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Exploring the Public Attitude Using Fuzzy Measures and Fuzzy Integrals 利用模糊测度和模糊积分探讨公众态度
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.30166/PPMR.200301.0003
Ting-Yu Chen, G. Tzeng
People's support is the crucial issue to the public policy. The understanding of public acceptance or rejection towards the policy, as well as the important attributes of concern, could be very helpful to implementing the policy. However, conventional attitude models can hardly approximate the subjective evaluation process exactly by virtue of the additivity and independency assumptions. Therefore, general fuzzy measures and fuzzy integrals, which require only the boundary conditions and monotonicity, are applied to develop the public attitude analysis model. An empirical study on the compress natural gas (CNG) taxi policy in Taipei City is conducted to show the applicability of this model. The empirical results indicate there are significant differences between the public concern and the governmental publicity, and some valuable strategies are suggested to the government.
公众的支持是公共政策的关键问题。了解公众对政策的接受或拒绝,以及关注的重要属性,可能对政策的实施非常有帮助。然而,传统的态度模型利用可加性和独立性假设,很难准确地近似主观评价过程。因此,采用只要求边界条件和单调性的一般模糊测度和模糊积分来建立公众态度分析模型。以台北市压缩天然气(CNG)计程车政策为实证研究对象,验证此模型的适用性。实证结果表明,公众关注与政府宣传之间存在显著差异,并为政府提供了一些有价值的策略建议。
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引用次数: 0
A Significant Curriculum Design in Advanced Technological and Vocational Education 高等技术职业教育课程设计的重要意义
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.30166/PPMR.200801.0002
Ching-Yaw Chen, S. Lee
Due to the rapid change in the world technology and the growth of national economy, the traditional curriculum design in vocational education system is difficult to meet the industrial demands. Cluster curriculum, originally proposed to enhance graduate student's employment capabilities by researchers and promoted by the Ministry of Education, integrates limited educational resources and provides students with more flexible study environments without unnecessary restrictions across the departments. As part of our previous reports in this topic, this research evaluating students' future income by an economic model and conducting a significance analysis by a questionnaire survey, is aimed to implement the cluster curriculum design in vocational and technological universities. It is found that the cluster curriculum design with separating major/minor courses is superior to the current one, disperse curriculum with all courses pooling together. Examining a case study at Shu-Te University of Science and Technology in Taiwan and using descriptive statistics and correlations, we describe the characteristics of the cluster curriculum as well as suggest the three factors contributing to the major dimensions of the curriculum design for further analysis.
随着世界科技的飞速发展和国民经济的快速发展,传统的职业教育课程设计已难以适应产业发展的需要。集群课程最初是由研究人员提出的,旨在提高研究生的就业能力,并由教育部推动,它整合了有限的教育资源,为学生提供了更灵活的学习环境,而没有不必要的跨部门限制。作为本课题前期研究的一部分,本研究采用经济模型对学生未来收入进行评估,并通过问卷调查进行显著性分析,以期在高职院校实施集群式课程设计。研究发现,主辅分离的集群式课程设计优于现有的主辅分离式课程设计、分散式课程设计、集中式课程设计。以台湾Shu-Te Science and Technology University的案例研究为例,我们运用描述性统计和相关性,描述了集群课程的特征,并提出了影响课程设计主要维度的三个因素,以供进一步分析。
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引用次数: 0
Algorithms for Linear Fractional Shortest Path Problem with Time Windows 带时间窗的线性分数最短路径问题的算法
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.30166/PPMR.200301.0004
J. Roan
The shortest path problem is one of the most important issues among network problems. In this paper, an extension of this problem is considered wherein each arc possesses two parameters (such as cost and time) and each node constrained by a time window. The object in this problem is to find a path between two specified nodes that minimizes cost per unit time without violating the time window constraints. Since such an objective involves minimizing the fraction of two linear objectives, it is called a linear fractional shortest path problem with time windows (LFSPTW). The time windows here are hard time windows. In order to avoid the encouragement of arriving early and wait to increase the denominator, there is a penalty Y will be charged to every unit waiting time. An optimal algorithm and a heuristic algorithm to solve the problem are proposed and compared. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out to study the effect of Y on the performance of these two algorithms.
