Pub Date : 2023-07-28DOI: 10.52165/kinsi.29.2.68-82
Tanja Kajtna, Luka Zajc, Nina Makuc
Despite all endeavours to prevent it, the use of performance-enhancing substances continues to occur in sports and social science research suggests that doping prevalence is likely much higher than what is found through testing. One of the ways to uncover doping violators is through reporting illicit drug use, through “doping whistleblowing” – the readiness to do so depends highly on the level of our moral development and the motivation to do so. It was exactly this method, which helped uncover some of the biggest doping scandals in sport in the past few years and our purpose in this study was to examine attitudes toward drug testing and anonymous reporting and see, if we can predict an athlete’s intention to report anonymously based on attitudes toward drug testing. 255 top athletes and coaches from Estonia and Slovenia-two small, athletically successful countries-participated in this study, 176 male and 79 female, 156 athletes and 99 coaches from team and individual sports. They filled out an attitudes questionnaire about drug testing and an anonymous report. The participants filled out a questionnaire online. We used t – test to compare subgroups of participants and correlation and linear regression to look for relations between doping attitudes and willingness to make an anonymous report. Comparisons of subgroups of participants revealed that female participants are more likely to believe that taking banned substances should be punished but are less likely to make an anonymous report. We also found that coaches seem to be better informed about the issue of doping than athletes and trust NADO more than athletes. We found several correlations between attitudes toward doping testing and those toward anonymous report and we tried to predict the willingness to make an anonymous report. We found several predictors, which were different for men and women. NADOs play an important role in creating conditions, which will enable people to report doping anonymously, but it has to be done both through education and through rigorous testing. This will ensure that whistleblowing can become an active part of the fight for clean sport.
{"title":"SHOULD I REPORT ABUSE? - ATTITUDES TOWARD DOPING TESTING AND ANONYMOUS REPORTING IN THE WHISTLEBOWER PROGRAMME","authors":"Tanja Kajtna, Luka Zajc, Nina Makuc","doi":"10.52165/kinsi.29.2.68-82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.29.2.68-82","url":null,"abstract":"Despite all endeavours to prevent it, the use of performance-enhancing substances continues to occur in sports and social science research suggests that doping prevalence is likely much higher than what is found through testing. One of the ways to uncover doping violators is through reporting illicit drug use, through “doping whistleblowing” – the readiness to do so depends highly on the level of our moral development and the motivation to do so. It was exactly this method, which helped uncover some of the biggest doping scandals in sport in the past few years and our purpose in this study was to examine attitudes toward drug testing and anonymous reporting and see, if we can predict an athlete’s intention to report anonymously based on attitudes toward drug testing. 255 top athletes and coaches from Estonia and Slovenia-two small, athletically successful countries-participated in this study, 176 male and 79 female, 156 athletes and 99 coaches from team and individual sports. They filled out an attitudes questionnaire about drug testing and an anonymous report. The participants filled out a questionnaire online. We used t – test to compare subgroups of participants and correlation and linear regression to look for relations between doping attitudes and willingness to make an anonymous report. Comparisons of subgroups of participants revealed that female participants are more likely to believe that taking banned substances should be punished but are less likely to make an anonymous report. We also found that coaches seem to be better informed about the issue of doping than athletes and trust NADO more than athletes. We found several correlations between attitudes toward doping testing and those toward anonymous report and we tried to predict the willingness to make an anonymous report. We found several predictors, which were different for men and women. NADOs play an important role in creating conditions, which will enable people to report doping anonymously, but it has to be done both through education and through rigorous testing. This will ensure that whistleblowing can become an active part of the fight for clean sport.","PeriodicalId":43206,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiologia Slovenica","volume":"16 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135556721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-28DOI: 10.52165/kinsi.29.2.208-219
Dajana Zoretić, Tomislav Biloš, Ivan Krakan
Apnea diving as a sport has evolved to such an extent that many professional divers have managed to achieve results that were considered impossible ten years ago. The predictions of doctors and experts in static apnea, long-distance diving and achievable depths have been exceeded. The aim of this research is to analyze this trend and determine the development curve for the best results in the world between professional apnea divers in pool disciplines over the last 20 years. The sample of subjects in this work consists of the three best world results of free-breath divers in pool disciplines (STA, DNF, DNY) from 2002 to 2021. The variables used in the research are dynamics without flippers (DNF), dynamics with flippers (DYN) and statics (STA) in men. The data was collected from the official websites of the International umbrella diving organizations - AIDA and CMAS. Collected data was processed using a method, algorithm and trend analysis program in the Statistica 13.0 software package. A polynomial regression analysis was used to analyze the development trend of the best results in a given year for each discipline. The coefficient of determination (STA Multi. R=0.77 p≥0.00, DYN Multi. R=0.87 p≥0.00, DNF Multi. R=0.90 p≥0.00) of the positive correlation of the results, while statistical significance was determined by the analysis as a consequence of the constant change in the results. According to the data obtained from the research, a linear increase in results in all three disciplines (statics, dynamics without flippers, dynamics with flippers) between 2002 and 2021 can be determined. According to the analyzed literature, important success factors are knowledge of certain physiological properties, the physical condition of the individual and the optimization of energy.
