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Rezension/Review. 评论(评论).
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
NTM
Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1007/s00048-020-00286-0
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引用次数: 0
Gomastahs, Peons, Police and Chowdranies: The Role of Indian Subordinate in the Functioning of the Lock Hospitals and the Indian Contagious Diseases Act, 1805 to 1889. gomastah, Peons, Police and Chowdranies:印度下属在Lock医院运作和印度传染病法中的作用,1805年至1889年。
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
NTM
Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2022-02-10 DOI: 10.1007/s00048-022-00324-z
Divya Rama Gopalakrishnan

Recent scholarship on the social history of health and medicine in colonial India has moved beyond enclavist or hegemonic aspects of imperial medicine and has rather focused on the role of Indian intermediaries and the fractured nature of colonial hegemony. Drawing inspiration from this scholarship, the article highlights the significance of the Indian subordinates in the lock hospital system in the nineteenth century Madras Presidency. This study focuses on a class of Indian subordinates called the "gomastah", who were employed to detect clandestine prostitution in Madras to control the spread of venereal disease. It also underlines the role of other native and non-native subordinates such as Dhais, Chowdranies and Matrons, the ways in which they became indispensable for the smoother operation of the Contagious Diseases Act and the lock hospitals on a day-to-day basis. By emphasising how Indian subordinates were able to bring in caste biases within colonial governmentality, adding another layer to the colonial prejudices and xenophobia against the native population, it underlines the fact that there was not a one-way appropriation or facilitation of the coloniser's knowledge or biases by the colonised intermediaries. Rather, it argues for an interaction between them, and highlights the complexities of caste hierarchies and prejudice within the everyday colonial governmentality. Moreover, the article focuses on the consequent chaos and inherent power struggle between different factions of colonial staff.

最近关于殖民时期印度卫生和医学社会史的学术研究已经超越了帝国医学的飞地主义或霸权方面,而更侧重于印度中间人的作用和殖民霸权的断裂性质。在此基础上,本文着重分析了印度属下在19世纪马德拉斯院长院锁医院制度中的重要意义。这项研究的重点是一类被称为“gomastah”的印度下属,他们被雇佣来侦查马德拉斯的秘密卖淫活动,以控制性病的传播。它还强调了其他本地和非本地下属,如Dhais、Chowdranies和护士长的作用,以及他们如何成为《传染病法》和锁医院日常更顺利运作的不可或缺的因素。通过强调印度下属如何能够在殖民统治中引入种姓偏见,为殖民偏见和对土著人口的仇外心理增加另一层,它强调了这样一个事实,即殖民化的中介机构并没有单向地占有或促进殖民者的知识或偏见。相反,它主张两者之间的相互作用,并强调了日常殖民统治中种姓等级和偏见的复杂性。此外,文章还着重讨论了由此造成的混乱和殖民地不同派系之间固有的权力斗争。
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引用次数: 0
Competitive Cooperation : Institutional and Social Dimensions of Collaboration in the Alliance of Science Organisations in Germany. 竞争性合作:德国科学组织联盟合作的制度和社会维度》(Competitive Cooperation : Institutional and Social Dimensions of Collaboration in the Alliance of Science Organizations in Germany)。
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
NTM
Pub Date : 2022-03-01 Epub Date: 2022-02-10 DOI: 10.1007/s00048-022-00322-1
Vanessa Osganian

This paper examines the institutional and social dimensions of cooperation in the Alliance of Science Organisations, the central corporatist stakeholder in German science policy, in the 1970s and 1980s, which were a crucial period for this committee. In doing so, this essay mainly focuses on the way science organizations interact with each other, as well as with national politics. The Federal Ministry of Research invited the Alliance to regular meetings and thereby fostered its involvement into political decision-making processes. Consequently, the question of who belonged to the Alliance came into the focus of different players. Although the members of the Alliance themselves decided on the composition of their committee, they were not able to completely insulate themselves from external demands. Including new members into the Alliance had a destabilizing effect on the carefully balanced distribution of power within this committee, as will be shown through the case study on the admission of the Association of the Major Research Centers (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Großforschungseinrichtungen, AGF) in 1976. In order to restabilize the situation, the members of the Alliance tried to exclude the AGF from certain issues. At the same time, the AGF itself was keen on being regarded as an equal partner and thus strove for its inclusion. This complex interplay of cooperative and competitive actions finally resulted in the institutionalization of the Alliance.