最短路径问题是网络问题中最重要的问题之一。本文考虑了该问题的扩展,其中每条弧具有两个参数(如成本和时间),每个节点受一个时间窗口约束。该问题的目标是在不违反时间窗口约束的情况下,找到两个指定节点之间单位时间成本最小的路径。由于这样的目标涉及最小化两个线性目标的分数,因此称为带时间窗的线性分数最短路径问题(LFSPTW)。这里的时间窗是艰难的时间窗。为了避免鼓励提前到达和等待增加分母,每单位等待时间将收取罚款Y。提出了求解该问题的最优算法和启发式算法,并进行了比较。本文还对Y对两种算法性能的影响进行了灵敏度分析。
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引用次数: 2
The Influence of Organizational Commitment and Cognitive Dissonance on Acceptance of Change in Management Accounting and Control Systems 组织承诺和认知失调对管理会计和控制系统变革接受程度的影响
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.30166/PPMR.200701.0001
Feng-Yu Ni, Shao-Hsi Chung, Chin-Chun Su, Kuo-Chih Cheng
Previous studies examining changes in management accounting and control systems (MACS) mostly focused upon economic and organizational factors. This study using survey method explores the effect of behavioral and psychological variables on the acceptance of change in MACS. It is proposed, here, that acceptance of change in MACS is influenced by organizational commitment and cognitive dissonance. Furthermore, the mediating effect of cognitive dissonance on the relationship between organizational commitment and acceptance of change in MACS is evaluated. The effective sample includes 170 subordinate managers from Taiwanese manufacturing firms. The results support each of the proposed hypotheses. Besides, it is worthy to emphasize that a fully mediating effect of cognitive dissonance that leads to people's acceptance of change in MACS was found.
以前的研究检查管理会计和控制系统(MACS)的变化主要集中在经济和组织因素。本研究采用问卷调查法探讨行为变量和心理变量对MACS接受变化的影响。本文提出,组织承诺和认知失调会影响MACS对变革的接受程度。在此基础上,研究了认知失调对组织承诺与变革接受之间关系的中介作用。有效样本包括170名台湾制造企业的下属管理人员。研究结果支持每一个提出的假设。此外,值得强调的是,在MACS中发现了认知失调导致人们接受变化的完全中介作用。
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引用次数: 0
A Comparative Analysis of Job Characteristics, Job Satisfaction, and Intention to Leave in Knowledge Workers and Blue-Collar Workers in Taiwan and the U.S 台湾与美国知识型员工与蓝领员工工作特质、工作满意度与离职意愿之比较分析
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.30166/PPMR.200801.0001
Ting-pang Huang
This study examines demographics, job characteristics, job satisfaction, intention to leave, and their causal relationships in knowledge workers and blue-collar workers in Taiwan and the United States. Based on data from an international survey, the characteristics of knowledge workers in each country were compared to those of blue-collar workers of the same country, and those of knowledge workers of the other country. Many significant findings were revealed. Knowledge workers demonstrated stronger learning and autonomy characteristics than blue-collar workers. A multi-sample model of causal relationships among the variables was also found for the two countries.
摘要本研究探讨台湾与美国知识型员工与蓝领员工的人口统计特征、工作特征、工作满意度、离职意向及其因果关系。根据一项国际调查的数据,将每个国家的知识工人的特征与本国蓝领工人的特征进行比较,并将知识工人的特征与另一个国家的蓝领工人的特征进行比较。许多重要的发现被揭示出来。知识工作者表现出比蓝领工人更强的学习和自主特征。还发现了两国变量之间因果关系的多样本模型。
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引用次数: 2
A Dissonance Reduction Method for Intuitionistic Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Problems 直觉模糊多准则决策问题的一种不协调约简方法
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.30166/PPMR.201101.0001
Ting-Yu Chen, Yi-Jen Li, Hsiao-Pin Wang
Considering that cognitive dissonance is regarded as a momentous psychological factor in the decision making, this study proposes new techniques not only to tackle multi-criteria decision making problems but also to reduce the cognitive dissonance yielded by the decision maker under intuitionistic fuzzy environment. By applying the intuitionistic fuzzy weighted averaging (IFWA) operator and the score function, the proposed method derives the optimal weights of criteria and generates the priority of alternatives from the mathematical programming. In order to diminish the dissonance, the attractiveness of alternatives is magnified as large as possible in the programming problem based on the Euclidean distance. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the detailed calculating procedure; besides, an empirical case concerning a digital camera selection problem is employed to ascertain the feasibility of the developed method. According to the empirical results, the optimal alternative calculated by the mathematical programming satisfies decision makers and indeed reduces the dissonance. This study comes up with a successful manner to effectively reduce the dissonance when decision makers face a multi-criteria decision making problem.
