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The optical performance of random and periodic textured mono crystalline silicon surfaces for photovoltaic applications 用于光伏应用的随机和周期性纹理单晶硅表面的光学性能
IF 2.5 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/epjpv/2022021
Thierry de Vrijer, Maik Wiering, David A. van Nijen, G. Padmakumar, Sriram Sambamurthy, G. Limodio, A. Smets
Surface textures that result in high optical yields are crucial for high efficiency photovoltaic (PV) devices. In this work three different texturing approaches are presented that result in smooth concave structures devoid of sharp features. Such features can sustain the crack-free growth of device quality nano- to poly-crystalline materials such as nano-crystalline silicon, perovskites or C(I)GS, facilitating routes towards hybrid multijunction PV devices. A sacrificial implanted poly-c-Si layer is used to develop a random surface texture for the first texturing approach (Tsac). The influence of the processing conditions, such as layer thickness, implantation energy, dose and ion type, annealing time and temperature, of the sacrificial layer on the developed surface features is investigated. Additionally, a photolithographically developed honeycomb texture (Thoney) is presented. The influence of mask design on the honeycomb features is discussed and a relation is established between the honeycomb period and crack formation in nano-crystalline silicon layers. The reflective properties (spectral reflection, haze in reflection and angular intensity distribution) of these approaches are characterized and compared to a third texturing approach, Tsp, the result of chemically smoothened pyramidal <111> features. It was demonstrated that high optical scattering yields can be achieved for both Thoney and Tsp. Additionally, the performance of a-Si/nc-Si tandem devices processed onto the different textures is compared using both optical device simulations and real device measurements. Simulations demonstrate strong improvements in Jsc-sum (≈45%), in reference to a flat surface, and high Voc*FF of over 1 V are demonstrated for Tsp.
产生高光产率的表面纹理对于高效光伏(PV)器件至关重要。在这项工作中,提出了三种不同的纹理方法,导致光滑的凹结构缺乏尖锐的特征。这些特性可以维持器件质量的纳米到多晶材料(如纳米晶硅、钙钛矿或C(I)GS)的无裂纹生长,从而促进了混合多结光伏器件的发展。在第一种织构方法(Tsac)中,采用牺牲植入的poly-c-Si层来形成随机表面织构。研究了牺牲层的层厚、注入能量、剂量和离子类型、退火时间和温度等工艺条件对形成的表面特征的影响。此外,光刻发展蜂窝纹理(Thoney)提出。讨论了掩模设计对纳米晶硅蜂窝特性的影响,建立了纳米晶硅层中蜂窝期与裂纹形成的关系。这些方法的反射特性(光谱反射、反射雾霾和角强度分布)被表征,并与第三种纹理方法Tsp进行了比较,Tsp是化学平滑金字塔特征的结果。结果表明,Thoney和Tsp均可获得较高的光散射收率。此外,通过光学器件模拟和实际器件测量,比较了在不同纹理上处理的a-Si/nc-Si串联器件的性能。模拟结果表明,在平面上,Jsc-sum(≈45%)有了很大的提高,Tsp的Voc*FF值超过1 V。
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引用次数: 0
A small-sized DSSC panel based on the Uruguayan national flower dye tested at the Antarctic Artigas Base 一个基于乌拉圭国花染料的小型DSSC面板在南极阿蒂加斯基地进行了测试
IF 2.5 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/epjpv/2021015
M. F. Cerdá
The construction of a small-sized panel based on anthocyanins from Erythrina crista-galli as sensitizers is reported in this work. The device, named KD12, was placed indoors at the Artigas Antarctic Scientific Base from March 2019 to December 2020. Here is released for the first time, the indoor installation of dye-sensitized solar cells based on pigments from the Uruguayan national flower at an Antarctic Base and the evaluation of their performance during nineteen months. The panel showed good stability and maintained its efficiency conversion performance over the period. The output power, voltage and conversion efficiency generated for this device mainly depended on irradiance and external factors as light reflection due to snow or artificial bulbs near the area. Additional protection was provided by the double-glass window in front of the panel, lowering lighting irradiance and changing spectral characteristics of the light incident the device. A new prospect raised here: the potential application of anthocyanins as sensitizers for indoor electricity generation in the Antarctic area with long term operability, where low temperatures are helpful considering the thermal stability of the dyes. These constitute an interesting first step of a low-cost alternative searching for clean energy generation sources, focusing on a cold region like Antarctica.
