Pub Date : 2022-10-29DOI: 10.15388/litera.2022.64.4.11
Marilena Genovese
This study focuses on André Malraux and Romain Gary’s Italian reception from their first introduction in Italy until today. One of the goals of the analysis is to synthesize all the publications devoted to them and to make the results of the identified work available to the readers. The other goal is to measure the interest shown in these two writers (whose existential choice presents many convergences) which has changed during the years because of the different historical contexts in which their writings have been read.
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Pub Date : 2022-10-29DOI: 10.15388/litera.2022.64.4.6
P. Tame
This article examines the importance of imaginary spaces and places (literary isotopias) in André Malraux’s Les Noyers de l’Altenburg (1943) and Romain Gary’s Education européenne (1945). It analyses the metamorphoses of space and place, together with the relationships between those spaces and the novels’ characters, in order to identify commonality as well as differences between the approaches of the two authors. The roles of nature, art and myth in the two novels are also considered, particularly in the context of war. Moreover, the article takes into account the humanism of both authors against the background of wartime. André Malraux’s crucial concept of metamorphosis finds significant echoes in Romain Gary’s novel Education européenne, particularly in the aspiration to transform the world, change mentalities and remake communities both in the national and international contexts. For both writers, the metaphysical struggle against death is often portrayed as being more important than the military conflict with the enemy. Moreover, the novels of both writers have undergone a number of literary metamorphoses in terms of textual genesis and generation. Although Romain Gary’s work is probably less well known today than that of André Malraux, we may find, in conclusion, that the former’s approach, style and content of thought are actually just as “modern” and appealing to readers nowadays.
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Pub Date : 2022-10-29DOI: 10.15388/litera.2022.64.4.5
T. Laurent
Mythomania is not an isolated pathology in psychiatry: it is mixed with other mental disorders. It is not always easy to assess their seriousness or to differentiate them from banal lies; when someone invents a life other than his own without realizing it, he can be called a mythomaniac. Autobiographical literature contains many texts where truth rubs shoulders with fiction; some writers even have a reputation as great storytellers. Malraux and Gary are among them: both in books and in public statements, they shaped their own legend when their lives were already exceptionally rich, even romantic; they practiced autofiction before the letter. It is likely that their dissatisfaction with reality and existential anxieties have fueled this permanent need to falsify self-talk. Malraux mainly practiced self-heroization while Gary, much more capable of self-mockery, had fun wearing different masks and imitating the chameleon.
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Pub Date : 2022-10-29DOI: 10.15388/litera.2022.64.4.7
Jonathan Barkate
Malraux is in the center of Gary’s imaginary museum. His name and thought are regularly quoted in Gary’s work. When the author of Pour Sganarelle, La Promesse de l’aube and La Danse de Gengis Cohn refers to the metamorphosis and the museum without walls – two concepts Malraux invented –, he uses Malraux’s image and writings to reveal how himself sees the world and the artist’s role. To analyse those quotes leads to reading Gary’s work through the lens of Malraux’s. It also shows how Gary portrays himself as a « conqueror of the impossible » while making his model embody his own aesthetic and ethical aspirations. His selfportrait as a jumping jack makes Gary follow the path of his friend, who elevated Man by softening his condition.
马尔罗位于加里想象博物馆的中心。加里的作品中经常引用他的名字和思想。当《Pour Sganarelle》、《La prose de l 'aube》和《La Danse de Gengis Cohn》的作者提到变形和没有围墙的博物馆——马尔罗发明的两个概念时，他用马尔罗的形象和文字来揭示他如何看待世界和艺术家的角色。要分析这些引语，就需要通过马尔罗的视角来解读加里的作品。它还显示了加里如何将自己描绘成“不可能的征服者”，同时使他的模型体现了他自己的审美和道德愿望。他的自画像是一个跳杰克，让加里跟随他的朋友的道路，他通过软化他的条件来提升他。
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Pub Date : 2022-10-29DOI: 10.15388/litera.2022.64.4.9
Esther Grimalt
The concept of an imaginary museum developed by André Malraux in the eponymous book was taken up by Gary, notably in his novel La Danse de Genghis Cohn. This reappropriation of the concept allows to reborn it in a more subversive form and to pose the question of the aestheticization of suffering through art. In doing so, Gary, while paying tribute to the writer and intellectual who was one of the first to believe in him, allows himself to extend his reflection on the concept of imaginary museum, thus linking their two thoughts that seem to respond to each other like mirrors placed face to face in his work.