考虑到认知失调是决策过程中一个重要的心理因素,本研究提出了解决多准则决策问题的新技术,同时也减少了决策者在直觉模糊环境下产生的认知失调。该方法利用直觉模糊加权平均算子和分数函数,从数学规划中得到各指标的最优权重,并生成方案的优先级。在基于欧氏距离的规划问题中,为了减少不协调,尽可能地放大方案的吸引力。通过数值算例说明了详细的计算过程;最后,以数码相机选择问题为例,验证了所提方法的可行性。实证结果表明,通过数学规划计算出的最优方案能够满足决策者的需求,并确实减少了不协调。本研究提出了一种有效减少决策者在面对多准则决策问题时的认知失调的方法。
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引用次数: 4
BUDGETING GAMESMANSHIP IN MANAGERS 经理们的预算技巧
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.30166/PPMR.200301.0002
Derek-Teshun Huang
This paper reports the findings of research concerning the budgeting gamesmanship of managers in firms operating in all sectors of the economy. Budgeting gamesmanship in this study is defined as the deliberate and premeditated manipulation of the current year's sales, cost, and profit forecasts by managers, and projects an overly conservative image into their budgets. The objectives of this study are: (1) To understand the role of budgeting on performance measurement, (2) To gain an understanding of budgeting gamesmanship behavior, (3) To examine the relationship among organizational factors, asymmetric information problem of budget and budgeting gamesmanship behavior. Based on a judgment sampling approach, samples consisting of 104 firms from manufacturing industry and 51 firms from service industry were selected. Questionnaires were filled out by personally interviewing managers in each firm. The results of this research reveal the following important information: 1. On average, one half of managers in firm sometimes show budgeting gamesmanship behavior in Taiwan. Budgetary gamesmanship behavior was related to the organizational culture and performance measurement system based on budgeting. 2. Over 75% of the firms in Taiwan used the budgeting target as the indicator of performance measurements. 3. Methods to avoid budgeting gamesmanship behavior include: strengthening forecasting ability with quantitative models and making budgeting targets reasonable and attainable. 4. There were no significant relationship between the other organizational factors (such as firm's scale and product complexity, etc.) and budgetary gamesmanship behavior.
本文报告了对所有经济部门的企业管理者预算策略的研究结果。在本研究中,预算策略被定义为管理者对当年的销售、成本和利润预测进行蓄意和有预谋的操纵,并将过度保守的形象投射到他们的预算中。本研究的目的是:(1)了解预算对绩效衡量的作用;(2)了解预算博弈行为;(3)考察组织因素、预算信息不对称问题与预算博弈行为之间的关系。采用判断抽样的方法,选取制造业企业104家,服务业企业51家。问卷是通过亲自采访每家公司的经理来填写的。本研究的结果揭示了以下重要信息:1。在台湾,平均有一半的企业经理人有时会表现出预算游戏行为。预算博弈行为与组织文化和基于预算的绩效评估体系有关。2. 超过75%的台湾企业使用预算目标作为绩效衡量指标。3.避免预算博弈行为的方法包括:加强量化模型的预测能力,使预算目标合理、可实现。4. 其他组织因素(如企业规模和产品复杂性等)与预算博弈行为之间没有显著的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Psychosocial and Biological Factors Associated with Glycemic Control for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: An Application of Structural Equation Modeling Analysis 与2型糖尿病患者血糖控制相关的社会心理和生物学因素:结构方程模型分析的应用
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.30166/PPMR.201001.0002
H. Weng, C. Hung, Shu-Ching Chi
The purpose of this study is to identify the psychosocial and biologic factors associated with the effectiveness of glycemic control in a type 2 diabetes management program. The study group was comprised of 285 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were enrolled for 12 months in the National Diabetes Pay-by-Quality Program. Structural equation modeling analysis was employed to determine the importance of various parameters to the effectiveness of glycemic control. The results showed that effectiveness of glycemic control was significantly associated with gender, number of complications, locus of control, stages of change and previous status of lycemic control. The final model proved to be valid (χ^2=32.18, df=29, p=.31), showing a sound fit (AGFI=0.96 and RMSEA=0.018). The model explained 49% of the variance of metabolic control at glycemic control. The findings obtained in this study offer an insight into the complexity of patient behavior in diabetes management. Health system specialists must understand the dilemmas of type 2 diabetic patients and their clinicians well as the limitations to successful treatments before expending substantial resources on disease management.