本文报道了以赤藓花青素为增敏剂的小尺寸面板的构建。该设备名为KD12,于2019年3月至2020年12月期间被放置在阿蒂加斯南极科学基地的室内。在南极基地首次发布了以乌拉圭国花色素为基础的染料敏化太阳能电池的室内安装,并对其十九个月的性能进行了评估。在此期间,该面板表现出良好的稳定性,并保持了其效率转换性能。该装置产生的输出功率、电压和转换效率主要取决于辐照度和区域附近积雪或人工灯泡反射等外部因素。面板前的双层玻璃窗提供了额外的保护,降低了照明辐照度,改变了入射设备的光的光谱特性。本文提出了一个新的前景:在南极地区,考虑到染料的热稳定性,低温有助于长期可操作性的室内发电,花青素作为增敏剂的潜在应用。这是寻找清洁能源的低成本替代方案的有趣的第一步,重点放在像南极洲这样的寒冷地区。
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引用次数: 1
Improvement of hetero-interface engineering by partial substitution of Zn in Cu2ZnSnS4-based solar cells 部分取代Zn对cu2znsns4基太阳能电池异质界面工程的改善
IF 2.5 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/epjpv/2022022
C. Tamin, D. Chaumont, O. Heintz, A. Leray, M. Adnane
This paper investigates the effects of partial substitution of zinc (Zn) in pure sulfide kesterite (Cu2ZnSnS4) by cadmium (Cd) and manganese (Mn) incorporation. Thin films of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS), Cu2Zn1–xCdxSnS4 (CCZTS) and Cu2Zn1–xMnxSnS4(CMZTS) were produced chemically. A comparison of pure CZTS with CCZTS and CMZTS was performed to study the influence of Cd and Mn incorporation on the morphology, structure, optical and electronic properties of the films. The results show an improvement of the morphology and an adjustment of the band gap and valence band position by partial substitution of Zn with Cd and Mn. In addition, for the first time, the band alignment at the absorber/buffer hetero-interface is studied with partial Zn substitution. Band alignments at the absorber/buffer hetero-interface were estimated by XPS and UV/Visible measurements. The results show a cliff-like CBO for CZTS/CdS heterojunction, a spike-like CBO for CCZTS/CdS and a near flat-band CBO for CMZTS/CdS heterojunction.
本文研究了镉(Cd)和锰(Mn)掺入对纯硫化kesterite (Cu2ZnSnS4)中锌(Zn)部分取代的影响。用化学方法制备了Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS)、Cu2Zn1-xCdxSnS4 (CCZTS)和Cu2Zn1-xMnxSnS4 (CMZTS)薄膜。将纯CZTS与CCZTS和CMZTS进行比较,研究Cd和Mn掺入对薄膜形貌、结构、光学和电子性能的影响。结果表明,用Cd和Mn部分取代Zn可以改善形貌,调整带隙和价带位置。此外,本文还首次用部分Zn取代研究了吸收层/缓冲层异质界面上的能带对准。利用XPS和UV/可见光测量估计了吸收层/缓冲层异质界面上的能带对准。结果表明:CZTS/CdS异质结的CBO呈断崖状,CCZTS/CdS呈尖峰状,CMZTS/CdS呈近平带CBO。
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引用次数: 0
Development and testing of light-weight PV modules based on glass-fibre reinforcement 基于玻璃纤维增强的轻型光伏组件的开发和测试
IF 2.5 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/epjpv/2022007
J. Govaerts, Bin Luo, T. Borgers, Rik Van Dyck, A. van der Heide, L. Tous, Arnaud Morlier, F. Lisco, L. Cerasti, M. Galiazzo, J. Poortmans
In this paper we report on our approach on integrating c-Si PV into lightweight structures, in particular towards vehicle integration. To this end we want to get rid of the (bulk weight of the) glass but seek a suitable replacement in terms of mechanical stability. First we elaborate on the most basic standards and norms that VIPV products should relate to in terms of (thermo-)mechanical testing. Then, for the experimental part, 2 concepts are investigated. In a first approach, we reinforced the encapsulant with glass fibre material, while in a second one we applied a dedicated glass-fibre-reinforced sheet as a replacement of the backsheet. In both cases we stay as close as possible to using commercially available material. For each approach we elaborate the testing that has been carried out: thermal cycling, vibrations, mechanical shock and hail impact. On a final note, we point out some initial damp heat testing results, that are a particular challenge for light-weight modules without glass.
