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Generative Linguistics Meets Normative Inferentialism 生成语言学与规范性推理
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2021-05-12 DOI: 10.52685/CJP.21.1.10
D. Pereplyotchik
This is the second installment of a two-part essay. Limitations of space prevented the publication of the full essay in a previous issue of the Journal (Pereplyotchik 2020). My overall goal is to outline a strategy for integrating generative linguistics with a broadly pragmatist approach to meaning and communication. Two immensely useful guides in this venture are Robert Brandom and Paul Pietroski. Squarely in the Chomskyan tradition, Pietroski’s recent book, Conjoining Meanings, offers an approach to natural-language semantics that rejects foundational assumptions widely held amongst philosophers and linguists. In particular, he argues against extensionalism—the view that meanings are (or determine) truth and satisfaction conditions. Having arrived at the same conclusion by way of Brandom’s deflationist account of truth and reference, I’ll argue that both theorists have important contributions to make to a broader anti-extensionalist approach to language. Part 1 of the essay was largely exegetical, laying out what I see as the core aspects of Brandom’s normative inferentialism (1) and Pietroski’s naturalistic semantics (2). Now, in Part 2, I argue that there are many convergences between these two theoretical frameworks and, contrary to first appearances, very few points of substantive disagreement between them. If the integration strategy that I propose is correct, then what appear to be sharply contrasting commitments are better seen as interrelated verbal differences that come down to different—but complementary—explanatory goals. The residual disputes are, however, stubborn. I end by discussing how to square Pietroski’s commitment to predicativism with Brandom’s argument that a predicativist language is in principle incapable of expressing ordinary conditionals.
这是一篇由两部分组成的文章的第二部分。篇幅有限,无法在上一期《华尔街日报》(Pereplyotchik 2020)上发表全文。我的总体目标是概述一种策略,将生成语言学与广义实用主义的意义和沟通方法相结合。Robert Brandom和Paul Pietroski是此次创业中两位非常有用的向导。Pietroski最近出版的《连接意义》一书秉承了乔姆斯基的传统,提供了一种自然语言语义的方法,拒绝了哲学家和语言学家普遍持有的基本假设。特别是,他反对外延主义,即意义是(或决定)真理和满足条件的观点。通过布兰登对真理和参考的通缩主义描述,我得出了同样的结论,我认为这两位理论家都对更广泛的反外延主义语言方法做出了重要贡献。这篇文章的第一部分主要是训诫,阐述了我认为布兰登的规范推理主义(1)和彼得罗斯基的自然主义语义(2)的核心方面。现在,在第二部分中,我认为这两个理论框架之间有很多相似之处,与最初的表现相反,它们之间几乎没有实质性的分歧。如果我提出的整合策略是正确的,那么看起来截然不同的承诺最好被视为相互关联的言语差异,这些差异可以归结为不同但互补的解释目标。然而,剩余的争端是顽固的。最后,我讨论了如何将彼得罗斯基对表语主义的承诺与布兰登的论点相一致,即表语主义语言原则上无法表达普通条件句。
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引用次数: 0
Art and the Impossible 艺术与不可能
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2021-05-12 DOI: 10.52685/CJP.21.1.9
Boran Berčić
In this article, the author contrasts possibilism (the view that art is about the logically possible and that it cannot be about the impossible) with impossibilism (the view that art can be and sometimes is about the logically impossible as well). The author argues in favor of possibilism. The main insight is that since impossible objects are necessarily non-existent art cannot be about them, it has to be about something that can exist. Also, the author formulates five more detailed views about the issue. Further, the author discusses related notions like imaginability and conceivability. The author holds that Hume’s insight that an object cannot be conceived as non-existent counts in favor of possibilism. Besides, the author introduces the distinction between real and apparent content of the work of art, believing that this distinction can be relevant in the discussion between possibilism and impossibilism. In the rest of the article, the author analyzes several prima facie counterexamples to possibilism (Jean-Luc Picard, Anna Karenina, paradox of patricide, Escher’s graphics) and tries to explain them away.