{"title":"ANALYSIS OF APNEA DIVING DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN POOL DISCIPLINES FROM 2002 TO 2021","authors":"Dajana Zoretić, Tomislav Biloš, Ivan Krakan","doi":"10.52165/kinsi.29.2.208-219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.29.2.208-219","url":null,"abstract":"Apnea diving as a sport has evolved to such an extent that many professional divers have managed to achieve results that were considered impossible ten years ago. The predictions of doctors and experts in static apnea, long-distance diving and achievable depths have been exceeded. The aim of this research is to analyze this trend and determine the development curve for the best results in the world between professional apnea divers in pool disciplines over the last 20 years. The sample of subjects in this work consists of the three best world results of free-breath divers in pool disciplines (STA, DNF, DNY) from 2002 to 2021. The variables used in the research are dynamics without flippers (DNF), dynamics with flippers (DYN) and statics (STA) in men. The data was collected from the official websites of the International umbrella diving organizations - AIDA and CMAS. Collected data was processed using a method, algorithm and trend analysis program in the Statistica 13.0 software package. A polynomial regression analysis was used to analyze the development trend of the best results in a given year for each discipline. The coefficient of determination (STA Multi. R=0.77 p≥0.00, DYN Multi. R=0.87 p≥0.00, DNF Multi. R=0.90 p≥0.00) of the positive correlation of the results, while statistical significance was determined by the analysis as a consequence of the constant change in the results. According to the data obtained from the research, a linear increase in results in all three disciplines (statics, dynamics without flippers, dynamics with flippers) between 2002 and 2021 can be determined. According to the analyzed literature, important success factors are knowledge of certain physiological properties, the physical condition of the individual and the optimization of energy.","PeriodicalId":43206,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiologia Slovenica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43662928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-27DOI: 10.52165/kinsi.29.2.40-49
Haruhiko Madarame
This study compared offensive plays’ incidence and success rates in 3x3 basketball by starting actions and age/sex categories (senior men, senior women, under-18 men, and under-18 women). One hundred and ninety-one games from the FIBA 3x3 Under-18 World Cup 2019 and the FIBA 3x3 World Cup 2019 were analyzed. Offensive plays were classified into three types according to their starting actions: check-ball offensive plays (CBOP), transition offensive plays (TOP), or offensive rebound offensive plays (OROP). Offensive plays resulting in a successful field goal or an earned free throw were considered successful. Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to compare the success rates of offensive plays between starting actions and between categories. The Benjamini-Hochberg method was applied to ensure a significance level of 0.05. Cohen’s w was calculated as an effect size for the chi-squared test. TOP occurred with the highest frequency (55.1-57.5% of the totals) in all four categories, followed by CBOP (28.1-31.2%) and OROP (11.9-14.7%). The success rates of OROP (39.2-49.2%) were significantly higher (p < 0.05, w = 0.07-0.14) than those of TOP (28.5-36.4%) and CBOP (32.1-35.0%) in all categories. Improving the success rate of TOP is crucial to increase the chance of winning a game because TOP accounts for more than half of the total offensive plays. While the incidence of OROP was the lowest among the three offensive plays, the success rate of OROP was higher than that of TOP and CBOP, indicating the importance of acquiring offensive rebounds in 3x3 basketball.