科学组织联盟是德国科学政策的核心企业利益相关者,本文研究了该委员会在 20 世纪 70 年代和 80 年代(这是该委员会的关键时期)开展合作的制度和社会层面。为此,本文主要关注科学组织之间以及科学组织与国家政治之间的互动方式。联邦研究部邀请联盟参加定期会议,从而促进其参与政治决策过程。因此,谁属于联盟的问题成为不同参与者关注的焦点。尽管联盟成员自行决定了委员会的组成,但他们并不能完全不受外部要求的影响。新成员加入联盟对委员会内部精心平衡的权力分配产生了不稳定的影响,1976 年主要研究中心协会(Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Großforschungseinrichtungen, AGF)加入联盟的案例研究就说明了这一点。为了稳定局势,联盟成员试图将 AGF 排除在某些问题之外。与此同时,AGF 本身也希望被视为平等的合作伙伴,因此努力争取加入联盟。这种合作与竞争的复杂互动最终导致了联盟的制度化。
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引用次数: 0
Rezension/Review. 评论(评论).
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
NTM
Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1007/s00048-021-00296-6
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引用次数: 0
[Subject, Statistics, Science: Epistemological Positionings and Evidence Practices in Clinical Medicine since 1949. : Introduction]. [学科、统计、科学:1949年以来临床医学中的认识论立场和证据实践:导言]。
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
NTM
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-10-29 DOI: 10.1007/s00048-021-00317-4
Hans-Georg Hofer, Volker Roelcke
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引用次数: 0
[Clinical "Experience" as a Criterion of Evidence? Psychiatric Contributions to a Post-War Debate on a "Reform of Medicine" and the Development of Jürg Zutt's "Understanding Anthropology"]. 临床“经验”作为证据标准?精神病学对战后“医学改革”辩论的贡献和j<s:1> rg Zutt“理解人类学”的发展]。
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
NTM
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-11-11 DOI: 10.1007/s00048-021-00319-2
Maike Rotzoll

At the Wiesbaden Internist Congress of 1949, Alexander Mitscherlich and Viktor von Weizsäcker called for an expansion of the scientific concept of causality to include the search for the meaning of illness in one's personal history. This called into question a traditional psychiatric paradigm which presumed somatic causes of mental illness. Additionally, common psychiatric evidence practices were put to the test. In the first part of this article, three psychiatric positions that were presented at the 1949 congress are reconstructed. In the second part, the development of one of the psychiatrists involved, Jürg Zutt, is examined by focusing on the question of the possible effects of the Wiesbaden debate on his scientific reorientation as well as its consequences for his view of psychiatric evidence.

在1949年威斯巴登内科医师大会上,亚历山大·米切利希(Alexander Mitscherlich)和维克多·冯(Viktor von Weizsäcker)呼吁扩大因果关系的科学概念,包括在个人历史中寻找疾病的意义。这对传统的精神病学范式提出了质疑,该范式假定精神疾病的躯体原因。此外,常见的精神病学证据实践进行了测试。在本文的第一部分中,对1949年大会上提出的三个精神病学立场进行了重建。在第二部分中,通过关注威斯巴登辩论对他的科学重新定位的可能影响以及对他的精神病学证据观点的影响,研究了其中一位精神病学家j rg Zutt的发展。
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引用次数: 0
[Biography, social context, and the body in an experimental system: evidence as result of an integrated methodology exemplified by the hypertension research of Thure von Uexküll]. [实验系统中的传记、社会背景和身体:以 Thure von Uexküll 的高血压研究为例的综合方法的证据]。
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
NTM
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-11-04 DOI: 10.1007/s00048-021-00315-6
Volker Roelcke

The Wiesbaden congress of internal medicine in 1949 played host to a heated debate on issues of method, epistemology, and evidence in psychosomatic medicine. Paul Martini, specialist in internal medicine and protagonist of methodically conducted clinical trials, criticized the methodology of knowledge production in psychosomatic medicine and disputed the validity of its claims. Starting from this controversy, the contribution reconstructs the formation and implementation of an experimental system on the origins of hypertension in which Thure von Uexküll, specialist in internal medicine as well as in psychosomatics, aimed to integrate somatic variables as well as the subjectivity, the biography, and the social relations of the patient. In this experimental system, the interpretations of patients had a privileged status. For Uexküll, empirical evidence, traceability, and reproducibility were seen as basic criteria for relevant and valid knowledge-requirements formulated by Martini in 1949.