在这篇文章中,作者对比了可能性主义(艺术是关于逻辑上可能的,它不可能是关于不可能的观点)和不可能主义(艺术可以是,有时也是关于逻辑上不可能的观点)。作者支持可能性论。主要的观点是,既然不可能的对象必然是不存在的,艺术就不可能是关于它们的,它必须是关于可以存在的东西。此外,作者还就这一问题提出了五个较为详细的观点。进而探讨了可想象性、可想象性等相关概念。作者认为,休谟关于一个对象不能被设想为不存在的洞见有利于可能性论。此外,作者还介绍了艺术作品的真实内容与表象内容的区别,认为这种区别在可能性与不可能性的讨论中是相关的。在本文的其余部分中,作者分析了几个初步反例possibilism(让-吕克·皮卡德,安娜卡列尼娜,杀父的悖论,埃舍尔的图形),并试图解释它们。
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引用次数: 1
Learning from Fiction to Change our Personal Narratives 从小说中学习改变我们的个人叙述
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2021-05-12 DOI: 10.52685/CJP.21.1.6
Andrew J. Corsa
Can fi ctional literature help us lead better lives? This essay argues that some works of literature can help us both change our personal narratives and develop new narratives that will guide our actions, enabling us to better achieve our goals. Works of literature can lead us to consider the hypothesis that we might benefi cially change our future-oriented, personal narratives. As a case study, this essay considers Ben Lerner’s novel, 10:04, which focuses on humans’ ability to develop new narratives, and which articulates a narrative that takes into account both everyday life and large-scale issues like the global, environmental crisis.
外语文学能帮助我们过上更好的生活吗?本文认为,一些文学作品可以帮助我们改变个人叙事,并发展新的叙事来指导我们的行动,使我们能够更好地实现目标。文学作品可以引导我们考虑这样一种假设,即我们可能会有益地改变我们面向未来的个人叙事。作为一个案例研究,本文考虑了本·勒纳的小说《10:04》,该小说聚焦于人类发展新叙事的能力,阐述了一种既考虑日常生活又考虑全球环境危机等大规模问题的叙事。
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引用次数: 1
Aldo Rossi 阿尔多·罗西
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2021-05-12 DOI: 10.52685/CJP.21.1.2
Alexandra Dias Fortes
Aldo Rossi offers a captivating account of the relationship between human life and material forms. Rossi says that he came to “the great questions”, and to his discovery of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Georg Trakl through Adolf Loos (Rossi 1982: 46). I will outline some connections between Loos, Trakl, and Wittgenstein that might help us to grasp the way in which Rossi’s assertive attitude concerning architecture gradually leans towards “forgetting architecture”. (The goal is not to try and justify how they might have influenced Rossi; rather the aim is to try to understand Rossi’s work with those connections as a backdrop; to outline a constellation of affinities.) The running thread being the internal relation between the object and the subject, i.e., “construction and the artist’s own life” (Lombardo 2003: 97). I will conclude by considering architectural form on the page, that is to say, in Rossi’s plans, “a graphic variation of the handwritten manuscript”, and drawings, “where a line is no longer a line, but writing” (Rossi 1981: 6), and finally by considering what he says about his architecture, namely, that it stands “mute and cold,” though it will still “creak” (Rossi 1981: 44), and give rise to “new meanings”.