本研究的目的是确定与2型糖尿病管理计划中血糖控制有效性相关的社会心理和生物学因素。研究小组由285名2型糖尿病患者组成,他们参加了为期12个月的国家糖尿病按质量付费计划。采用结构方程模型分析确定各参数对血糖控制效果的重要性。结果显示,血糖控制效果与性别、并发症数量、控制位点、改变阶段和既往血糖控制状况有显著相关。最终模型被证明是有效的(χ^2=32.18, df=29, p=.31),显示出良好的拟合(AGFI=0.96, RMSEA=0.018)。该模型解释了49%的血糖控制代谢控制差异。在这项研究中获得的发现提供了对糖尿病管理中患者行为复杂性的见解。在花费大量资源进行疾病管理之前,卫生系统专家必须了解2型糖尿病患者及其临床医生的困境以及成功治疗的局限性。
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引用次数: 1
The Effect of Incentive Compensation Plans on Operating Performance and Shareholder Wealth: Evidence from Taiwanese Electronic Industry 激励薪酬计划对经营绩效与股东财富的影响:来自台湾电子产业的证据
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.30166/PPMR.201201.0002
Chun-Ho Chen, Chan-Jane Lin, Y. Tsai
This paper examines the effect of incentive compensation plans of Taiwanese electronic companies on their operating performance and stock return. The results show that the employee bonus ratio measured by fair value has a positive incentive effect on subsequent operating performance before adjusting the expenses of employee bonus. But, after considering the expenses of employee bonus to adjust operating performance, the results show that greater bonus ratio do not create better subsequent adjusted operating performance. These results may be caused by excessive profit-sharing before the revising of accounting treatment for employee bonus. We also find the same results about subsequent stock return that it links the shareholder wealth. In addition, the results fail to support the hypothesis that the greater the proportion of the stock bonus the better the subsequent operating performance and stock return. Our findings provide some evidences to support the amendment in the accounting rules for employee bonus to reflect the compensation cost.
摘要本文探讨台湾电子企业的激励薪酬计划对其经营绩效与股票收益的影响。结果表明,在调整员工奖金费用之前,以公允价值计量的员工奖金比例对后续经营业绩具有正向激励作用。但是,在考虑员工奖金调整经营绩效的费用后,结果表明,更高的奖金比例并不会产生更好的后续调整经营绩效。这些结果可能是由于在修改员工奖金会计处理之前过多的利润分享造成的。我们也发现了同样的结果,即后续股票收益与股东财富之间存在联系。此外,研究结果也不支持股票红利比例越大的公司后续经营业绩和股票收益越好的假设。我们的研究结果为修改员工奖金会计准则以反映薪酬成本提供了一些证据。
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引用次数: 0
Minimum Average Fraction Inspected for Modified CSP-1 Plan 修改后的CSP-1计划的最小平均检验分数
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.30166/PPMR.200401.0003
Chung-Ho Chen, C. Chou
This paper presents the problem of minimizing the average fraction inspected (AFI) for Govindaraju and Kandasamy's (2000) single level continuous sampling plan with the acceptance number (modified CSP-1 plan). A solution procedure is developed to find the parameters(superscript (i, f)) that will meet the average outgoing quality limit (AOQL) requirement, while also minimizing the AFI for the modified CSP-1 plan when the process average(superscript (average)p (>AOQL)) is known.
本文研究了Govindaraju和Kandasamy(2000)的带有验收数的单级连续抽样方案(改进的CSP-1方案)的平均检验分数(AFI)的最小化问题。开发了一个解决程序,以找到满足平均输出质量限制(AOQL)要求的参数(上标(i, f)),同时在过程平均(上标(average)p (>AOQL))已知时,最小化修改后的CSP-1计划的AFI。
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引用次数: 5
期刊
Pan-Pacific Management Review
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