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Determinants of Life Expectancy over a Century in a Developing Country: The Case of Chile, 1900–2010 发展中国家百年预期寿命的决定因素:1900-2010年智利的案例
IF 0.7 Q4 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-04-15 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2023.0005
Luis Garrido-Vergara, Ignacio Sepúlveda-Rodríguez
Abstract:Although life expectancy is a key metric for assessing a population’s health and well-being, there is a lack of both data and studies on this phenomenon over long periods of time in developing countries. Using original datasets for 1900–2010, this paper empirically measures the effect of certain determinants of life expectancy in Chile. The data considered includes sociodemographic information, measures of income distribution, and other indicators related to economic growth and the political system. The results show that, during the twentieth century, aspects related to certain sociodemographic variables, social inequality, and economic growth had a strong impact on the evolution of life expectancy in this country.
摘要:虽然预期寿命是评估人口健康和福祉的关键指标,但在发展中国家,长期以来缺乏关于这一现象的数据和研究。本文使用1900-2010年的原始数据集,实证地测量了智利预期寿命的某些决定因素的影响。考虑的数据包括社会人口统计信息、收入分配措施以及与经济增长和政治制度有关的其他指标。结果表明,在20世纪,与某些社会人口变量、社会不平等和经济增长相关的方面对这个国家预期寿命的演变产生了强烈影响。
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引用次数: 0
A Result without a Cause: The Unique Fertility Pattern of the Israeli-Druze 无因的结果:以色列-德鲁兹人独特的生育模式
IF 0.7 Q4 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2023.0004
O. Winckler
Abstract:The academic and non-academic literature on the Druze emphasize their uniqueness. This rests on many components, the main one being the fact that they continue to live in closed communities; they maintain the confidentiality of their religion; the religion is closed to outsiders; and marriage outside the community is almost non-existent. None of the research on the Israeli-Druze, however, deals with their fertility patterns. The aim of this research is two-fold: first, to sketch the major trends of fertility patterns of the Israeli-Druze since the establishment of the state of Israel. The second aim is to explore the causes for the uniqueness of the Israeli-Druze fertility decline which occurred despite the absence of the major pre-conditions for sub replacement-level fertility rate in line with the Second Demographic Transition theory.
摘要:学术文献和非学术文献都强调德鲁兹人的独特性。这取决于许多因素,主要是他们继续生活在封闭的社区;他们对自己的宗教信仰保密;该宗教不对外开放;社区外的婚姻几乎不存在。然而,没有一项关于以色列-德鲁兹人的研究涉及他们的生育模式。本研究的目的有两个方面:第一,概述以色列-德鲁兹族自以色列建国以来生育模式的主要趋势。第二个目的是探讨以色列-德鲁兹族生育率下降的独特性的原因,尽管根据第二次人口转型理论缺乏低于更替水平的生育率的主要先决条件,但这种生育率下降还是发生了。
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引用次数: 0
Occupational Gender Segregation in the Rural and Urban Labor Market of Pakistan 巴基斯坦城乡劳动力市场的职业性别隔离
IF 0.7 Q4 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-02-16 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2023.0003
Muhammad Zaheer-ud-Din Khan, R. Said, N. Mazlan, N. Nor
Abstract:This study provides detailed insight into the extent and pattern of occupational segregation by gender in a multi-group context in Pakistan. Microdata obtained from the labor force survey of Pakistan for years 2013-2018 are pooled to obtain more reliable estimates over time. The local segregation measures are used to study occupational segregation by gender and for several subgroups based on individual and labor market characteristics. The analysis is performed separately for rural and urban areas. Results show significantly high occupational gender segregation in the labor market overall. Females suffer greater occupational segregation than males in all subgroups across regions. It is also found that human capital characteristics such as higher education do not contribute to controlling the occupational segregation in the labor market. The study concludes that the occupational gender segregation in Pakistan can be explained by the devaluation hypothesis and compensating differentials theory.
