Abstract:This study compares the likelihood of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) present or treated during pregnancy among Mexican origin, non-Hispanic White, and Black birth-giving women. Logistic regression analyses of birth certificate records from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), for years 2009–2012, are used to determine the likelihood of presence or treatment of STIs for birth-giving women. Despite Mexican-origin women having the lowest levels of socioeconomic status (SES), as measured by educational attainment, logistic regression results show that the likelihood of presence or treatment of an STI is unexpectedly higher for Whites and Blacks when compared to their Mexican-origin counterparts. The unanticipated results parallel other health advantages commonly found within the ‘Latina paradox literature’. Results show that women who defer their first prenatal visit until the last trimester of pregnancy have the highest odds of having an STI present or treated during pregnancy. The present study suggest that the Latina paradox could be extended via future research on STIs, and supports policies that might improve the maternal health of underserved women who defer their first prenatal visit until the third trimester.
{"title":"Extending the Latina Paradox: Comparative Findings of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Mexican Origin, Black, and White Birth-Giving Women","authors":"M. Obregón","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2019.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2019.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This study compares the likelihood of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) present or treated during pregnancy among Mexican origin, non-Hispanic White, and Black birth-giving women. Logistic regression analyses of birth certificate records from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), for years 2009–2012, are used to determine the likelihood of presence or treatment of STIs for birth-giving women. Despite Mexican-origin women having the lowest levels of socioeconomic status (SES), as measured by educational attainment, logistic regression results show that the likelihood of presence or treatment of an STI is unexpectedly higher for Whites and Blacks when compared to their Mexican-origin counterparts. The unanticipated results parallel other health advantages commonly found within the ‘Latina paradox literature’. Results show that women who defer their first prenatal visit until the last trimester of pregnancy have the highest odds of having an STI present or treated during pregnancy. The present study suggest that the Latina paradox could be extended via future research on STIs, and supports policies that might improve the maternal health of underserved women who defer their first prenatal visit until the third trimester.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"52 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88356952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This contribution proposes a simulation approach for the indirect estimation of age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) and the total fertility rate (TFR) for Germany via time series modeling of the principal components of the ASFRs. The model accounts for cross-correlation and autocorrelation among the ASFR time series. The effects of certain measures are quantified through the introduction of policy variables. Our approach is applicable to probabilistic sensitivity analyses investigating the potential outcome of political intervention. A slight increase in the TFR is probable until 2040. In the median scenario, the TFR will increase from 1.6 in 2016 to 1.63 in 2040 and will be between 1.34 and 1.93 with a probability of 75% under the most realistic policy scenario. Based on this result, it is unlikely that the fertility level will fall back to its extremely low levels of the mid-1990s. Four simple alternate scenarios are used to illustrate the estimated ceteris paribus effect of changes in our policy variables on the TFR as well as the results of simple extrapolations.
{"title":"A Principal Component Simulation of Age-Specific Fertility – Impacts of Family and Social Policy on Reproductive Behavior in Germany","authors":"Patrizio Vanella, Philipp Deschermeier","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2019.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2019.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This contribution proposes a simulation approach for the indirect estimation of age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) and the total fertility rate (TFR) for Germany via time series modeling of the principal components of the ASFRs. The model accounts for cross-correlation and autocorrelation among the ASFR time series. The effects of certain measures are quantified through the introduction of policy variables. Our approach is applicable to probabilistic sensitivity analyses investigating the potential outcome of political intervention. A slight increase in the TFR is probable until 2040. In the median scenario, the TFR will increase from 1.6 in 2016 to 1.63 in 2040 and will be between 1.34 and 1.93 with a probability of 75% under the most realistic policy scenario. Based on this result, it is unlikely that the fertility level will fall back to its extremely low levels of the mid-1990s. Four simple alternate scenarios are used to illustrate the estimated ceteris paribus effect of changes in our policy variables on the TFR as well as the results of simple extrapolations.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"66 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80706644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This paper focuses on the adjustment of reported populations from censuses in developing countries. Reported populations by sex and 5–year age groups in censuses from developing countries are known to be defective and need adjustment before they can be gainfully utilised. We apply methods based on population models to obtain adjusted populations from the reported populations because mathematical methods have been shown to smoothen out genuine features of a study population. In order to assess the success of the adjustment, the adjusted data were subjected to re-evaluation and were used to obtain estimates of some demographic parameters (fertility, mortality, etc). Using the age-sex accuracy index, the results show that quality of the adjusted populations improved substantially in all the censuses and appear much better than results from the mathematical methods. Therefore, we recommend that, where necessary, adjusted data using population models should be used for estimation of demographic parameters and population projections in developing countries.