在本文中,我们报告了将c-Si PV集成到轻量化结构中的方法,特别是在车辆集成方面。为此,我们希望摆脱(散装重量)玻璃,但在机械稳定性方面寻求合适的替代品。首先,我们详细阐述了VIPV产品在(热)机械测试方面应该涉及的最基本的标准和规范。然后,在实验部分,研究了两个概念。在第一种方法中,我们用玻璃纤维材料加强了密封剂,而在第二种方法中,我们应用了专用的玻璃纤维增强板作为背板的替代品。在这两种情况下,我们都尽可能地使用商业上可用的材料。对于每种方法,我们都详细说明了已经进行的测试:热循环、振动、机械冲击和冰雹冲击。最后,我们指出了一些最初的湿热测试结果,这对于没有玻璃的轻质模块来说是一个特别的挑战。
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引用次数: 2
Investigation of co-evaporated polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)S2 thin film yielding 16.0 % efficiency solar cell 共蒸发多晶Cu(In,Ga)S2薄膜制备效率16.0%太阳能电池的研究
IF 2.5 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/epjpv/2022014
N. Barreau, E. Bertin, A. Crossay, O. Durand, L. Arzel, S. Harel, T. Lepetit, L. Assmann, E. Gautron, D. Lincot
The interest for pure sulfide Cu(In,Ga)S2 chalcopyrite thin films is increasing again because their optical properties make them relevant candidates to be applied as top cell absorbers in tandem structures. Nonetheless, their use as so is still hindered by the level of single-junction cells performance achieved so far, which are far below those demonstrated by selenide absorbers. Amongst the reasons at the origin of the limited efficiency of Cu(In,Ga)S2-based solar devices, one can mention the poor tolerance of S-chalcopyrite to Cu deficiency. In fact, Cu-poor Cu(In,Ga)S2 films contain CuIn5S8 thiospinel secondary phase which is harmful for device performance. In the present work, we investigate Cu(In,Ga)S2 thin films grown by a modified three-stage process making use of graded indium and gallium fluxes during the first stage. The resulting absorbers are single phase and made of large grains extended throughout the entire film thickness. We propose that such a morphology is a proof of the recrystallization of the entire film during the synthesis. Devices prepared from those films and buffered with bath deposited CdS demonstrate outstanding efficiency of 16.0%. Replacing CdS by Zn(O,S) buffer layer leads to increased open circuit voltage and short circuit current; however, performance become limited by lowered fill factor.