1949 年的威斯巴登内科医学大会就心身医学的方法、认识论和证据问题展开了激烈的辩论。保罗-马尔蒂尼(Paul Martini)是内科专家,也是有条不紊地进行临床试验的倡导者,他批评了心身医学的知识生产方法论,并对其主张的有效性提出了质疑。Thure von Uexküll 既是内科专家,也是心身医学专家,他的目标是整合躯体变量以及病人的主观性、传记和社会关系。在这一实验体系中,病人的解释具有特权地位。对 Uexküll 而言,经验证据、可追溯性和可重复性被视为相关和有效知识的基本标准--这些要求是 Martini 于 1949 年提出的。
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引用次数: 0
[Causality, Evidence, and Subjectivity: Paul Martini's Methodological Critique of Psychosomatic Medicine]. [因果性、证据和主观性:保罗-马尔蒂尼对心身医学的方法论批判]。
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
NTM
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-11-04 DOI: 10.1007/s00048-021-00316-5
Hans-Georg Hofer

The 1949 congress of internal medicine saw a heated and widely perceived controversy on epistemological issues of psychosomatic medicine. This article begins by outlining the place and significance of the congress in post-war history and tracing the course of the debate. The positions of the proponents of psychosomatic medicine, Viktor von Weizsäcker and Alexander Mitscherlich, are reconstructed, as well as those of the internist Paul Martini, who offered fundamental criticisms on the basis of his methodology of clinical research. In a second step, the respective different understandings of causality, evidence, and subjectivity are elaborated and contextualized. A special focus is on Martini's explicit use of these terms as well as his further research initiatives. Finally, I argue that "1949" can be analyzed as the culmination of an ongoing controversy about scientific evidence in clinical medicine that spanned several decades with its participants and levels of reference.

在 1949 年的内科医学大会上,人们对心身医学的认识论问题展开了激烈而广泛的争论。本文首先概述了这次大会在战后历史中的地位和意义,并追溯了争论的过程。文章重构了心身医学支持者维克多-冯-魏茨泽克(Viktor von Weizsäcker)和亚历山大-米舍利希(Alexander Mitscherlich)的立场,以及内科医生保罗-马尔蒂尼(Paul Martini)的立场,后者根据自己的临床研究方法提出了根本性的批评。第二步,阐述了各自对因果关系、证据和主观性的不同理解,并对其背景进行了分析。其中特别强调了马尔蒂尼对这些术语的明确使用以及他的进一步研究举措。最后,我认为 "1949 年 "可以被分析为一场关于临床医学中科学证据的持续争论的高潮,这场争论跨越了几十年,其参与者和参考水平也各不相同。
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引用次数: 0
[Shifts in Epistemological Position. Alexander Mitscherlich's Plea for Psychosomatic Medicine]. [认识论立场的转变。亚历山大-米舍利希对心身医学的呼吁]。
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
NTM
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-11-10 DOI: 10.1007/s00048-021-00318-3
Steffen Dörre

This paper examines the shifts in Alexander Mitscherlich's epistemological position in the 1940s, 50s and 60s via his plea for psychosomatic medicine. These shifts illustrate the post-war controversy among psychiatrists, physicians, and psychotherapists about what constitutes valid and practically relevant knowledge. The subjectivity of patients is key to Mitscherlich's concept of disease. This informs his continuous criticism of the use of statistical methods to validate individual diagnoses and hypotheses. This paper shows that Mitscherlich's criticism of a science-based medical methodology is highly adaptable, even though, in spite of many theoretical changes and adaptations, the main thrust of his approach remains consistent.

本文通过亚历山大-米舍利希对心身医学的呼吁,探讨了他在 20 世纪 40、50 和 60 年代认识论立场的转变。这些转变说明了战后精神科医生、内科医生和心理治疗师之间关于什么是有效和实用的知识的争论。病人的主观性是米舍利希疾病概念的关键。这为他不断批评使用统计方法来验证个人诊断和假设提供了依据。本文表明,米舍利希对以科学为基础的医学方法论的批评具有很强的适应性,尽管在理论上有许多变化和调整,但其方法的主旨仍然是一致的。
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引用次数: 0
„Alexander Kraft 2019: Berliner Blau. Vom frühneuzeitlichen Pigment zum modernen Hightech-Material“ und „Bettina Bock von Wülfingen (Hg.) 2019: Science in Color. Visualizing Achromatic Knowledge“. 2019年亚历山大菲力,柏林蓝色从晚期色素到现代高科技合成物"和" Bettina fen19 (Hg)天眼知骨诺
IF 0.4 4区 哲学 Q4 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
NTM
Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-09-07 DOI: 10.1007/s00048-021-00311-w
André Karliczek
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引用次数: 1
期刊
NTM
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