{"title":"INCIDENCE AND SUCCESS RATES OF OFFENSIVE PLAYS IN 3X3 BASKETBALL: COMPARISONS BY STARTING ACTIONS AND AGE/SEX CATEGORIES","authors":"Haruhiko Madarame","doi":"10.52165/kinsi.29.2.40-49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.29.2.40-49","url":null,"abstract":"This study compared offensive plays’ incidence and success rates in 3x3 basketball by starting actions and age/sex categories (senior men, senior women, under-18 men, and under-18 women). One hundred and ninety-one games from the FIBA 3x3 Under-18 World Cup 2019 and the FIBA 3x3 World Cup 2019 were analyzed. Offensive plays were classified into three types according to their starting actions: check-ball offensive plays (CBOP), transition offensive plays (TOP), or offensive rebound offensive plays (OROP). Offensive plays resulting in a successful field goal or an earned free throw were considered successful. Pearson’s chi-squared test was used to compare the success rates of offensive plays between starting actions and between categories. The Benjamini-Hochberg method was applied to ensure a significance level of 0.05. Cohen’s w was calculated as an effect size for the chi-squared test. TOP occurred with the highest frequency (55.1-57.5% of the totals) in all four categories, followed by CBOP (28.1-31.2%) and OROP (11.9-14.7%). The success rates of OROP (39.2-49.2%) were significantly higher (p < 0.05, w = 0.07-0.14) than those of TOP (28.5-36.4%) and CBOP (32.1-35.0%) in all categories. Improving the success rate of TOP is crucial to increase the chance of winning a game because TOP accounts for more than half of the total offensive plays. While the incidence of OROP was the lowest among the three offensive plays, the success rate of OROP was higher than that of TOP and CBOP, indicating the importance of acquiring offensive rebounds in 3x3 basketball.","PeriodicalId":43206,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiologia Slovenica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47184491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-27DOI: 10.52165/kinsi.29.2.17-39
Domen Tominec, T. Debevec
Hypoxia is often used during training to augment metabolic load and heighten physiological adaptations with the aim of exercise performance improvements. The recently established altitude training method »sprint interval training in hypoxia« (SIH) requires individuals to perform multiple 30 s Wingate sprints under hypoxia, interspersed with 3–5 min recovery periods. As the execution of repeated supramaximal efforts in hypoxia does not seem to be compromised, it was hypothesized that SIH might further augment exercise performance compared to sprint interval training in normoxia (SIT). To elucidate the usefulness of hypoxia during sprint interval training for exercise performance a systematic review of the available literature was conducted. The PubMed, SportDiscusTM, and Web of Science online databases were searched for original articles – published up to March 2023 – assessing changes in exercise performance following SIH and SIT. Six studies (randomized controlled trials (RCTs)) were identified, evaluating SIH interventions lasting 2–6 weeks. Currently, the available scientific literature does not suggest that SIH additively augments exercise performance in comparison to SIT. The potential changes in anaerobic thresholds after SIH, but not after SIT require further investigation to fully elucidate the subsequent effects on exercise performance. Nevertheless, there is evidence to support beneficial peripheral adaptations known to increase the oxidative and glycolytic capacity, especially in type II, fast-twitch fibers, following SIH, but not SIT. These local adaptations could potentially enable superior improvement in exercise performance after long enough SIH training protocols. Future RCTs on SIH and, particularly, on the performance-related underlying mechanisms seem warranted.
训练中经常使用缺氧来增加代谢负荷和提高生理适应能力，以提高运动成绩。最近建立的高原训练方法“低氧条件下的短跑间歇训练”（SIH）要求个人在低氧条件下进行多次30秒的Wingate短跑，中间穿插3-5分钟的恢复期。由于在低氧条件下重复的超最大努力的执行似乎没有受到影响，因此假设与常氧状态下的短跑间歇训练（SIT）相比，SIH可能会进一步提高运动表现。为了阐明短跑间歇训练中缺氧对运动表现的作用，对现有文献进行了系统综述。在PubMed、SportDiscusTM和Web of Science在线数据库中搜索了截至2023年3月发表的评估SIH和SIT后运动表现变化的原创文章。确定了六项研究（随机对照试验（RCT）），评估持续2-6周的SIH干预措施。目前，现有的科学文献并没有表明，与SIT相比，SIH可以额外提高运动表现。SIH后无氧阈值的潜在变化，而SIT后无氧阈值没有变化，需要进一步研究，以充分阐明对运动表现的后续影响。然而，有证据支持已知的有益的外周适应，以增加氧化和糖酵解能力，特别是在II型快速抽搐纤维中，在SIH之后，但不是SIT。在足够长的SIH训练方案后，这些局部适应可能有助于提高运动成绩。未来关于SIH的随机对照试验，特别是关于与绩效相关的基本机制的随机对照研究似乎是有必要的。
