medicine and Sciences
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