{"title":"Application of Population Models to the Adjustment of Age and Sex Data from Developing Countries","authors":"C. Okoro, E. C. Nwogu","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2019.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2019.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper focuses on the adjustment of reported populations from censuses in developing countries. Reported populations by sex and 5–year age groups in censuses from developing countries are known to be defective and need adjustment before they can be gainfully utilised. We apply methods based on population models to obtain adjusted populations from the reported populations because mathematical methods have been shown to smoothen out genuine features of a study population. In order to assess the success of the adjustment, the adjusted data were subjected to re-evaluation and were used to obtain estimates of some demographic parameters (fertility, mortality, etc). Using the age-sex accuracy index, the results show that quality of the adjusted populations improved substantially in all the censuses and appear much better than results from the mathematical methods. Therefore, we recommend that, where necessary, adjusted data using population models should be used for estimation of demographic parameters and population projections in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"62 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90381407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:It has long been puzzled why and how China's population was able to multiply four-fold from circa 1750 to 1850. Descriptions/explanations as well as reservations/suspicions vary widely and the debate can be energetic and uncompromising at the same time. This research aims to settle some aspects of the debate both qualitatively by looking at the interplay between China's resource endowments (e.g. farmland), technology (new crops), institutions (landownership, aided migration, disaster relief and so forth) and exogenous shocks (wars and natural disasters) on the one hand, and quantitatively by deploying empirical test on correlations between populations growth and factors that influenced that growth. Our key findings indicate that China's demographic upsurge during the Qing Period (1644-1911) was achieved with a synergy of positive factors and mainly by the non-market sector.
{"title":"China's Extraordinary Population Expansion and Its Determinants during the Qing Period, 1644-1911","authors":"K. Deng, Shengmin Sun","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2019.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2019.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:It has long been puzzled why and how China's population was able to multiply four-fold from circa 1750 to 1850. Descriptions/explanations as well as reservations/suspicions vary widely and the debate can be energetic and uncompromising at the same time. This research aims to settle some aspects of the debate both qualitatively by looking at the interplay between China's resource endowments (e.g. farmland), technology (new crops), institutions (landownership, aided migration, disaster relief and so forth) and exogenous shocks (wars and natural disasters) on the one hand, and quantitatively by deploying empirical test on correlations between populations growth and factors that influenced that growth. Our key findings indicate that China's demographic upsurge during the Qing Period (1644-1911) was achieved with a synergy of positive factors and mainly by the non-market sector.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"72 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83916066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This study examines the knowledge and usage of emergency contraceptives (ECs) among university students in the Republic of Ghana. Data from 1,871 students at the University of Ghana were collected using a structured questionnaire. The results show that the majority (87.9 percent) of students were aware of some regular contraceptives and ECs. Results also reveal that despite the knowledge of these contraceptives among students, the majority (70.4 percent) had never used a contraceptive. The authors recommend that the university should use social media to facilitate student awareness and knowledge of contraceptives, including ECs.
{"title":"Knowledge and Usage of Emergency Contraceptives among University Students in Ghana","authors":"E. Osei-Tutu, A. Aryeh-Adjei, E. Ampadu","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2018.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2018.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This study examines the knowledge and usage of emergency contraceptives (ECs) among university students in the Republic of Ghana. Data from 1,871 students at the University of Ghana were collected using a structured questionnaire. The results show that the majority (87.9 percent) of students were aware of some regular contraceptives and ECs. Results also reveal that despite the knowledge of these contraceptives among students, the majority (70.4 percent) had never used a contraceptive. The authors recommend that the university should use social media to facilitate student awareness and knowledge of contraceptives, including ECs.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"5 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91254483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:A vast international literature has provided evidence on the key role of women in household activities as well as a long-term trend of time reallocation toward a more egalitarian gender division of work. Our objective is to study the changes in gender gaps in home production and the labor market in Uruguay between 2006 and 2013. Our main conclusions are: i) the gender gaps for time spent in the labor market and home production decreased; ii) women increased their time allocated to the labor market and slightly reduced the time spent on home production, whereas the opposite is observable for men; iii) both women and men increased the time allocated to childcare, which resulted in a stable gender gap; iv) both women and men decreased the time spent on other household activities, narrowing the gender gap; and v) this less unequal division of time is also apparent when the gender gaps are measured in monetary terms, although the movement in home production prices did not contribute to reducing the gender gaps.
