Population Review最新文献

Abstract:

Social characteristics related to mortality, such as hierarchy or family structure, are generally represented as a unidimensional scale. This is inconsistent with much of sociological theory, which represents hierarchy as a multidimensional, or partially ordered, scale. We utilize Bourdieu’s tripartite concept of Capital – Economic, Cultural and Social – to conceptualize social hierarchy and construct appropriate scales. We combine these with measures of Household Structure to investigate their relation to male and female aggregate mortality. Using data for Australian small statistical areas (SA2) from the census of 2011, we regressed male and female standardized mortality (SMR) on the scales for Capital and Household Structure, with controls for State/Territory, Remoteness, and Indigeneity of the SA2. We find that Economic and Cultural Capital significantly reduce mortality, while Social Capital has a smaller effect, significant only for males; Family Structure is at least as important as Capital in explaining levels of mortality; Geographic location, namely State/Territory and degree of Remoteness, are significant determinants of mortality risk and Indigenous areas are at a heavy disadvantage, even when we account for all other social and situational characteristics. We conclude that social space, as measured by scales of social hierarchy and family structure, is multidimensional. To understand fully why mortality is higher in some areas than in others, we need to bring together theory and data.

Abstract:

Status characteristics including race, sexuality, and gender identity play a significant role in people's access to health and healthcare coverage. Despite documented disadvantages across these individual statuses (e.g., race), little research has investigated how the intersection of statuses affect health coverage. Drawing on an intersectional framework, this study uses data from the 2021 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to examine the association between health insurance and the intersections of race-ethnicity, sexual orientation, and gender identity (n=206,338). This study offers three important contributions to the research literature. First, this study represents one of the first to examine the intersection of important social status characteristics and health insurance status. Second, this study examines three indicators of healthcare coverage including status (i.e., insured or not), type (i.e., public, private, employer-based, or none), and denial of coverage (i.e., insurance refused to pay for cancer treatment). Third, we investigate healthcare disparities using data representative of thirty-two states that more holistically assess people's healthcare status and allow for greater generalizability. Findings show that Hispanic straight cismen are the least likely group to have insurance. White trans adults appear to be more likely to have insurance than many other groups. Trans adults are more likely to have public insurance if they are ethnoracially marginalized. Straight Black women have high likelihoods of their insurance denying coverage. These findings highlight critical gaps in access to healthcare and myriad disadvantages in coverage. Efforts to improve population health would benefit from an intersectional lens that focuses on how multiple status characteristics shape people's access to healthcare across the life course.

Abstract:

An important aspect of globalization is the role of science and technology whereby nations and regions exhibit their capacity for scientific and technological innovations. Even though ideas, knowledge and expertise have no borders, some areas are better positioned to embark on scientific discovery and innovation than others. Even though production of scientific knowledge in one area ultimately spills over in another, differences are likely to continue. Scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs are highly mobile professionals who move easily beyond local and regional economic opportunities. These experts appear to prefer to locate in areas with sound scientific research and innovation infrastructure on the one hand and intellectual and scientific brain power on the other.

Abstract:

This essay seeks to contribute to the contemporary literature on urbanization by focusing on the internal diversity existing in one emerging global city—Miami. We present first overall economic characteristics of this metropolitan area before discussing characteristics of three pairs of municipalities within it. These localities were deliberately selected to highlight contrasts and disparities in the history and present situation of specific places that tend to be ignored or bypassed in general descriptions of a given metropolitan area. A focus on these disparities provides a necessary tool to fully understand the dynamics of urbanization under contemporary capitalism.

Abstract:

Morocco has witnessed profound socio-economic and cultural transformations as a result of urbanization and industrialization. Although access to education and employment is unequal between men and women, the decline in fertility has triggered social mutations ranging from the lessening of the patriarchal system to the empowering of women. Each woman’s experience of gender inequality is different, depending on how her gender intersects with other factors such as disability, social class, age, place of residence, degree of autonomy and so on. These intersections create a unique experience of exclusion and marginalization, which has an impact on the risks and experiences that shape her fertility intentions. The gender-intersectional approach highlights the relationships between women’s social identities well beyond gender and the multidimensional nature of risk and exclusion concepts. Women who belong to a marginalized group such as those with a low level of education or a low wealth quintile, for example, are subject to increased discrimination and exclusion, particularly in terms of access to employment, education or health services. We used data from the latest National Population and Family Health Survey (NPFHS) held in 2018. The results show that the intention of transition to the third child occurs among women who are illiterate, inactive, victims of violence and have little decision-making power regarding their employment opportunities. In terms of spatial analysis, the transition to a third child occurs among women who live in an unequal relationship with their partners. However, this relationship is stronger in rural areas, where the perception and value of children is still high.

Abstract:

Despite actions taken by the Indian government to improve national, regional, and village-level sexual and reproductive health, 49 million women still have unmet contraceptive needs. Yet, when granted access, women disproportionately elect for irreversible methods such that India has the highest female sterilization rate in the world. Building on these insights, the present study examines associations between women’s empowerment (e.g., cooking, shopping, and family-planning autonomy), region (e.g., Hills, North, and East), and use of contraception (i.e., any and type). Data for this study comes from ever-married, reproductive aged women in the 2005 and 2012 waves of the India Human Development Survey (n=38,634). Results from multilevel logistic models showed that higher levels of women’s empowerment are associated with greater probability of using contraception, and after disaggregation, relying on female sterilization. Furthermore, region of residence modifies associations such that women residing in the North Central and North are typically less likely to utilize contraception. Across empowerment levels, residents of the West and South consistently have higher levels of contraceptive use. This study highlights the importance of women’s empowerment for contraception as well as regional differences in reproductive healthcare access, views of contraception, and long-term impacts of fertility planning programs.

Abstract:

The demographic theory of fertility has interested prominent scholars for more than a century. Most recently and notably, Greenhalgh (1994), Van de Kaa (1995), de Bruijn (2006) and Leridon (2015) have dedicated their works to the analysis of the established demographic theories. They have provided a typology and analysis of demographic theories of fertility and illuminated many components of the latter, including the logic of theories’ development and evolution, their multidisciplinary nature and their “anchors” in the existing body of knowledge in their respective broader fields. Still, scholars acknowledge … “we still have no universally accepted explanation for why the Western post-war baby boom occurred, and why it ended. Nor do we have any clear idea of how fertility will evolve in countries where it is currently below replacement level. Homo demographicus is yet to be born…” (Leridon, 2015). The proposed agenda for advancing demographic theories include linking them to their predecessors in social sciences, analyzing them from the theory construction standpoint, providing distinctions between several branches of each of these theories, and outlining a strategy for the integration of compatible parts of these theories.

Abstract:

This study seeks to examine the association between socioeconomic status of men and women and their lifetime fertility or childlessness. Declining fertility is a concern for many industrialized economies and childlessness is an important phenomenon that contributes to low fertility rates. This study used data from 4,705 of the over 10,000 people in the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), Wave 1 collected in 2006, a nationally representative sample of people aged 45 and over in South Korea. This sample of middle-aged individuals provides information about lifetime fertility of men and women of South Korea, including those who have never been married. Results from logistic regression analyses showed that, for men, education, employment, and income were significantly positively associated having a child/children, whereas no significant association was found among women. The findings imply that in South Korea, men who have difficulty bearing the normative expectation of financial responsibility of fatherhood tend not to have children.