摘要:本研究对巴基斯坦多族群背景下性别职业隔离的程度和模式提供了详细的见解。从2013-2018年巴基斯坦劳动力调查中获得的微观数据进行汇总,以便随着时间的推移获得更可靠的估计。地方隔离措施用于研究按性别划分的职业隔离,以及基于个人和劳动力市场特征的若干子群体的职业隔离。对农村和城市地区分别进行了分析。结果显示,在整个劳动力市场中,职业性别隔离明显很高。在各地区的所有亚群体中,女性比男性遭受更大的职业隔离。研究还发现,高等教育等人力资本特征无助于控制劳动力市场的职业隔离。研究认为,巴基斯坦职业性别隔离可以用贬值假说和补偿差异理论来解释。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Child's Gender in Fertility and Family Structure: Evidence across Countries and Centuries 儿童性别在生育和家庭结构中的作用:跨国家和世纪的证据
IF 0.7 Q4 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-26 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2023.0001
H. Noghanibehambari
Abstract:Previous studies have documented that a child's gender affects future fertility and family structure across several parts of the world. This paper use a comprehensive sets of data sources to examine its heterogeneity across countries and cohorts. Using individual-level data of 516 sample-years from 98 countries that span more than 300 years, I find that, on average, families increase their number of children if their first-born child is a girl. However, this average effect contains substantial heterogeneity. A cohort analysis using data of more developed countries suggests that these effects are concentrated in periods of fertility declines, specifically late 19th century. The effects are also primarily confined to Asia, specifically southeast Asia and Middle-East. Moreover, the fertility effects are significantly stronger among low educated mothers and those residing in countries with lower gender equal norms. Some policy implications are discussed.
摘要:以前的研究已经证明,在世界上一些地区,孩子的性别会影响未来的生育能力和家庭结构。本文使用一套全面的数据来源来检验其在国家和群体之间的异质性。我利用来自98个国家、跨度超过300年的516个样本年的个人层面数据发现,平均而言,如果第一胎是女孩,家庭就会增加孩子的数量。然而,这种平均效应包含了大量的异质性。一项使用较发达国家数据的队列分析表明,这些影响集中在生育率下降的时期,特别是19世纪后期。这种影响也主要局限于亚洲,特别是东南亚和中东。此外,在受教育程度较低的母亲和居住在性别平等规范较低的国家的母亲中,生育率的影响明显更强。讨论了一些政策影响。
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引用次数: 0
Couple Asymmetries and Modern Contraceptive Use among Young Married Women in Nigeria 夫妇不对称和尼日利亚年轻已婚妇女现代避孕药具的使用
IF 0.7 Q4 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-26 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2023.0002
Olaide O. Ojoniyi, S. Frade
Abstract:Nigeria is faced with high fertility, maternal and child mortality, and a rapid population growth rate. The uptake of modern methods of contraception is crucial to reduce the high fertility rate, halt population growth, lessen child mortality, and enhance maternal health. This study assessed partners' socio-economic and demographic asymmetries as barriers to modern contraceptive use among young married women in Nigeria. This study used data for 5,772 young married women aged 15-34 years from the Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey 2018. Frequency distributions and binomial logistic regression were carried out using STATA v12. Findings show that 20.4% of young married women use modern contraceptives. Respondents whose partners desire more children were less likely to use modern contraceptives (AOR= 0.712, CI 0.603-0.840). Also, contraceptive use is less likely when the respondent's partner is more educated than the respondent compared to if both have the same level of education (AOR= 0.721, CI 0.607-0.857). Differences in partners' fertility desires and educational status are associated with the use of modern contraceptives among married women aged 15-34 years in Nigeria.