{"title":"Revealing Gender Gap Changes in Home Production and Labor Income in Uruguay","authors":"Marisa Bucheli, Cecilia Lara","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2021.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2021.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:A vast international literature has provided evidence on the key role of women in household activities as well as a long-term trend of time reallocation toward a more egalitarian gender division of work. Our objective is to study the changes in gender gaps in home production and the labor market in Uruguay between 2006 and 2013. Our main conclusions are: i) the gender gaps for time spent in the labor market and home production decreased; ii) women increased their time allocated to the labor market and slightly reduced the time spent on home production, whereas the opposite is observable for men; iii) both women and men increased the time allocated to childcare, which resulted in a stable gender gap; iv) both women and men decreased the time spent on other household activities, narrowing the gender gap; and v) this less unequal division of time is also apparent when the gender gaps are measured in monetary terms, although the movement in home production prices did not contribute to reducing the gender gaps.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"72 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86617113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Over the last 50 years, least developed countries have experienced dramatic population growth due to high fertility rates and poor economic conditions within these countries. In order to tackle this issue, many least developed countries have made remarkable strides to lower their fertility rates. However, while for some countries fertility rates have been on the decline, for other countries such as those in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), their fertility rates are still among the highest in the world. Such variations in fertility rates have led to many studies on this issue. However, the possible role of populations with typical high fertility rates, such as those in slums, have been given much less attention. This paper investigates the role of growing slums as a moderating factor that could possibly contribute to explaining the reasons behind the failure of some regions, such as MENA and SSA, to bring down fertility rates to a satisfactory level. Our panel fixed effects and two-stage least square results of 72 developing countries during the period 1990-2014 support the positive effect of slums on fertility rate after controlling for endogeneity, country and time fixed effects, as well other drivers of fertility.
{"title":"Urban Slums and Fertility Rate Differentials","authors":"S. Hassan, Ron Mahabir","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2018.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2018.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Over the last 50 years, least developed countries have experienced dramatic population growth due to high fertility rates and poor economic conditions within these countries. In order to tackle this issue, many least developed countries have made remarkable strides to lower their fertility rates. However, while for some countries fertility rates have been on the decline, for other countries such as those in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), their fertility rates are still among the highest in the world. Such variations in fertility rates have led to many studies on this issue. However, the possible role of populations with typical high fertility rates, such as those in slums, have been given much less attention. This paper investigates the role of growing slums as a moderating factor that could possibly contribute to explaining the reasons behind the failure of some regions, such as MENA and SSA, to bring down fertility rates to a satisfactory level. Our panel fixed effects and two-stage least square results of 72 developing countries during the period 1990-2014 support the positive effect of slums on fertility rate after controlling for endogeneity, country and time fixed effects, as well other drivers of fertility.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"11 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78880636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Urban growth at different spatial scales is analysed using the assumptions that large cities have experienced sequential cycles of urbanization, suburbanization and re-urbanization that reflect complex demographic dynamics. Original approaches, quantitative methodologies and indicators are employed to support analysis of urban growth at different spatial scales. Residential mobility is considered as a proxy measure for spatial dynamics, intensity of urban expansion and socioeconomic development at local and regional scales in Mediterranean Europe. By computing the percent share of the population living in the same municipality five years before the census date in the total resident population at the census date, a spatial analysis of residential mobility and related background context allowed for the identification of specific urban cycles, outlining heterogeneous patterns of growth in the metropolitan region of Athens, Greece, over the last three decades (1981–2011). Results indicate that changes in spatial patterns of residential mobility are associated with multiple factors (directly or indirectly), dependent on demographic dynamics and economic cycles exposing (apparent or latent) variability in the socio-spatial urban structure and functional re-organization processes across larger metropolitan areas. Multiple socioeconomic transitions are identified in the study area, with short-range population movements diverging with urbanization, suburbanization and re-urbanization. Under both economic expansion and recession, spatial patterns of residential mobility reflect differential population dynamics, whose knowledge provides innovative visions for future urban cycles in Europe.
