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ANALISI PRAGMATICA DI UN CORPUS TASK-BASED DI PARLATO SPONTANEO E DIALOGHI DIDATTICI 对基于任务的自发语音和教学对话语料库进行语用分析
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.54103/2037-3597/22013
M. Castagneto, S. Ferrari
La letteratura dedicata all’analisi dei manuali didattici ha da tempo evidenziato una serie di lacune nei materiali input in termini di modello conversazionale suggerendo l’impiego di corpora come fonte per la costruzione di risorse didattiche. Con l’intento di contribuire al dibattito sul tema, il presente lavoro discute uno studio pilota mirato a confrontare parlato spontaneo e dialoghi didattici in interazioni task-based orientate al compito Ordinare al tavolo di un ristorante. L’analisi pragmatica dei due tipi di dialogo ha portato all’identificazione della struttura sequenziale di questo tipo di interazione, oltre che al riconoscimento dei ruoli interazionali del cameriere e del cliente nelle diverse fasi della conversazione. Il confronto ha evidenziato inoltre come i dialoghi dei manuali e le interazioni spontanee rappresentino due diversi modelli interazionali: il parlato spontaneo prevede un’agenda nascosta e rappresenta un tipo peculiare di parlato istituzionale; i dialoghi didattici trattano invece il task come una conversazione ordinaria di tipo simmetrico. Questi primi risultati, oltre ad aprire la strada ad ulteriori indagini, offrono una serie di indicazioni operative per la didattica, sia in termini di selezione degli input che di progettazione di attività.   A pragmatic analysis of a task-based corpus of spontaneous speech and instructional dialogues The literature dedicated to the analysis of teaching materials has highlighted a series of limitations in the input materials in terms of conversational model, suggesting the use of corpora as a source for the effective planning of teaching resources. With the aim of contributing to the current debate, the present work discusses a pilot study aimed at comparing spontaneous speech and teaching dialogues in task-based interactions oriented to the task of Ordering at a restaurant table. The pragmatic analysis of the two types of data led to the identification of the sequential structure of the interactions considered, as well as the recognition of waiter and customer interactional roles at different stages of this kind of interaction. The comparison also highlighted how teaching dialogues and spontaneous interactions represent two different interactional models: spontaneous speech involves a hidden agenda and it is structured as a peculiar institutional speech; didactic dialogues instead treat the task as an ordinary symmetrical conversation. These first results pave the way for further investigations and offer a series of practical suggestions for teaching, both in terms of input selection and activities development.
长期以来,专门分析教学手册的文献一直强调输入材料在会话模式方面存在许多不足,建议使用语料库作为构建教学资源的来源。为了对这一话题的讨论有所贡献,本文讨论了一项试点研究,该研究旨在比较在以任务为基础的互动中的自发言语和说教对话,该互动以在餐厅餐桌上点菜为任务导向。通过对这两种对话类型进行语用分析,确定了这类互动的顺序结构,以及服务员和顾客在对话不同阶段的互动角色。比较结果还表明,手册中的对话和自发的互动代表了两种不同的互动模式:自发的讲话包含了隐藏的议程,代表了一种特殊的机构讲话类型;另一方面,说教式对话将任务视为普通的对称对话。这些初步结果不仅为进一步研究开辟了道路,而且在输入选择和任务设计方面为教学提供了许多可操作的指示。 对基于任务的自发语音和教学对话语料库的实用性分析 专门分析教材的文献强调了输入材料在会话模式方面的一系列局限性,建议使用语料库作为有效规划教学资源的来源。为了对当前的争论有所贡献,本作品讨论了一项试点研究,该研究旨在比较任务型互动中的自发语音和教学对话,该互动以在餐厅餐桌上点菜的任务为导向。通过对两类数据进行语用分析,确定了所考虑的互动的顺序结构,以及在这种互动的不同阶段服务员和顾客的互动角色。比较结果还凸显了教学对话和自发互动如何代表了两种不同的互动模式:自发发言涉及隐藏的议程,其结构是一种特殊的机构发言;而教学对话则将任务视为普通的对称对话。这些初步结果为进一步的研究铺平了道路,并在输入选择和活动开发方面为教学提供了一系列实用建议。
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引用次数: 0