摘要:尼日利亚面临着高生育率、高母婴死亡率、高人口增长率的问题。采用现代避孕方法对于降低高生育率、停止人口增长、降低儿童死亡率和加强产妇保健至关重要。本研究评估了伴侣的社会经济和人口不对称是尼日利亚年轻已婚妇女使用现代避孕药具的障碍。这项研究使用了2018年尼日利亚人口与健康调查中5772名15-34岁年轻已婚女性的数据。使用STATA v12进行频率分布和二项逻辑回归。调查结果显示,20.4%的年轻已婚妇女使用现代避孕药具。其伴侣想要更多孩子的受访者不太可能使用现代避孕措施(AOR= 0.712, CI 0.603-0.840)。此外,与受教育程度相同的情况相比,当被调查者的伴侣比被调查者受教育程度更高时,使用避孕措施的可能性更小(AOR= 0.721, CI 0.607-0.857)。在尼日利亚,15-34岁的已婚妇女使用现代避孕药具与伴侣生育意愿和教育状况的差异有关。
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引用次数: 0
Self-employment as an Alternative to Labor Market Bifurcation: The Role of Human and Ethnic Social Capital 自雇作为劳动力市场分化的一种选择:人力和民族社会资本的作用
IF 0.7 Q4 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-11 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2023.0000
A. Portes, Ryan Bagwell, H. Noghanibehambari, Olaide Ojoniyi, S. Frade, Muhammad Zaheer-ud-Din Khan, R. Said, N. Mazlan, N. Nor, O. Winckler
Abstract:The article examines the role of self-employment in a post-industrial labor market bifurcated between high paying-jobs in the profession and low-paying jobs in the services and construction. In the context, self-employment emerges as an alternative to pour wages and unemployment among both native and immigrant workers. The analysis shows that self-employment is not homogenous between “survival” enterprises yielding minimal income and incorporated firms whose owners earn incomes significantly above their wage-earning counterparts. We examine these differences among whites, blacks, native born and major immigrant nationalities. We examine determinants of earnings and self-employment and find that both are significantly influenced by human capital factors but that, controlling for them, significant differences exist among ethnic groups. These are attributed to differences in social capital linked to ethnic networks. The paper illustrates these differences with examples from the immigrant economic literature and discusses the implications for individual and collective economic achievement.
摘要:本文考察了自雇在高薪职业和低薪服务业、建筑业的后工业劳动力市场中的作用。在这种情况下,自营职业成为本地和移民工人工资和失业的另一种选择。分析表明,在收入最低的“生存”企业和所有者收入明显高于工资收入的公司之间,自营职业是不相同的。我们研究了白人、黑人、本土出生和主要移民国籍之间的这些差异。我们研究了收入和自营职业的决定因素,发现两者都受到人力资本因素的显著影响,但在控制它们的情况下,种族群体之间存在显著差异。这归因于与种族网络相关的社会资本的差异。本文以移民经济文献为例说明了这些差异,并讨论了对个人和集体经济成就的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Occupational Segregation and Gender Wage Gap in Pakistan: Do Occupational Classifications Matter? 巴基斯坦的职业隔离与性别工资差距:职业分类重要吗?
Q4 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2023.a909144
Muhammad Zaheer Khan, Rusmawati Said, Nur Syazwani Mazlan, Norashidah Mohamed Nor
Abstract: This paper aims to quantify the relationship between occupational gender segregation and gender wage disparities in Pakistan. Non-parametric matching-based decomposition method and a detailed set of individual and labor market characteristics, especially the detailed occupations at a 3-digit level, are used to determine the gender wage gap for males and females in and out of the common support. The results show that even though the inclusion of a detailed set of human capital, labor market characteristics, and occupational segregation by gender helps in explaining most of the gender wage gap, a large proportion of the gender wage gap remained unexplained and can be attributed to gender discrimination. A comparison of rural and urban labor markets shows a high rate of the gender wage gap in rural areas compared to urban areas of the country.
摘要:本文旨在量化巴基斯坦职业性别隔离与性别工资差异之间的关系。采用基于非参数匹配的分解方法和一组详细的个人和劳动力市场特征,特别是三位数水平的详细职业,来确定共同支持内外男女的性别工资差距。研究结果表明,尽管纳入了一套详细的人力资本、劳动力市场特征和性别职业隔离,有助于解释大部分性别工资差距,但仍有很大一部分性别工资差距无法解释,可以归因于性别歧视。对农村和城市劳动力市场的比较表明,与城市地区相比,农村地区的性别工资差距很大。
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引用次数: 0
Teleworking: An approach to its measurement using official labor surveys in Latin America 远程办公:拉丁美洲官方劳工调查的测量方法
Q4 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2023.a906619
Yanira Marcela Oviedo Gil, Favio Ernesto Cala Vitery
Abstract: In this paper we propose a comparable measure of approximate teleworkers in Latin American countries using official labor surveys. To do this, we start from a review of the context and concept of teleworking that allows a better understanding of the matter. Then, we study the literature and propose a standard methodology, understanding teleworkers as homeworkers with occupations supported by Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Finally, we apply our methodological proposal in Colombia, Brazil, and Argentina, finding that the conditions imposed by the pandemic seem to have increased levels of effective use of telework. However, the use of telework has not been "massive", even in the face of the severity of the pandemic. We close the paper by exploring the characteristics of the approximate teleworkers, obtaining that they tend to be more female, have university education, and work in small firms; they also are slightly older than other workers.