{"title":"SPRINT INTERVAL TRAINING IN HYPOXIA AND EXERCISE PERFORMANCE – A SHORT REVIEW","authors":"Domen Tominec, T. Debevec","doi":"10.52165/kinsi.29.2.17-39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.29.2.17-39","url":null,"abstract":"Hypoxia is often used during training to augment metabolic load and heighten physiological adaptations with the aim of exercise performance improvements. The recently established altitude training method »sprint interval training in hypoxia« (SIH) requires individuals to perform multiple 30 s Wingate sprints under hypoxia, interspersed with 3–5 min recovery periods. As the execution of repeated supramaximal efforts in hypoxia does not seem to be compromised, it was hypothesized that SIH might further augment exercise performance compared to sprint interval training in normoxia (SIT). To elucidate the usefulness of hypoxia during sprint interval training for exercise performance a systematic review of the available literature was conducted. The PubMed, SportDiscusTM, and Web of Science online databases were searched for original articles – published up to March 2023 – assessing changes in exercise performance following SIH and SIT. Six studies (randomized controlled trials (RCTs)) were identified, evaluating SIH interventions lasting 2–6 weeks. Currently, the available scientific literature does not suggest that SIH additively augments exercise performance in comparison to SIT. The potential changes in anaerobic thresholds after SIH, but not after SIT require further investigation to fully elucidate the subsequent effects on exercise performance. Nevertheless, there is evidence to support beneficial peripheral adaptations known to increase the oxidative and glycolytic capacity, especially in type II, fast-twitch fibers, following SIH, but not SIT. These local adaptations could potentially enable superior improvement in exercise performance after long enough SIH training protocols. Future RCTs on SIH and, particularly, on the performance-related underlying mechanisms seem warranted.","PeriodicalId":43206,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiologia Slovenica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42297577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-27DOI: 10.52165/kinsi.29.2.5-16
Q. Johnson, Filip Kukić, Aleksandar Čvorović, Nenad Koropanovski, R. Orr, R. Lockie, J. J. J. Jay Dawes
Change of direction speed (CODS) is an important performance ability for police officers. This is even more emphasized when officers perform tasks while carrying their occupational load (e.g., protective vest, weapon, radio, cuffs, etc.). The absolute weight of the equipment remains the same regardless of officer’s body size and weight, which is of importance for female police officers whose morphology is different than in males. This study investigated the associations between selected measures of body morphology and CODS among female police officers under two loading conditions. The sample consisted of 29 female police officers (age = 32.00±5.09 yrs, body height = 162.92±5.01 cm, and body mass = 70.88±13.42 kg). Anthropometric variables included height, weight, and body mass index (BMI), while body composition characteristics included percent body fat, (PBF), percentage of skeletal muscle mass (PSMM), and index of hypokinesia (IH). CODS was assessed using the Illinois agility tests under loaded (LIAT) (10 kg vest) and unloaded (IAT) conditions. Participants’ CODS times were significantly slower in the LIAT condition (p < 0.001). IAT correlated to BMI (r=0.479, p<0.05), PBF (r=0.647, p<0.001), PSMM (r=-0.655, p≤0.001), and IH (r=0.462, p<0.05). Similarly, LIAT was associated with BMI (r=0.446, p<0.05), PBF (r=0.651, p<0.001), PSMM (r=-0.672, p<0.001), and IH (r= 0.503, p<0.01). These findings highlight the need for developing specific physical training programs aimed at improving and maintaining healthy body composition levels among female officers if improved CODS is the goal.