{"title":"Does Residential Mobility Anticipate Urban Growth? The Importance of the Local Socioeconomic Context in a European Metropolitan Region","authors":"L. Salvati, I. Zambon","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2018.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2018.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Urban growth at different spatial scales is analysed using the assumptions that large cities have experienced sequential cycles of urbanization, suburbanization and re-urbanization that reflect complex demographic dynamics. Original approaches, quantitative methodologies and indicators are employed to support analysis of urban growth at different spatial scales. Residential mobility is considered as a proxy measure for spatial dynamics, intensity of urban expansion and socioeconomic development at local and regional scales in Mediterranean Europe. By computing the percent share of the population living in the same municipality five years before the census date in the total resident population at the census date, a spatial analysis of residential mobility and related background context allowed for the identification of specific urban cycles, outlining heterogeneous patterns of growth in the metropolitan region of Athens, Greece, over the last three decades (1981–2011). Results indicate that changes in spatial patterns of residential mobility are associated with multiple factors (directly or indirectly), dependent on demographic dynamics and economic cycles exposing (apparent or latent) variability in the socio-spatial urban structure and functional re-organization processes across larger metropolitan areas. Multiple socioeconomic transitions are identified in the study area, with short-range population movements diverging with urbanization, suburbanization and re-urbanization. Under both economic expansion and recession, spatial patterns of residential mobility reflect differential population dynamics, whose knowledge provides innovative visions for future urban cycles in Europe.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"12 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80429653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Recent evidence confirms that the postponement transition has begun in some Latin American countries. As the mean age at first birth increases, dispersion around the mean value might also increase, reflecting a growing heterogeneity in the timing of transition to motherhood. In fact, in countries from the Southern Cone, recently available data suggest the emergence of a specific pattern that not only reflects heterogeneity, but also a polarization around two "crests;" the first one at the end of adolescence and the second one toward the end of the twenties. Using census data, vital statistics and household surveys from three countries, we study the extent to which this process consolidates a recognizable pattern in the timing of first birth in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, visible through age-specific conditional rates of first births.
{"title":"A Bimodal Pattern in Age at First Birth in Southern Cone Countries?","authors":"Ignacio Pardo, W. Cabella","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2018.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2018.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Recent evidence confirms that the postponement transition has begun in some Latin American countries. As the mean age at first birth increases, dispersion around the mean value might also increase, reflecting a growing heterogeneity in the timing of transition to motherhood. In fact, in countries from the Southern Cone, recently available data suggest the emergence of a specific pattern that not only reflects heterogeneity, but also a polarization around two \"crests;\" the first one at the end of adolescence and the second one toward the end of the twenties. Using census data, vital statistics and household surveys from three countries, we study the extent to which this process consolidates a recognizable pattern in the timing of first birth in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, visible through age-specific conditional rates of first births.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"126 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76703963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:A new proportional weighting algorithm is proposed to bridge multiple-race counts to single-race estimates based on 2010 Decennial Census data. The proposed weighting method is based on Census data alone with traceable procedure and reproducible results. It enables researchers to estimate population size of any race category of interest at any level of granularity stratified by other demographic information available in the Census data. If researchers have specific criteria or priorities for classifying certain races, the proposed algorithm can be easily modified to meet their specific needs. The new algorithm provides an intuitive and straightforward alternative for determining single-race population estimates. As an illustration of this approach, we provide the population estimates of the five most populous ethnic groups in Hawaii using the 2010 Census data.
{"title":"Proportional Weighting Algorithm for Single-Race Population Estimation Using Multiracial Census Data","authors":"H. Ahn, John J. Chen","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2018.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2018.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:A new proportional weighting algorithm is proposed to bridge multiple-race counts to single-race estimates based on 2010 Decennial Census data. The proposed weighting method is based on Census data alone with traceable procedure and reproducible results. It enables researchers to estimate population size of any race category of interest at any level of granularity stratified by other demographic information available in the Census data. If researchers have specific criteria or priorities for classifying certain races, the proposed algorithm can be easily modified to meet their specific needs. The new algorithm provides an intuitive and straightforward alternative for determining single-race population estimates. As an illustration of this approach, we provide the population estimates of the five most populous ethnic groups in Hawaii using the 2010 Census data.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"11 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2018-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87601961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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