摘要:本文采用官方劳动力调查的方法对拉丁美洲国家的远程工作者进行了比较。为了做到这一点,我们从回顾远程工作的背景和概念开始,以便更好地理解这个问题。然后,我们研究了文献并提出了一种标准方法,将远程工作者理解为由信息通信技术(ICT)支持的职业的家庭工作者。最后,我们在哥伦比亚、巴西和阿根廷应用了我们的方法建议,发现疫情造成的条件似乎提高了远程工作的有效利用水平。然而,即使面对疫情的严重程度,远程办公的使用也并非"大规模"。本文最后探讨了近似远程工作者的特征,发现他们往往是女性,受过大学教育,在小公司工作;他们的年龄也比其他员工略大。
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引用次数: 1
Determinants of Early Neonatal Mortality in Indonesia 印度尼西亚早期新生儿死亡的决定因素
IF 0.7 Q4 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-12-06 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2022.0009
Irdam Ahmad, Nadia Qothrunnada, Yulintin Riana Dewi
Abstract:This study aimed to analyze the factors that contributed to early neonatal mortality in Indonesia using the raw data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic Health Survey. The analytical method used was the Rare Event Logistic Regression Model. The results showed that infants who were more likely to die at early neonatal or seven days of life were born to working mothers, mothers with aged <20 years old and > 35 years old, infants born with low birth weight (<2500 grams), male infants, and parturition who were not health officers. About 65.3% of early neonatal deaths were born to working women, 40% were born to women <20 years and > 35 years of age, 44% were low birth weight, 69.3% were male and 56% were born by pregnant women whose parturition are not assisted by health officers.
摘要:本研究旨在利用2017年印度尼西亚人口健康调查的原始数据,分析导致印度尼西亚早期新生儿死亡的因素。分析方法为罕见事件Logistic回归模型。结果表明,更有可能在新生儿早期或出生7天死亡的婴儿是由有工作的母亲、年龄在35岁的母亲、出生时体重不足的婴儿(35岁,44%出生时体重不足,69.3%为男性,56%的婴儿是由没有卫生官员协助分娩的孕妇所生。
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引用次数: 1
Access to Housing of Migrant Populations in Montevideo 蒙得维的亚移民人口获得住房的机会
IF 0.7 Q4 DEMOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-12-06 DOI: 10.1353/prv.2022.0010
Julieta Bengochea, Victoria Prieto Rosas, Camila Montiel
Abstract:Collective dwellings are highly prevalent among migrants in south-south migration destination countries, typically associated with poor building quality, overcrowding, and unsafe rental arrangements for their occupants. Using longitudinal data from the Recent Immigration Ethnosurvey (ENIR) conducted in Montevideo from July 2018 to March 2019, this article examines the housing conditions among migrants from Cuban, Dominican, Peruvian, and Venezuelan origins. Using multivariate analysis, we discuss whether and how the community of origin, the socio-demographic characteristics of migrants, the nature of their migratory plans, the existence of support networks, and the configuration of the family unit are associated with the probability of living in collective dwellings upon arrival. This paper contributes to the growing literature on the social inclusion of migrant and refugee populations in Latin America with a topic of the utmost importance in a region with structural issues guaranteeing housing rights for its population.
摘要:集体住宅在南南移民目的地国的移民中非常普遍,通常与建筑质量差、过度拥挤和居住者不安全的租赁安排有关。本文利用2018年7月至2019年3月在蒙得维的亚进行的近期移民民族调查(ENIR)的纵向数据,研究了来自古巴、多米尼加、秘鲁和委内瑞拉的移民的住房条件。利用多变量分析,我们讨论了移民的原籍社区、移民的社会人口特征、移民计划的性质、支持网络的存在以及家庭单位的配置是否以及如何与抵达后居住在集体住宅中的概率相关。本文对拉丁美洲移民和难民人口的社会包容方面的文献越来越多,在一个保障其人口住房权利的结构性问题的地区,这一主题至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
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Population Review
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