阿尔多·罗西对人类生活和物质形态之间的关系进行了引人入胜的描述。罗西说,他来到了“伟大的问题”,并通过阿道夫·洛斯发现了路德维希·维特根斯坦和格奥尔格·特拉克尔(罗西1982:46)。我将概述劳斯、特拉克尔和维特根斯坦之间的一些联系,这些联系可能有助于我们理解罗西对建筑的自信态度逐渐倾向于“忘记建筑”的方式。(目的不是试图证明他们是如何影响罗西的;相反,目的是试图以这些联系为背景来理解罗西的作品;勾勒出一系列亲密关系。)贯穿始终的线索是对象和主题之间的内部关系,即“建筑和艺术家自己的生活”(Lombardo 2003:97)。最后,我将考虑页面上的建筑形式,也就是说,在罗西的计划中,“手写手稿的图形变体”,以及图纸,“其中一条线不再是一条线,而是书写”(罗西1981:6),最后,我还将考虑他对自己的建筑所说的话,即它“沉默而寒冷”,尽管它仍然会“吱吱作响”(罗西1981:44),并产生“新的意义”。
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引用次数: 1
Doing Things with Words 以言行事
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2021-05-12 DOI: 10.52685/CJP.21.1.7
P. Mills
Against the apparent casting away of poetry from contemporary philosophy of language and aesthetics which has left poetry forceless, I argue that poetry has a linguistic, philosophical, and even political force. Against the idea that literature (as novel) can teach us facts about the world, I argue that the force of literature (as poetry) resides in its capacity to change our ways of seeing. First, I contest views which consider poetry forceless by discussing Austin’s and Sartre’s views. Second, I explore the concept of force in the realm of art—focusing on Nietzsche’s philosophy and Menke’s Kraft der Kunst—and the relations between linguistic, artistic, and political forces. Third, I consider how the transformative force of poetry can be considered political by turning to Kristeva’s Revolution in Poetic Language and Meschonnic’s conception of poetry according to which the poem does something to language and the subject. To illustrate this transformative force of poetry, I analyse Caroline Zekri’s poem ‘Un pur rapport grammatical’. I therefore think of poetry not only as doing something with language, but also as doing something to language. To rephrase Austin’s famous title, and thus reverse his evaluation of poetry, poetry might reveal to us not only How to Do Things with Words, but how to do things to words and, through this doing, how to transform and affect the world.
与诗歌明显脱离当代语言和美学哲学,使诗歌失去力量相反,我认为诗歌具有语言、哲学甚至政治力量。反对文学(作为小说)可以教会我们关于世界的事实的观点,我认为文学(作为诗歌)的力量在于它改变我们观看方式的能力。首先,我通过讨论奥斯汀和萨特的观点,对那些认为诗歌没有力量的观点进行了反驳。其次,我探讨了艺术领域中的力的概念——重点是尼采的哲学和门克的卡夫艺术——以及语言、艺术和政治力量之间的关系。第三,我考虑了诗歌的变革力量如何被视为政治性的,通过转向克里斯特娃的诗歌语言革命和梅斯雄尼的诗歌概念,根据这些概念,诗歌对语言和主题都有作用。为了说明诗歌的这种变革力量,我分析了卡罗琳·泽克里的诗歌《不符合语法》。因此,我认为诗歌不仅是用语言做的事情,也是对语言做的事。改写奥斯汀的著名标题,从而扭转他对诗歌的评价,诗歌不仅可以向我们揭示如何用文字做事,还可以向我们展示如何对文字做事,以及通过这样做,如何改变和影响世界。
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引用次数: 0
Davies and Levinson on the Musical Expression of Emotion 戴维斯和莱文森论情感的音乐表达
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2021-05-12 DOI: 10.52685/CJP.21.1.5
David Collins
Stephen Davies and Jerrold Levinson have each offered accounts of how music can express emotions. Davies’s ‘Appearance Emotionalism’ holds that music can be expressive of emotion due to a resemblance between its dynamic properties and those of human behaviour typical of people feeling that emotion, while Levinson’s ‘Hypothetical Emotionalism’ contends that a piece is expressive when it can be heard as the expression of the emotion of a hypothetical agent or imagined persona. These have been framed as opposing positions but I show that, on one understanding of ‘expressing’ which they seem to share, each entails the other and so there is no real debate between them. However, Levinson’s account can be read according to another—and arguably more philosophically interesting— understanding of ‘expressing’ whereas Davies’s account cannot as easily be so read. I argue that this reading of Hypothetical Emotionalism can account for much of our talk about music in terms of emotions but must answer another question—viz., how composers or performers can express emotions through music—to explain this relation between music and emotion. I suggest that this question can be answered by drawing on R. G. Collingwood’s theory of artistic expression.