由于纯硫化物Cu(In,Ga)S2黄铜矿薄膜的光学性质使其成为串联结构中顶端吸收剂的候选材料,因此对其的兴趣再次增加。尽管如此,它们的使用仍然受到迄今为止单结电池性能水平的阻碍,这远远低于硒化物吸收剂所展示的水平。在Cu(In,Ga) s2基太阳能器件效率有限的原因中,可以提到s -黄铜矿对Cu缺乏的耐受性差。事实上,贫铜Cu(In,Ga)S2薄膜中含有CuIn5S8硫尖晶石次级相,对器件性能不利。在本工作中,我们研究了Cu(In,Ga)S2薄膜在一个改进的三阶段过程中生长,在第一阶段使用梯度铟和镓的通量。所得到的吸收剂是单相的,并且是由贯穿整个薄膜厚度的大晶粒组成的。我们认为这种形态是整个薄膜在合成过程中再结晶的证明。由这些薄膜制备的器件,用浴沉积的CdS进行缓冲,显示出16.0%的优异效率。用Zn(O,S)缓冲层代替CdS,导致开路电压增大,短路电流增大;然而,由于填充系数降低,性能受到限制。
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引用次数: 6
Impact of Ag content on device properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells Ag含量对Cu(In,Ga)Se2太阳能电池器件性能的影响
IF 2.5 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/epjpv/2022026
A. Kanevce, S. Essig, S. Paetel, W. Hempel, D. Hariskos, Theresa Magorian Friedlmeier
Partial substitution of Cu by Ag in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells is advantageous as it allows lower temperature growth while maintaining high performance. To understand the role of Ag on device performance, we present a comprehensive analysis of (Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 (ACIGS) samples with an [Ag]/([Ag]+[Cu]) (AAC) ratio varying from 7% to 22%. The analysis involves a set of material and device characterization techniques as well as numerical simulations. Multiple electrical and material properties show a systematic dependence on the increased Ag content. These include a carrier-density decrease, a grain-size increase, and a flattened [Ga]/([Ga] + [In]) (GGI) profile leading to a higher minimum band gap energy and a reduced back grading. Although the best performing device (PCE = 18.0%) in this set has an AAC = 7%, cells with higher Ag contents have an advantage of a smoother absorber surface which is attractive for tandem applications, despite their slightly inferior conversion efficiencies (PCE = 16.4% for 22% Ag).
在Cu(in,Ga)Se2 (CIGS)太阳能电池中,Ag部分取代Cu是有利的,因为它可以在保持高性能的同时保持较低的温度生长。为了了解Ag对器件性能的影响,我们对[Ag]/([Ag]+[Cu]) (AAC)比例从7%到22%不等的(Ag,Cu)(In,Ga)Se2 (ACIGS)样品进行了综合分析。分析涉及一组材料和器件表征技术以及数值模拟。多种电学和材料特性显示出对Ag含量增加的系统性依赖。这些变化包括载流子密度降低,晶粒尺寸增加,[Ga]/([Ga] + [In]) (GGI)剖面变平,导致最小带隙能量更高,反向级配减少。虽然本组中性能最好的器件(PCE = 18.0%)的AAC = 7%,但具有较高Ag含量的电池具有更光滑的吸收器表面的优势,这对于串联应用具有吸引力,尽管它们的转换效率略低(PCE = 16.4%, 22% Ag)。
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引用次数: 1
Design and realization of an analog integrated circuit for maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic panels 光伏板最大功率跟踪模拟集成电路的设计与实现
IF 2.5 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/epjpv/2022002
Abdulrahman Alahdal, A. Ammous, K. Ammous
The tracking of the maximum power point (MPP) of a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel is an important part of a PV generation chain. In order to track maximum power from the solar arrays, it is necessary to control the output impedance of the PV panel, so that the circuit can be operated at its Maximum Power Point (MPP), despite the unavoidable changes in the climate conditions such as temperature and Irradiance. A new MPPT analog technique to track the Maximum Power Point (MPP) of PV arrays is proposed. This new technique uses simple and classical functions of electronic circuits. An Off-Grid PV system was considered to apply and validate the proposed new technique. The entire circuit was implemented in circuit-oriented simulator Proteus-ISIS. We present the results associated with the design, the realization, and the experimentation of a PV system equipped with a new analog MPPT command. The obtained results have shown good efficiency of analog technique (more than 98.5%). The second part of the paper consists of the description of the design and the realization of the novel analog MPPT integrated chip. The integrated circuit (IC) was designed and realized using HV CMOS technology 0.35-µm.