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Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.15388/litera.2021.1.1
Audinga Peluritytė-Tikuišienė
The article focuses on the beginning of the Singing Revolution in Lithuanian culture and tries to identify the most significant dominant features in order to understand the entirety of the new changes in literature. In the face of political upheaval, such a dominant feature was the question of truth; however, the well-established poetry tradition – romantic, neo-romantic, modern neo-romantic, which coexisted with social realism in Soviet times, and experimental – did not raise such questions of truth but only reflected the nation’s collective expectations. The evolution of Lithuanian literature, which was highly fragmented during all the decades of the Soviet occupation, united the country through the expatriate poet Bernardas Brazdžionis while he was visiting Lithuania in the summer of 1989. Poetic texts predominated during the first demonstrations of Sąjūdis (the Reform Movement), but while trying to understand their position in the general Lithuanian culture and literature discourse, one needs to acknowledge the leading nature of poetry throughout the Soviet times: having its niche in the cultural system, poetry posed a large number of vexed questions, sought philosophical profundity, and was able to constantly address the deepest metaphysical questions even in strict censorship conditions. Lithuanian prose, which evaded the requirement by the doctrine of social realism to portray the world and characters engaged in class struggles, also found support in the poetry system and created a non-linear but coherent narrative where metaphors prevail. Lithuanian prose poetry became a sign of esthetic quality in independent Lithuania too, where the question of truth, which was important for achieving independence, found a way similar to that of poetry – through memoirs and essays to esthetics and little prose. At the beginning of independence, poetry, which had fed Lithuanian prose with its ideas, themes, conception of the world and esthetic solutions, also merged with memoirs and essays, thus being part of the discourse of telling the truth.
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Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.15388/litera.2021.1.7
Marija Čepaitytė, Jay T. Will, Rimas Užgiris, J. Tabor, Vytautas Bikulčius, Geda Montvilaitė
{"title":"Lithuanian Literature Abroad: An Appraisal of the Situation","authors":"Marija Čepaitytė, Jay T. Will, Rimas Užgiris, J. Tabor, Vytautas Bikulčius, Geda Montvilaitė","doi":"10.15388/litera.2021.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/litera.2021.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":432201,"journal":{"name":"Literatūra","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134434055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.15388/litera.2021.1.6
Nijolė Maskaliūnienė
The article discusses the policy of dissemination of national literature abroad as one of the soft power practices used for the formation of the image of the country and the country’s literature, created through the translated and published works of Lithuanian authors in foreign languages. It also reviews the current situation, the selection of the works to be translated, institutions and bodies in charge of this dissemination, and problems of the research on the reception of the works (authors) translated into foreign languages.
{"title":"Dissemination of Lithuanian Literature: Becoming Part of World Literature","authors":"Nijolė Maskaliūnienė","doi":"10.15388/litera.2021.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/litera.2021.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the policy of dissemination of national literature abroad as one of the soft power practices used for the formation of the image of the country and the country’s literature, created through the translated and published works of Lithuanian authors in foreign languages. It also reviews the current situation, the selection of the works to be translated, institutions and bodies in charge of this dissemination, and problems of the research on the reception of the works (authors) translated into foreign languages.","PeriodicalId":432201,"journal":{"name":"Literatūra","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126699165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.15388/litera.2021.1.4
Rita Tūtlytė
The article investigates the development of the literary studies of Lithuanian literature over the past three decades pointing out some mental movements as well as difficulties of „transferrence“ and „hermeneutics“ of selfreflection. The article is not focused on describing all the schools of literary studies that were under formation at that time, the translated theoretical works or on classifying the researchers of the period (some names are mentioned sporadically as an example only). The aim is to give just one perspective without aiming to provide an objective wholsome overwiew.
{"title":"Merry Science of Literature (Almost an Essay)","authors":"Rita Tūtlytė","doi":"10.15388/litera.2021.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/litera.2021.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The article investigates the development of the literary studies of Lithuanian literature over the past three decades pointing out some mental movements as well as difficulties of „transferrence“ and „hermeneutics“ of selfreflection. The article is not focused on describing all the schools of literary studies that were under formation at that time, the translated theoretical works or on classifying the researchers of the period (some names are mentioned sporadically as an example only). The aim is to give just one perspective without aiming to provide an objective wholsome overwiew.","PeriodicalId":432201,"journal":{"name":"Literatūra","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128423734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.15388/litera.2021.1.2
Jūratė Sprindytė
In the period of 1989-2020 Lithuanian literature experienced a very dynamic literary development. The aim of the article is to highlight specifics of the new cycle and to analyze the prose trends of each decade of regained independence. The author discusses the literary process more synchronically than diachronically. The first period, i.e. the transition from the Soviet regime to the new system, was especially outstanding as the censorship was eliminated, the previously banned works of deportees and resisters were legalized, the postwar émigré writers returned back to culture and opportunities for innovation opened up.The role of writer as a cultural hero diminished. Former writers loyal to the Soviet regime described this situation as crisis, while the younger generation developed postmodernist way of writing. Many works were based on the cultural and historical memory reckoning with the Soviet era. All genres underwent certain transformations, such as emergence of peculiar essay genre, spread of ego-documentaries, revival of short stories, and flourishing popular literature.Serious changes took place after 2004 when Lithuania joined the European Union, which led to economic emigration and encouraged changes in mentality and expanse of local contexts. Mobile, “transit” type of Lithuanian character emerged who changed his place of residence but felt lonely in the global world. This is a huge innovation, bearing in mind the sedentary agrarian Lithuanian culture and the confines of the iron curtain during the Soviet era. Increased quantity of published books decreased their quality.
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