斯蒂芬·戴维斯和杰罗德·莱文森都曾阐述过音乐是如何表达情感的。戴维斯的“外表情感主义”认为,音乐可以表达情感,因为它的动态特性与人们感受到这种情感的典型人类行为之间存在相似之处,而莱文森的“假设情感主义”认为,当一段音乐可以作为一个假设的代理人或想象的人物的情感表达时,它就具有表现力。这些被设定为对立的立场,但我表明,在他们似乎共享的“表达”的一种理解上,每一个都需要另一个,因此他们之间没有真正的争论。然而,Levinson的描述可以根据另一种——可以说是更有哲学意义的——对“表达”的理解来解读,而Davies的描述就不那么容易理解了。我认为,这种对假设情感主义的解读可以解释我们在情感方面对音乐的大部分讨论,但必须回答另一个问题,即。例如,作曲家或表演者如何通过音乐表达情感,以解释音乐与情感之间的关系。我认为这个问题可以借鉴柯林伍德的艺术表现理论来回答。
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引用次数: 0
Architecture and Sites 建筑与场地
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2021-05-12 DOI: 10.52685/CJP.21.1.1
E. Caldarola
Several contemporary architects have designed architectural objects that are closely linked to their particular sites. An in-depth study of the relevant relationship holding between those objects and their sites is, however, missing. This paper addresses the issue, arguing that those architectural objects are akin to works of site-specific art. In section (1), I introduce the topic of the paper. In section (2), I critically analyse the debate on the categorisation of artworks as site-specific. In section (3), I apply to architecture the lesson learned from the analysis of the art debate.
几位当代建筑师设计的建筑对象与他们的特定地点紧密相连。然而,对这些物体与其所在地之间的相关关系的深入研究却不多见。本文讨论了这个问题,认为这些建筑对象类似于特定地点的艺术作品。在第(1)节中,我介绍了本文的主题。在第(2)节中,我批判性地分析了关于将艺术品归类为特定地点的争论。在第(3)节中,我将从艺术辩论的分析中吸取的教训应用于建筑。
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引用次数: 1
Art Addressing Consumerism in the Age of Late Capitalism 晚期资本主义时代的消费主义艺术
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2021-05-12 DOI: 10.52685/CJP.21.1.3
Polona Tratnik
The globalized world is still in the phase of late capitalism, signified by the establishment of multinational corporations, globalized markets and work, mass consumerism, and the fluid flow of capital. The question of the criticism of art towards the capitalist system, its ideology and consumerism is therefore still current and is readdressed in this contribution. Considering this issue, the recurrent theoretical reference is American materialist aesthetician Fredric Jameson, who was among the first to define culture and art in the context of late capitalism. In the article the author revises Jameson’s critique of art addressing consumerism and demonstrates that he did not consider the relevance of the means of consumption as regards the cultural logic of late capitalism. She claims that in order to open space to examine contemporary art as being critical towards consumerism, one also needs to consider the ontological changes that have occurred to art and pay attention to performative art, while Jameson was still focused on a representational mode of art. By being performative and also setting out actions outside of spaces that were traditionally designed for art, in the space meant for consumption, art has much a better chance to act politically, which Jameson wished to see from art which addresses consumerism but did not. The author argues that if one is to seek critical or political art in late capitalism, those would be the cases of artistic interventions into the means of consumption.