光伏(PV)太阳能电池板的最大功率点(MPP)跟踪是光伏发电链的重要组成部分。为了跟踪太阳能电池阵列的最大功率,有必要控制PV面板的输出阻抗,使电路能够在其最大功率点(MPP)上运行,尽管气候条件(如温度和辐照度)不可避免地发生变化。提出了一种新的跟踪光伏阵列最大功率点(MPP)的模拟技术。这项新技术使用了简单而经典的电子电路功能。在离网光伏系统中应用并验证了所提出的新技术。整个电路在面向电路的仿真器Proteus-ISIS中实现。我们介绍了一个配备了新的模拟MPPT命令的光伏系统的设计、实现和实验结果。结果表明,模拟技术的效率达到了98.5%以上。论文的第二部分描述了一种新型模拟MPPT集成芯片的设计与实现。采用0.35-µm的高压CMOS技术设计并实现了集成电路。
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引用次数: 1
A framework of optimum cleaning schedule and its financial impact in a large-scale PV solar plant: a case study in Senegal 大型光伏太阳能发电厂的最佳清洁时间表框架及其财务影响:塞内加尔的案例研究
IF 2.5 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/epjpv/2022019
Mame Cheikh Diouf, Mactar Faye, Ababacar Thiam, V. Sambou
The performance of large-scale PV solar plant installed in sub-Saharan regions is affected by the deposition of dust on the surface of the PV modules. Frequent cleaning of the PV modules increases the profitability of PV solar plants. The objective of this study is to determine the optimal cleaning cycle of a PV solar plant subjected to a wind loaded with sand and dust. This study took place in a PV solar plant installed in Senegal. The measurement data are analysed for a period of two years and used to extract soiling rate. Optimization was done based on the total cost caused by dust on the PV solar plant to minimize the number of days between cleaning events. The results showed that the soiling rate between June and May is 0.34%/day, while a rate of 0.33%/day was recorded in October. The highest soiling rates of 0.42%/day and 0.49%/day were recorded in December and between February and March, respectively. The optimal cleaning cycle for the PV solar plant is 14 days. The total cost of cleaning is reduced by 31% using this optimal cleaning cycle proposed.
安装在撒哈拉以南地区的大型光伏太阳能电站的性能受到光伏组件表面灰尘沉积的影响。经常清洗光伏组件增加了光伏太阳能发电厂的盈利能力。本研究的目的是确定PV太阳能发电厂在风沙和粉尘荷载下的最佳清洁周期。这项研究是在塞内加尔安装的光伏太阳能发电厂进行的。对测量数据进行了为期两年的分析,并用于提取污染率。优化是根据光伏太阳能发电厂的灰尘造成的总成本来完成的,以尽量减少清洁事件之间的天数。结果表明:6 ~ 5月土壤污染率为0.34%/d, 10月土壤污染率为0.33%/d;12月和2 ~ 3月的污染率最高,分别为0.42%/d和0.49%/d。光伏太阳能电站的最佳清洁周期为14天。采用所提出的最佳清洗周期,总清洗成本降低31%。
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引用次数: 0
Hydrogenation of sputtered ZnO:Al layers for double side poly-Si/SiOx solar cells 双面多晶硅/SiOx太阳能电池溅射ZnO:Al层的氢化
IF 2.5 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/epjpv/2022005
Charles Seron, T. Desrues, F. Jay, A. Lanterne, F. Torregrosa, G. Borvon, Q. Rafhay, A. Kaminski, S. Dubois
This work presents the development and the application of innovative and sustainable transparent conductive oxide (TCO) materials for contacting polysilicon (poly-Si) on oxide (SiOx) stacks used as passivating contacts in solar cell devices. Adding hydrogen into ZnO:Al (AZO) layers deposited by magnetron sputtering potentially leads to a twofold positive effect. First, it brings hydrogen atoms into the layers, which can enhance both electrical and optical material properties of the TCO. Second, hydrogen can significantly improve cell performances, by fixing dangling bonds at the SiOx/substrate interface and by passivating bulk defects. In situ and ex situ hydrogenation processes have been compared on those multiple aspects with investigation about anneals at 350 °C. AZO layers have been successfully integrated on the front side of complete solar cells featuring poly-Si/SiOx-based passivating contacts, leading to a record conversion efficiency of 22.4% for a cell with AZO. The results show that using AZO instead of an indium based TCO is suitable for passivated contacts solar cell with high temperature route. Thus, it increases the credibility towards large-scale deployments of TCO-based high efficiency silicon solar cells in terms of cost and resources.