{"title":"CHANGE OF DIRECTION SPEED UNDER TWO LOADING CONDITIONS AMONG FEMALE POLICE OFFICERS: ASSOCIATION WITH BODY MORPHOLOGY","authors":"Q. Johnson, Filip Kukić, Aleksandar Čvorović, Nenad Koropanovski, R. Orr, R. Lockie, J. J. J. Jay Dawes","doi":"10.52165/kinsi.29.2.5-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.29.2.5-16","url":null,"abstract":"Change of direction speed (CODS) is an important performance ability for police officers. This is even more emphasized when officers perform tasks while carrying their occupational load (e.g., protective vest, weapon, radio, cuffs, etc.). The absolute weight of the equipment remains the same regardless of officer’s body size and weight, which is of importance for female police officers whose morphology is different than in males. This study investigated the associations between selected measures of body morphology and CODS among female police officers under two loading conditions. The sample consisted of 29 female police officers (age = 32.00±5.09 yrs, body height = 162.92±5.01 cm, and body mass = 70.88±13.42 kg). Anthropometric variables included height, weight, and body mass index (BMI), while body composition characteristics included percent body fat, (PBF), percentage of skeletal muscle mass (PSMM), and index of hypokinesia (IH). CODS was assessed using the Illinois agility tests under loaded (LIAT) (10 kg vest) and unloaded (IAT) conditions. Participants’ CODS times were significantly slower in the LIAT condition (p < 0.001). IAT correlated to BMI (r=0.479, p<0.05), PBF (r=0.647, p<0.001), PSMM (r=-0.655, p≤0.001), and IH (r=0.462, p<0.05). Similarly, LIAT was associated with BMI (r=0.446, p<0.05), PBF (r=0.651, p<0.001), PSMM (r=-0.672, p<0.001), and IH (r= 0.503, p<0.01). These findings highlight the need for developing specific physical training programs aimed at improving and maintaining healthy body composition levels among female officers if improved CODS is the goal.","PeriodicalId":43206,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiologia Slovenica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48164931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-13DOI: 10.52165/kinsi.29.1.177-202
Yanbu Wang, Yan Geng, Wei Wang, Chao Wang, Qi Zhang
Athletes who are engaged in rowing are subject to a number of occupational health problems that require not only long-term rehabilitation but also long-term recovery. The purpose of the article is to highlight the rehabilitation of rowing athletes during the formation of respiratory rhythms in course of bone tissue prosthetics. The aspect of the restoration of disturbed breathing rhythms and the activity of the cardiovascular system is of particular relevance. Since disorders of the cardiovascular system usually take place when associated physical damage occurs, the issue of forming a model of medical intervention during operations and rehabilitation activities is of primary importance. The main research method was the experimental method. With its help, experimental measurements and analysis of the obtained results were carried out. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that the formation of a system of rehabilitation measures should be determined by the requirements for the achievement of previously shown results. The authors determine the structure of the model, its practical application and the formation of a graphic model on its basis that will be used when replacing parts of the skeletal support. It was determined that this allows to form not only stable functioning support, but also the respiratory systems, and thus lay the foundation for the athlete’s further physical rehabilitation for practical activities and return to sports. The practical significance of the subject matter is determined by the need to form adaptive potential, which will allow athletes to maintain positive dynamics of performances in the future at the level of international competitions.
{"title":"REHABILITATION OF ROWING ATHLETES DURING THE FORMATION OF RESPIRATORY RHYTHMS IN COURSE OF BONE TISSUE PROSTHETICS","authors":"Yanbu Wang, Yan Geng, Wei Wang, Chao Wang, Qi Zhang","doi":"10.52165/kinsi.29.1.177-202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.29.1.177-202","url":null,"abstract":"Athletes who are engaged in rowing are subject to a number of occupational health problems that require not only long-term rehabilitation but also long-term recovery. The purpose of the article is to highlight the rehabilitation of rowing athletes during the formation of respiratory rhythms in course of bone tissue prosthetics. The aspect of the restoration of disturbed breathing rhythms and the activity of the cardiovascular system is of particular relevance. Since disorders of the cardiovascular system usually take place when associated physical damage occurs, the issue of forming a model of medical intervention during operations and rehabilitation activities is of primary importance. The main research method was the experimental method. With its help, experimental measurements and analysis of the obtained results were carried out. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that the formation of a system of rehabilitation measures should be determined by the requirements for the achievement of previously shown results. The authors determine the structure of the model, its practical application and the formation of a graphic model on its basis that will be used when replacing parts of the skeletal support. It was determined that this allows to form not only stable functioning support, but also the respiratory systems, and thus lay the foundation for the athlete’s further physical rehabilitation for practical activities and return to sports. The practical significance of the subject matter is determined by the need to form adaptive potential, which will allow athletes to maintain positive dynamics of performances in the future at the level of international competitions.","PeriodicalId":43206,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiologia Slovenica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48796264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-13DOI: 10.52165/kinsi.29.1.165-176
Erol Vrevic, Dragan Bacovic, Pavle Malović, Danilo Bojanić, M. Ljubojević
The nutritional status and the level of physical activity are very important components in the period of adolescence, and they can vary by type of settlement. Consequently, the aim of this research is to assess the differences in nutritional status and the level of physical activity among adolescents by type of settlement. This research includes 241 adolescents of both sexes in the territory of the municipality of Niksic, with a mean age of 15.7±0.5. The variables BMI, WHtR, and BF% were used to assess the nutritional status, while the PAQ-C questionnaire was used to assess the level of physical activity. Differences in the nutritional status by type of settlement were assessed using the Chi-square test with a statistical significance p≤0.05, while the differences in the level of physical activity were assessed using the T-test with a statistical significance p≤0.05. Statistical analysis was accomplished by SPSS 23.0 software. Results show, that for WHtR values, 11.1% of male and 18% of female adolescents were obese. Differences in nutritional status were not found by type of settlement. For values of physical activity, male adolescents had a score of 2.6±0.6, and female adolescents 2±0.6. Male adolescents didn't show differences in the level of physical activity by type of settlement, while female adolescents who lived in rural areas showed a lower level of physical activity during physical education lessons (p=0.031), short breaks (p=0.034), and lunchtime (p=0.013). It is necessary to raise awareness about the importance of nutritional status and level of physical activity in both urban and rural areas.