MAKING L2 ITALIAN CLASSES INCLUSIVE IN NORTH AMERICA: ACTIVITIES AND SUGGESTIONS 使北美的意大利语二级课程具有包容性:活动与建议
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.54103/2037-3597/21956
Sara Galli, Mohammad J. Jamali
In the last three years, we have introduced some activities and reflections on neutral language in Italian in our classes in Canada. Starting with the sociolinguistic theories studied and discussed on the subject, we have been incorporating explanations, examples, and realia in our lessons to involve our students in examining the application of strategies used in real life to render Italian a neutral language. This paper will illustrate the theory on which we based our research, provide examples of classroom activities, and then share students’ reactions. We will then indicate how such items could be added to Italian language courses to broaden learners’ cultural awareness.   Rendere inclusive le classi di italiano L2 in Nord America: attività e suggerimenti   Negli ultimi tre anni abbiamo introdotto nelle nostre classi in Canada alcune attività e riflessioni sul linguaggio neutrale in italiano. Partendo dalle teorie sociolinguistiche che abbiamo studiato e approfondito. Abbiamo iniziato a includere spiegazioni, esempi e realia nelle nostre lezioni per coinvolgere i nostri studenti nello studio delle strategie usate nella vita reale per rendere l’italiano neutrale. Quest’articolo inizia illustrando la teoria sulla quale abbiamo basato la nostra ricerca, con esempi di attività in classe e, in seguito, condivideremo le reazioni delle persone in classe. Inoltre, mostreremo come queste attività possano essere inserite nei corsi di lingua italiana per allargare la prospettiva culturale all’interno delle nostre classi.
在过去的三年里,我们在加拿大的课堂上引入了一些关于意大利语中性语言的活动和思考。从研究和讨论的社会语言学理论出发,我们在课程中加入了解释、例子和实物,让学生参与研究在现实生活中如何运用策略使意大利语成为中性语言。本文将阐述我们研究的理论基础,提供课堂活动的实例,然后分享学生的反应。然后,我们将指出如何在意大利语课程中加入这些项目,以拓宽学习者的文化意识。 在北美让意大利语 L2 课程具有包容性:活动和建议 在过去的三年中,我们在加拿大的课堂上引入了一些关于意大利语语言中立性的活动和思考。从我们研究和探索的社会语言学理论出发。我们开始在课程中加入解释、例子和实物,让学生参与研究现实生活中使用的使意大利语保持中立的策略。本文首先通过课堂活动的实例来说明我们研究的理论基础,随后我们将分享课堂上人们的反应。此外,我们还将展示如何将这些活动纳入意大利语课程,以拓宽课堂上的文化视野。
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引用次数: 0
A CONCLUSIONE 结论
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.54103/2037-3597/21976
S. Loiero
Conclusione
结论
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引用次数: 0
TRA STILE E NECESSITÀ. SU LINGUA E METRICA IN PAOLO CONTE E NELLA CANZONE ITALIANA D’AUTORE 在风格与必要性之间。论保罗-孔戴和意大利《作者之歌》中的语言与度量衡
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.54103/2037-3597/21991
A. Felici
L’intervento analizza alcune scelte testuali di Paolo Conte in relazione all’annosa questione dell’italiano come lingua difficile da gestire in simbiosi con l’accompagnamento musicale: problema denunciato in più riprese dagli addetti ai lavori, che hanno evidenziato come la mancanza di un adeguato repertorio di parole tronche nella nostra lingua renda spesso problematica la gestione della struttura metrica del testo cantato.   Between style and necessity. On language and metrics in paolo conte and the italian songwriting The essay analyzes some textual choices by Paolo Conte in relation to the age-old question of Italian as a language difficult to manage in symbiosis with musical accompaniment: a problem denounced on several occasions by songwriters and lyricists, who have highlighted how the absence of a adequate repertoire of oxytone words in Italian language often involves difficulties in managing the metric structure of lyrics in music.