这项工作介绍了创新和可持续的透明导电氧化物(TCO)材料的开发和应用,该材料用于在太阳能电池器件中作为钝化触点的氧化物(SiOx)堆栈上接触多晶硅(poly-Si)。在磁控溅射沉积的ZnO:Al (AZO)层中加入氢可能会产生双重积极作用。首先,它将氢原子带入层中,这可以增强TCO的电学和光学材料特性。其次,氢可以通过固定SiOx/衬底界面上的悬空键和钝化大块缺陷来显著改善电池性能。在这几个方面对原位加氢和非原位加氢工艺进行了比较,并对350℃退火过程进行了研究。AZO层已经成功地集成在具有多晶硅/ siox基钝化触点的完整太阳能电池的正面,导致具有AZO的电池的转换效率达到创纪录的22.4%。结果表明,用AZO代替铟基TCO适用于高温路径钝化触点太阳能电池。因此,在成本和资源方面,它增加了大规模部署基于tco的高效硅太阳能电池的可信度。
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引用次数: 2
Exploring reverse-bias characteristics of CIGS solar cells: impact of alkali-post-deposition treatment and CdS buffer layer 探索CIGS太阳能电池的反向偏置特性:碱沉积后处理和CdS缓冲层的影响
IF 2.5 Q3 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1051/epjpv/2022023
Janet Neerken, R. Schäffler, S. Heise
The characteristics of solar cells in the reverse voltage direction are essential for the resilience of a photovoltaic module against partial-shading induced damage. Therefore, it is important to establish a thorough understanding of the mechanisms that lead to reverse breakdown in solar cells. This work studies thin-film solar cells based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) absorber layers. Systematic material variations are investigated in order to learn more about the mechanisms governing reverse breakdown in these devices. To this end, devices with different thicknesses of the CdS buffer layer and with and without a RbF-post-deposition treatment (PDT) of the absorber layer were fabricated. The resulting current-voltage characteristics at negative voltage biases reveal that devices break down at much more negative voltages if they underwent a PDT, if the buffer layer thickness is increased, or if the buffer layer is not photoexcited. This implies that possibly a PDT may be disadvantageous for the shading tolerance of a module. The further analysis indicates that several mechanisms are involved in the reverse breakdown. Whereas tunneling currents in the buffer layer seem to play a major role for the actual breakdown, the strong effect of the PDT is probably caused by a reduction of shunt leakage currents along grain boundaries which lowers material heating.
太阳能电池在反向电压方向上的特性对于光伏组件抵御部分遮阳引起的损伤的弹性至关重要。因此,建立对导致太阳能电池反向击穿的机制的透彻理解是很重要的。本文研究了基于Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS)吸收层的薄膜太阳能电池。系统的材料变化进行了调查,以了解更多的机制,控制反向击穿在这些设备。为此,制作了具有不同厚度的CdS缓冲层以及具有和不具有rbf -沉积后处理(PDT)的吸收层的器件。在负电压偏置下得到的电流-电压特性表明,如果器件经历PDT,如果缓冲层厚度增加,或者缓冲层没有光激发,则器件在更负的电压下击穿。这意味着PDT可能对模块的阴影容忍度不利。进一步的分析表明,有几种机制参与了反向分解。虽然缓冲层中的隧道电流似乎在实际击穿中起主要作用,但PDT的强效应可能是由于沿晶界的分流泄漏电流减少而引起的,从而降低了材料的加热。
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引用次数: 1
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EPJ Photovoltaics
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