{"title":"DIFFERENCES IN THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND LEVEL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG ADOLESCENTS FROM URBAN AND RURAL AREAS OF MONTENEGRO","authors":"Erol Vrevic, Dragan Bacovic, Pavle Malović, Danilo Bojanić, M. Ljubojević","doi":"10.52165/kinsi.29.1.165-176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.29.1.165-176","url":null,"abstract":"The nutritional status and the level of physical activity are very important components in the period of adolescence, and they can vary by type of settlement. Consequently, the aim of this research is to assess the differences in nutritional status and the level of physical activity among adolescents by type of settlement. This research includes 241 adolescents of both sexes in the territory of the municipality of Niksic, with a mean age of 15.7±0.5. The variables BMI, WHtR, and BF% were used to assess the nutritional status, while the PAQ-C questionnaire was used to assess the level of physical activity. Differences in the nutritional status by type of settlement were assessed using the Chi-square test with a statistical significance p≤0.05, while the differences in the level of physical activity were assessed using the T-test with a statistical significance p≤0.05. Statistical analysis was accomplished by SPSS 23.0 software. Results show, that for WHtR values, 11.1% of male and 18% of female adolescents were obese. Differences in nutritional status were not found by type of settlement. For values of physical activity, male adolescents had a score of 2.6±0.6, and female adolescents 2±0.6. Male adolescents didn't show differences in the level of physical activity by type of settlement, while female adolescents who lived in rural areas showed a lower level of physical activity during physical education lessons (p=0.031), short breaks (p=0.034), and lunchtime (p=0.013). It is necessary to raise awareness about the importance of nutritional status and level of physical activity in both urban and rural areas.","PeriodicalId":43206,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiologia Slovenica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47157353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-13DOI: 10.52165/kinsi.29.1.30-48
I. Čuk, Aleš Aleš Filipčič
The International Olympic Committee sets the direction for the development of sport, and international sports federations are responsible for incorporating that direction into their rules to maintain their presence at the Olympics. At the 2021 Tokyo Olympic Games, 33 international sports federations represented with their sports. We have analyzed the statutes of 33 international sports federations based on the keywords "health", "medicine", "doping" and "injuries". Doping is mentioned in all major documents, health is omitted by 30% of federations, medicine is not mentioned by 21% of federations, and only eight international sports federations mention injuries, representing 24% of federations. From the data on doping and injuries in sports, we can conclude that doping is a minor problem compared to injuries. The main reason for acute and chronic injuries could be related to the technical rules for practicing the sport, not to the constitution. If the number of injuries is to be reduced, the technical rules should be changed first, as the injury statistics per sport show.
{"title":"ATHLETES HEALTH IN INTERNATIONAL SPORT FEDERATIONS MAIN DOCUMENTS PARTICIPATING AT 2021 OLYMPIC GAMES IN TOKYO","authors":"I. Čuk, Aleš Aleš Filipčič","doi":"10.52165/kinsi.29.1.30-48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.29.1.30-48","url":null,"abstract":"The International Olympic Committee sets the direction for the development of sport, and international sports federations are responsible for incorporating that direction into their rules to maintain their presence at the Olympics. At the 2021 Tokyo Olympic Games, 33 international sports federations represented with their sports. We have analyzed the statutes of 33 international sports federations based on the keywords \"health\", \"medicine\", \"doping\" and \"injuries\". Doping is mentioned in all major documents, health is omitted by 30% of federations, medicine is not mentioned by 21% of federations, and only eight international sports federations mention injuries, representing 24% of federations. From the data on doping and injuries in sports, we can conclude that doping is a minor problem compared to injuries. The main reason for acute and chronic injuries could be related to the technical rules for practicing the sport, not to the constitution. If the number of injuries is to be reduced, the technical rules should be changed first, as the injury statistics per sport show.","PeriodicalId":43206,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiologia Slovenica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47471662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-13DOI: 10.52165/kinsi.29.1.49-63
Eda Baytaş, A. Şahan, Kemal Erman Alparslan, N. Toktaş