本文分析了保罗-孔特(Paolo Conte)对意大利语作为一种难以在音乐伴奏下使用的语言这一重大问题所进行的若干测试:这些研究成果证明,在我们的语言中,缺少一个完整的 "训词 "语料库,会给朗诵曲目的度量结构管理带来很大的问题。 在风格与必要性之间。这篇文章分析了保罗-孔特(Paolo Conte)的一些文本选择,涉及到意大利语作为一种难以与音乐伴奏共生的语言这一古老问题:这一问题曾多次受到歌曲作者和词作者的谴责,他们强调了意大利语中缺乏足够的元音词库如何经常导致音乐中歌词的公制结构难以管理。
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引用次数: 0
TRA CONFERME E SORPRESE: I BISOGNI FORMATIVI DEI DOCENTI DEI CPIA 在肯定与惊喜之间:CPIA 教师的培训需求
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.54103/2037-3597/21953
F. Malagnini, Igor Deiana
Nell’ambito di una più ampia indagine sui fabbisogni dei docenti che insegnano italiano quale lingua materna (L1), lingua seconda (L2) e lingua straniera (LS) nelle scuole di ogni ordine e grado, il contributo si concentra su chi insegna nei Centri provinciali per l’istruzione degli adulti (CPIA), istituzioni scolastiche pubbliche frequentate prevalentemente da stranieri. Grazie a quanto emerso da un questionario proposto in tutti i 129 CPIA italiani, il lavoro offre un ampio numero di informazioni che permette di definire e capire i bisogni e gli interessi dei docenti che insegnano in queste scuole e, conseguentemente, di ipotizzare corsi di formazione e aggiornamento per insegnanti meglio dettagliati. Dopo una prima parte introduttiva, il contributo si concentra sulle specificità dei CPIA (§2), e descrive i contenuti del questionario e ne commenta le domande (§3). Il paragrafo 4 mette a fuoco alcune caratteristiche del corpo docente: la formazione iniziale, le precedenti esperienze di insegnamento e l’esperienza maturata nella stessa tipologia di scuola, la frequenza dedicata alla formazione e all’aggiornamento. Il paragrafo 5 analizza e commenta i bisogni formativi emersi; l’ultimo paragrafo, infine, offre alcune riflessioni conclusive.   Between confirmations and surprises: the training needs of CPIA teachers   As part of a broader survey on the needs of teachers who teach Italian as a mother tongue (L1), second language (L2) and foreign language (LS) in schools of all levels, this contribution focuses on those who teach in the Provincial Centres for Adult Education (CPIA), public school institutions attended mainly by foreigners. Thanks to what emerged from a questionnaire proposed in all 129 Italian CPIAs, the work offers a large amount of information that makes it possible to define and understand the needs and interests of the teachers who teach in these schools and, consequently, to hypothesise more detailed teacher training and refresher courses. After a first introductory part, the contribution focuses on the specificities of CPIAs (§2), and describes the contents of the questionnaire and comments on its questions (§3). Paragraph 4 focuses on some characteristics of the teaching staff: initial training, previous teaching experience and experience in the same type of school, frequency of training and refresher courses. Paragraph 5 analyses and comments on the training needs that emerged; finally, the last paragraph offers some concluding reflections.