全球化的世界仍处于晚期资本主义阶段,其标志是跨国公司的建立、全球化的市场和工作、大众消费主义和资本的流动。因此,对资本主义制度、其意识形态和消费主义的艺术批评问题仍然存在,并在这篇文章中重新解读。考虑到这个问题,反复出现的理论参考是美国唯物主义美学家弗雷德里克·詹姆森,他是最早在资本主义晚期背景下定义文化和艺术的人之一。在这篇文章中,作者修正了詹姆逊对艺术的批判,指出他没有考虑到消费手段与晚期资本主义文化逻辑的相关性。她声称,为了打开空间来审视当代艺术对消费主义的批判,人们还需要考虑艺术发生的本体论变化,并关注表演艺术,而詹姆逊仍然专注于艺术的具象模式,在消费的空间里,艺术有更好的政治行动机会,詹姆逊希望从解决消费主义问题的艺术中看到这一点,但没有。作者认为,如果一个人要在资本主义晚期寻求批判或政治艺术,那就是艺术干预消费手段的情况。
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引用次数: 2
Fashion as an Aesthetic Form of Life 时尚作为一种生活的审美形式
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2021-05-12 DOI: 10.52685/CJP.21.1.4
E. Abate
Fashion is an aesthetic practice that concerns the ordinary sphere of our life: it is associated with everydayness and it is a source of endless aesthetic experiences. The purpose of this paper is to validate a new perspective on fashion based on Wittgenstein’s later aesthetic conception. In Philosophical Perspectives on Fashion (2017), Matteucci introduces the idea of combining the Wittgensteinian concept of “form of life” with fashion. In accordance with this thesis, the paper aims at showing how fashion is constituted as a “form of life”. Specifically, I shall argue that fashion is an “aesthetics form of life” which structurally employs a language of an aesthetic type ––one with a specific grammar (or set of rules) of its own. I claim that there is in fashion a contact point between the grammar of language and socially encoded aesthetic responses: fashion follows slavishly its own grammar, through its cyclical seasonality, while at the same time tending to creatively reinvent itself. Thus, anyone who daily commits to the practices of fashion acquires sensitivity to its rules, contributing to a social dialectic of identification/diversification typically belonging to fashion itself. Finally, on the basis of the claim that fashion is a “form of life”, and indeed since fashion is primarily an aesthetic practice, I claim that Wittgenstein’s aesthetic notions can coherently be related to fashion as well: concepts such as ‘aesthetic reaction’, ‘gesture’, and ‘correctness’ will be shown to be crucial to an analysis of the aesthetic phenomenon of fashion.
时尚是一种涉及我们日常生活的美学实践:它与日常生活联系在一起,是无尽美学体验的源泉。本文旨在验证维特根斯坦后期美学思想对时尚的新视角。在《时尚哲学透视》(2017)中,马图奇介绍了将维特根斯坦的“生活形式”概念与时尚相结合的想法。根据这篇论文,本文旨在展示时尚作为一种“生活形式”是如何构成的。具体来说,我认为时尚是一种“生活的美学形式”,它在结构上采用了一种美学类型的语言——一种有自己特定语法(或规则集)的语言。我声称,在时尚中,语言语法和社会编码的审美反应之间有一个接触点:时尚通过其周期性的季节性,盲目地遵循自己的语法,同时又倾向于创造性地重塑自己。因此,任何每天致力于时尚实践的人都会对其规则保持敏感,从而形成通常属于时尚本身的认同/多样化的社会辩证法。最后,基于时尚是一种“生活形式”的说法,事实上,由于时尚主要是一种美学实践,我认为维特根斯坦的美学观念也可以与时尚联系在一起:“审美反应”、“姿势”和“正确性”等概念将被证明对分析时尚的审美现象至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Conjoining and the Weak/Strong Quantifier Distinction 衔接与弱/强量词的区分
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2020-12-30 DOI: 10.5840/CROATJPHIL202020323
J. Collins
Pietroski’s model of semantic composition is introduced and compared to the standard type hierarchy. Particular focus is then given to Pietroski’s account of quanti fi cation. The question is raised of how the model might account for the weak/strong distinction in natural language quanti fi cation. A number of options are addressed and one proposal is tentatively recommended.
介绍了彼得罗斯基的语义组合模型,并与标准类型层次结构进行了比较。然后特别关注Pietroski对量化的描述。提出了一个问题,即该模型如何解释自然语言量化中的弱/强区别。讨论了若干备选方案,并初步建议了一项提案。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Croatian Journal of Philosophy
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