It is known that physical, psychological, and cognitive characteristics are important in orienteering. However, no studies have investigated the effects of cognitive characteristics on performance in practice. This study aimed to determine the effect levels of the different variables of elite male orienteers (i.e., success rate, year of sports experience, short-term memory, visual memory, attention, and concentration) on their performance in two orienteering courses (sprint and memory courses). A total of 36 voluntary elite male athletes who had been orienteering for at least two years, over 18, with a mean age of 24.58±4.85 years and sports experience of 7.83±3.56 years participated in the study. The Cognitrone, VISGED visual memory, d2 attention, and serial digit learning tests were applied to all participants, respectively. All participants ran the memory and sprint orienteering courses at 72-hour intervals in a randomized manner. Afterward, the effects of the athletes’ cognitive performance and some characteristics on the course completion time were examined. According to the results of the linear regression analysis, the model’s independent variables that affected the winning time of the sprint course were the success rate, short-term memory score, and concentration (R= .505, R2= .255, F=3.193, p=.003, p<.01). Among these variables, the variable that predicted the winning time of the sprint course the most was the success rate (B=-244.25, Beta=-0.473, P=.015, p<.05). Year of sports experience, success rate, short-term memory score, concentration, and cog-correct response time were the independent variables affecting the winning time of the memory course (R=.620, R2=.385, F= 3.374, p=.000, p<.001). Year of sports experience was the independent variable with the highest effect on the winning time of the memory course (B=-6.718, Beta=-0.369, p=.029, p<.05). The factors affecting the sprint and memory courses' winning time were examined, and it was concluded that the orienteers' years of sports experience and successes affected the course winning time. These findings suggest that orienteering race performance is more related to the experience of transferring them to orienteering and creating tactical processes rather than the cognitive characteristics of orienteers.
{"title":"ANALYSIS OF COGNITIVE CHARACTERISTICS AND SOME FACTORS AFFECTING SPRINT AND MEMORY COURSE PERFORMANCE OF ORIENTEERS","authors":"Eda Baytaş, A. Şahan, Kemal Erman Alparslan, N. Toktaş","doi":"10.52165/kinsi.29.1.49-63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.29.1.49-63","url":null,"abstract":"It is known that physical, psychological, and cognitive characteristics are important in orienteering. However, no studies have investigated the effects of cognitive characteristics on performance in practice. This study aimed to determine the effect levels of the different variables of elite male orienteers (i.e., success rate, year of sports experience, short-term memory, visual memory, attention, and concentration) on their performance in two orienteering courses (sprint and memory courses). A total of 36 voluntary elite male athletes who had been orienteering for at least two years, over 18, with a mean age of 24.58±4.85 years and sports experience of 7.83±3.56 years participated in the study. The Cognitrone, VISGED visual memory, d2 attention, and serial digit learning tests were applied to all participants, respectively. All participants ran the memory and sprint orienteering courses at 72-hour intervals in a randomized manner. Afterward, the effects of the athletes’ cognitive performance and some characteristics on the course completion time were examined. According to the results of the linear regression analysis, the model’s independent variables that affected the winning time of the sprint course were the success rate, short-term memory score, and concentration (R= .505, R2= .255, F=3.193, p=.003, p<.01). Among these variables, the variable that predicted the winning time of the sprint course the most was the success rate (B=-244.25, Beta=-0.473, P=.015, p<.05). Year of sports experience, success rate, short-term memory score, concentration, and cog-correct response time were the independent variables affecting the winning time of the memory course (R=.620, R2=.385, F= 3.374, p=.000, p<.001). Year of sports experience was the independent variable with the highest effect on the winning time of the memory course (B=-6.718, Beta=-0.369, p=.029, p<.05). The factors affecting the sprint and memory courses' winning time were examined, and it was concluded that the orienteers' years of sports experience and successes affected the course winning time. These findings suggest that orienteering race performance is more related to the experience of transferring them to orienteering and creating tactical processes rather than the cognitive characteristics of orienteers.","PeriodicalId":43206,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiologia Slovenica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49640528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-13DOI: 10.52165/kinsi.29.1.73-87
Barbaros Demirtaş, O. Cakir, O. Çetin, M. Çilli
This study aimed to compare the effects of handgrip and range of motion (ROM) variations on muscle activity in different deltoid exercises. 14 resistance-trained men volunteered for 1RM and EMG testing with a load corresponding to 80% of 1RM. The subjects performed three different handgrips during Dumbell Front Raise (DFR), two different ROM variations for Dumbell Lateral Raise (DLR), and two different handgrips during Dumbell Rear Delt Raise (DRDR). Electromyogram (EMG) activity was measured in the anterior, medial, and posterior heads of deltoids. For the DFR exercise, the highest mean EMG activity was greater for the anterior deltoid, and the highest activity was observed in pronate grip (PG) con (51.57%). For the anterior deltoid EMG activity was significantly greater in PG con (51.57%) compared with hammer grip (HG) con (43.36%) (p˂0.05). HG ecc activity (40.36%) was significantly greater than PG ecc (36.4%) in posterior deltoid (p˂0.05). For the DLR exercise, the highest activity was observed in medial deltoid, and for limited ROM (LTR) (20.74%). LTR con activity (19.37%) was significantly greater than full ROM con (FLR) (16.88%) in the anterior head (p˂0.05). For the DRDR exercise, the mean activity was greater in medial deltoid, and HG con showed the highest activity (24.47%). The mean electromyography activity for the posterior deltoid was significantly greater in standard grip (STD) ecc compared with HG ecc (17.3%) (p˂0.05). In conclusion, for the heads of the deltoid muscle, the use of the different handgrip and ROM variations may increase neuromuscular activity.