作为对在各级学校教授意大利语作为母语(L1)、第二语言(L2)和外语(LS)的教师的需求进行的广泛调查的一部分,这篇论文的重点是那些在省级成人教育中心(CPIA)任教的教师,这些中心是主要由外国人参加的公立学校机构。通过对意大利所有 129 所省级成人教育中心的问卷调查,我们获得了大量的信息,从而有可能确定和了解在这些学校任教的教师的需求和兴趣,进而提出更详细的教师培训和进修课程的假设。在引言部分之后,本文重点介绍了 CPIA 的特点(第 2 节),并介绍了调查问卷的内 容和对其问题的评论(第 3 节)。第 4 段重点介绍了教学人员的一些特点:初始培训、以往的教学经验和在同类学校的经 验、培训和进修课程的频率。第 5 段对出现的培训需求进行了分析和评论;最后一段提出了一些结论性意见。 在肯定与惊喜之间:省成人教育中心教师的培训需求 作为对在各级学校教授作为母语(L1)、第二语言(L2)和外语(LS)的意大利语的 教师的需求进行的广泛调查的一部分,这篇文章的重点是那些在省成人教育中心 (CPIA)任教的教师,他们是主要由外国人参加的公立学校机构。通过对意大利所有 129 所省级成人教育中心的问卷调查,我们获得了大量的信息,从而有可能确定和了解在这些学校任教的教师的需求和兴趣,进而提出更详细的教师培训和进修课程的假设。在引言部分之后,本文重点介绍了 CPIA 的特点(第 2 节),并介绍了调查问卷的内 容和对其问题的评论(第 3 节)。第 4 段重点介绍了教学人员的一些特点:初始培训、以往的教学经验和在同类学校的经 验、培训和进修课程的频率。第 5 段对出现的培训需求进行了分析和评论;最后一段提出了一些结论性意见。
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引用次数: 0
IL FENOMENO DELL’IRONIA TRA CONCEZIONE «ECOICA» E APPROCCIO AUSTINIANO 回声 "概念与奥古斯丁方法之间的反讽现象
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.54103/2037-3597/22022
F. Ruggiero
Il presente contributo si concentra sul fenomeno dell’ironia verbale intesa come modalità marcata della comunicazione indiretta. In particolare, si intende discutere la cosiddetta concezione “ecoica” proposta dalla Teoria della Pertinenza (Sperber, Wilson, in part. 1978; 1981; cfr. anche Colston, Gibbs, 2007), per illustrarne da un lato l’originalità e l’innovatività rispetto ai quadri interpretativi del passato, dall’altro per evidenziarne le questioni lasciate aperte – soprattutto per alcuni limiti generali insiti nell’approccio pertinentista (cfr. Bianchi, 2009) – che di fatto costituiscono gli interrogativi irrisolti sul tema. Alla luce di questa analisi, saranno proposti alcuni spunti di integrazione alla suddetta teoria, sviluppando i suggerimenti provenienti dalle ricerche di Tommaso Russo Cardona (2017) e la sua proposta di analizzare l’ironia alla luce della Speech Acts Theory austiniana.   Verbal irony between the “ecoic” conception and the austinian approach This contribution focuses on verbal irony as a marked mode of indirect communication. In particular, the intent is to discuss the so-called “echoic” conception proposed by Relevance Theory (Sperber, Wilson, in part. 1978; 1981; cf. also Colston, Gibbs, 2007), in order to illustrate, on the one hand, its originality and innovativeness compared with the earlier interpretative frameworks, and to highlight, on the other hand, the issues left open - especially due to some general limitations inherent in the pertinentist approach (cf. Bianchi, 2009) – that in fact represent the unresolved questions on the topic. In the light of this analysis, some suggestions for integration will be proposed, drawing from the research of Tommaso Russo Cardona (2017) and his proposal to analyse irony in the light of Austin’s Speech Acts Theory.  
这篇论文的重点是作为间接交流的一种显著方式的语言反讽现象。具体而言,本文旨在讨论相关性理论(Sperber, Wilson, in part. 1978; 1981; cf. also Colston, Gibbs, 2007)提出的所谓 "回声 "概念,一方面说明其相对于过去的解释框架的独创性和创新性,另一方面强调未解决的问题--特别是由于相关性方法固有的一些普遍局限性(参见 Bianchi, 2009)--实际上构成了该主题的未决问题。根据这一分析,我们将对上述理论提出一些补充建议,这些建议来自托马索-鲁索-卡多纳(Tommaso Russo Cardona)(2017 年)的研究及其根据奥斯汀言语行为理论分析反讽的提议。 生态 "概念与奥斯汀方法之间的言语反讽 这篇论文重点讨论言语反讽作为间接交流的一种显著方式。具体而言,本文旨在讨论相关性理论(Sperber, Wilson, in part. 1978; 1981; cf. also Colston, Gibbs, 2007)提出的所谓 "回声 "概念,一方面说明其与早期解释框架相比的独创性和创新性,另一方面强调未决问题--特别是由于相关性方法固有的一些普遍局限性(参见 Bianchi, 2009)--实际上代表了该主题的未决问题。根据这一分析,我们将借鉴托马索-鲁索-卡多纳(Tommaso Russo Cardona)(2017 年)的研究及其根据奥斯汀的言语行为理论分析反讽的建议,提出一些整合建议。
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引用次数: 0
Silvia Morgana (a cura di), LA LETTERATURA DIALETTALE MILANESE: AUTORI E TESTI Silvia Morgana(编辑),《米兰双语文学:作家与文本》(MILANESE DIALECT LITERATURE: AUTHORS AND TEXTS