本研究旨在比较不同三角肌运动中握力和活动度(ROM)变化对肌肉活动的影响。14名接受阻力训练的男性自愿接受1RM和肌电图测试，其负荷相当于80%的1RM。受试者在哑铃前举(DFR)中进行了三种不同的握法，在哑铃侧举(DLR)中进行了两种不同的ROM变化，在哑铃后举(DRDR)中进行了两种不同的握法。肌电图(EMG)活动在三角肌前，内侧和后头测量。DFR运动中，前三角肌肌电活动最高，前三角肌肌电活动最高，前三角肌肌电活动最高(51.57%)。对于前三角肌肌电活动，PG组(51.57%)明显高于锤握组(43.36%)(p小于0.05)。后三角肌HG ecc活性(40.36%)显著高于PG ecc活性(36.4%)(p小于0.05)。在DLR训练中，内侧三角肌和有限ROM (LTR)的活动最高(20.74%)。前头LTR con(19.37%)明显大于全ROM con (16.88%) (p小于0.05)。DRDR运动中，内侧三角肌的平均活动较大，HG的活动最高(24.47%)。标准握力(STD) ecc组的后三角肌平均肌电活动明显高于HG ecc组(17.3%)(p小于0.05)。总之，对于三角肌头，使用不同的握法和活动度变化可能会增加神经肌肉活动。
{"title":"THE EFFECTS OF HANDGRIP AND RANGE OF MOTION VARIATIONS ON MUSCLE ACTIVITY IN DIFFERENT DELTOID EXERCISES","authors":"Barbaros Demirtaş, O. Cakir, O. Çetin, M. Çilli","doi":"10.52165/kinsi.29.1.73-87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.29.1.73-87","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to compare the effects of handgrip and range of motion (ROM) variations on muscle activity in different deltoid exercises. 14 resistance-trained men volunteered for 1RM and EMG testing with a load corresponding to 80% of 1RM. The subjects performed three different handgrips during Dumbell Front Raise (DFR), two different ROM variations for Dumbell Lateral Raise (DLR), and two different handgrips during Dumbell Rear Delt Raise (DRDR). Electromyogram (EMG) activity was measured in the anterior, medial, and posterior heads of deltoids. For the DFR exercise, the highest mean EMG activity was greater for the anterior deltoid, and the highest activity was observed in pronate grip (PG) con (51.57%). For the anterior deltoid EMG activity was significantly greater in PG con (51.57%) compared with hammer grip (HG) con (43.36%) (p˂0.05). HG ecc activity (40.36%) was significantly greater than PG ecc (36.4%) in posterior deltoid (p˂0.05). For the DLR exercise, the highest activity was observed in medial deltoid, and for limited ROM (LTR) (20.74%). LTR con activity (19.37%) was significantly greater than full ROM con (FLR) (16.88%) in the anterior head (p˂0.05). For the DRDR exercise, the mean activity was greater in medial deltoid, and HG con showed the highest activity (24.47%). The mean electromyography activity for the posterior deltoid was significantly greater in standard grip (STD) ecc compared with HG ecc (17.3%) (p˂0.05). In conclusion, for the heads of the deltoid muscle, the use of the different handgrip and ROM variations may increase neuromuscular activity.","PeriodicalId":43206,"journal":{"name":"Kinesiologia Slovenica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41405363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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