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.54103/2037-3597/22005
Alessandro Canazza
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引用次数: 0
ON THE PROSODIC CUES OF VERBAL IRONY IN A SITUATION COMEDY 情境喜剧中语言反讽的语法线索
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.54103/2037-3597/22021
Glenda Gurrado
Irony is defined as an instrument used by the speaker to communicate the opposite of real message they intend to convey. However, a number of studies agree in considering irony an attitude related to the need of protecting the personal image of the speaker. To date, relatively few studies have focused on the acoustic analysis of verbal irony. Nasal articulation, exaggerated stressed syllables, heightened intensity, slow speech rate, syllable lengthening (extra-long pauses) and heightened pitch variation are some of the prosodic patterns of ironic speech identified so far. In some cases, verbal irony presents a reduced pitch range and it is perceived as flat. With specific reference to Italian, there is currently little available research on the acoustic properties of verbal irony. Our study aims to investigate the strategies adopted by speakers to convey sarcasm in terms of prosody, specifically we focused on a famous Italian sit-com.   Sui tratti prosodici dell’ironia verbale in una sit-com L’ironia è definita come uno strumento utilizzato dal parlante per comunicare il contrario del reale messaggio che intende trasmettere. Tuttavia, diversi studi concordano nel considerare l’ironia un atteggiamento legato alla necessità di proteggere l’immagine personale del parlante. Ad oggi, relativamente pochi studi si sono concentrati sull’analisi acustica dell’ironia verbale. L’articolazione nasale, l’esagerazione delle sillabe sottolineate, l’aumento dell’intensità, la lentezza del discorso, l’allungamento delle sillabe (pause extra-lunghe) e l’accentuata variazione dell’intonazione sono alcuni dei modelli prosodici del discorso ironico identificati finora. In alcuni casi, l’ironia verbale presenta una gamma di intonazione ridotta e viene percepita come piatta. Con specifico riferimento all’italiano, le ricerche disponibili sull’acustica dell’ironia verbale sono fino ad oggi poche. Il nostro studio si propone di indagare le strategie adottate dai parlanti per trasmettere il sarcasmo in termini di prosodia; in particolare ci siamo concentrati sull’analisi di una famosa sit-com italiana.  
反讽被定义为说话者用来传达与他们想要传达的真实信息相反的信息的一种手段。然而,许多研究都认为反讽是一种态度,与保护说话者个人形象的需要有关。迄今为止,对言语反讽进行声学分析的研究相对较少。鼻音发音、夸张的重读音节、强度增强、语速减慢、音节延长(超长停顿)和音高变化增强是迄今为止已发现的反讽性言语的一些前音模式。在某些情况下,反语的音域较小,被认为是平声。具体到意大利语,目前关于言语反讽的声学特性的研究还很少。我们的研究旨在调查说话者在表达讽刺时所采用的拟声策略,具体来说,我们将重点放在一部著名的意大利情景喜剧上。 关于情景喜剧中言语讽刺的拟声特性 讽刺被定义为说话者用来传达与他想要传达的真实信息相反的信息的一种工具。然而,一些研究一致认为,反讽是一种态度,与保护说话者个人形象的需要有关。迄今为止,对言语反讽进行声学分析的研究相对较少。鼻音发音、夸大重读音节、加重语气、放慢语速、拉长音节(超长停顿)和加重语调变化是迄今为止已发现的反讽言语的一些发音模式。在某些情况下,言语反讽的语调幅度会减小,被认为是平缓的。具体到意大利语,迄今为止关于言语反讽的声学研究还很少。我们的研究旨在调查说话者在表达讽刺时所采用的拟声策略;特别是,我们重点分析了一部著名的意大利情景喜剧。
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引用次数: 0
TRANSLATING PRAGMATICS: A CORPUS-BASED STUDY ON ARMENIAN, ITALIAN AND RUSSIAN DIMINUTIVES 翻译语用学:基于语料库的亚美尼亚语、意大利语和俄语小称研究
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.54103/2037-3597/22015
Daniele Artoni, Ishkhan Dadyan
Diminutive affixes are a common morphological feature across languages and their denotative function of reducing the referent they are attached to can trigger emotional readings, like affection and endearment, as well as serve as pragmatic mitigators, both as positive and negative politeness markers. The current crosslinguistic study aims at investigating how pragmatically motivated diminutives are translated from Armenian and Italian into Russian, and vice versa. To do so, the analysis has been conducted on the data retrieved from two subcorpora of the Russian National Corpus (NKRJa), namely the Armenian-Russian Parallel Corpus and the Italian-Russian Parallel Corpus, which allow the search for diminutivized words and their translation in a large data set of translated texts. Although all the three languages considered here display diminutive noun morphology, their usage differs accordingly. In Armenian, the diminutive suffixes (-(j)ak, -ek, -(č)ik, -uk) are often used to signal the speaker’s affection, empathy, and psychological proximity towards the listener; in terms of pragmatics, they serve as positive politeness markers only in jocular and poetic contexts. In Italian, diminutive suffixes (e.g., -in-, -ett-) mark a denotative reduction of the referential noun; from a pragmatic perspective, however, they are primarily used in non-serious contexts and are commonly used as mitigating devices in negative politeness. In Russian, the diminutive suffix -#k- and its allomorphs are used in wider contexts and address a variety of emotional situations; negative politeness generally relies on the use of diminutive morphology, especially with reference to time slots (e.g., minut-k-a ‘minute-DIM’). Our analysis focused on diminutivized time references, which are purely pragmatic markers. In particular, we have investigated whether diminutive morphology in the source text was maintained in the target text and, if not, what strategies were used in the target text to maintain the pragmatic value of diminutives. With Russian being a language with wider pragmatic usages of diminutive morphology, Russian original texts and translations into Russian display a larger number of diminutives than Armenian and Italian ones. Diminutivized time references never occur in Armenian texts, and Russian diminutives are translated into Armenian either with the numeral մի [mi] ‘one’ followed by a non-diminutivized time reference or by using a smaller unit of time, as վայրկյան [vajrkjan] ‘second’ for минут-к-а [minut-k-a] ‘a minute-DIM’. In Italian, alongside the non-diminutivized version of the time reference, we have noticed an extensive use of momento ‘moment’, and the maintenance of the diminutive form in Italian, which triggers a non-serious reading though.   Tradurre la pragmatica: uno studio sui diminutivi in armeno, italiano e russo a partire dai corpora Gli affissi diminutivi sono un tratto morfologico comune a molte lingue. La funzione denotativa di riduzione del
特别是,我们研究了目标文本中是否保留了源文本中的减词形态,如果没有,目标文本中使用了哪些策略来保持减词的语用价值。由于俄语是一种在语用中更广泛使用缩略语形态的语言,因此俄语原文和俄语译文中的缩略语要比亚美尼亚语和意大利语中的多。亚美尼亚语文本中从未出现过微缩时间单位,俄语中的微缩词在翻译成亚美尼亚语时,要么用数字մի [mi] "一 "紧跟非微缩时间单位,要么用更小的时间单位,如վայրյկան [vajrkjan] "秒 "表示 минут-к-а [minut-k-a] "分-DIM"。在意大利语中,除了非减缩形式的时间指代外,我们还注意到矩(moment)的广泛使用和减缩形式的保留,但在意大利语中,这引发了对语境的非严肃解读。
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引用次数: 0
Elena Maria Duso, QUALE GRAMMATICA PER APPRENDERE L’ITALIANO L2. PROPOSTE DIDATTICHE PER GIOVANI E ADULTI Elena Maria Duso, WHICH GRAMMATICS TO LEARN ITALIAN L2.针对年轻人和成年人的教学建议
IF 0.3 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.54103/2037-3597/22007
M. Prada
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引用次数: 0
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Italiano LinguaDue
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